Kurdish Politics in the Middle East

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Author :
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
ISBN 13 : 9780739140390
Total Pages : 278 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (43 download)

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Book Synopsis Kurdish Politics in the Middle East by : Nader Entessar

Download or read book Kurdish Politics in the Middle East written by Nader Entessar and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2010 with total page 278 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Kurdish Politics in the Middle East analyzes political and social dimensions of Kurdish integration into the mainstream socio-political life in Iran, Iraq, and Turkey. Its central thesis is that ethnic conflict constitutes a major challenge to the contemporary nation-state system in the Middle East. Long vanquished is the illusion of the "melting pot," or the concept that assimilation is an inexorable process produced by "modernization" and the emergence of a relatively strong and centralized nation-state system in the region. Perhaps no single phenomenon highlights this thesis more than the historical Kurdish struggle for self-determination. This book's focus is on Kurdish politics and its relationship with broader regional and global developments that affect the Kurds. It does not claim to cover everything Kurdish, and it does not promote the political agenda of any group, movement, or country.

Comparative Kurdish Politics in the Middle East

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Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319537156
Total Pages : 241 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (195 download)

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Book Synopsis Comparative Kurdish Politics in the Middle East by : Emel Elif Tugdar

Download or read book Comparative Kurdish Politics in the Middle East written by Emel Elif Tugdar and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-09-12 with total page 241 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This edited volume introduces the political, social and economic intra-Kurdish dynamics in the Middle East by comparatively analyzing the main actors, their ideas, and political interests. As an ethnic group and a nation in the making, Kurds are not homogeneous and united but rather the Kurdish Middle East is home to various competing political groups, leaderships, ideologies, and interests. Although many existing studies focus on the Kurds and their relations with the nation-states that they populate, few studies analyze the Kurdish Middle East within its own debates, conflicts and interests from a comparative perspective across Iran, Iraq, Turkey, and Syria. This book analyzes the intra-Kurdish dynamics with historically-grounded, theoretically-informed, and conceptually-relevant scholarship that prioritizes comparative politics over international relations.

Iraqi Kurdistan in Middle Eastern Politics

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Author :
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1315468409
Total Pages : 209 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (154 download)

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Book Synopsis Iraqi Kurdistan in Middle Eastern Politics by : Alex Danilovich

Download or read book Iraqi Kurdistan in Middle Eastern Politics written by Alex Danilovich and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2016-11-18 with total page 209 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The changes brought by the Arab Spring and ensuing developments in the Middle East have made the Kurds an important force in the region. Tel-Aviv and Washington place high hopes on Erbil to facilitate their dealings with Baghdad, Damascus, Teheran and Ankara. Kurds living in Turkey, Syria and Iran have been inspired by the successes of their brethren in Iraq who managed to gain significant independence and make remarkable achievements in state building. The idea of a greater Kurdistan is in the air. This book focuses on how the Kurds have become a new and significant force in Middle Eastern politics. International expert contributors conceptualize current developments putting them into theoretical perspective, helping us to better understand the potential role the Kurds could play in the Middle East.

The Kurds in a Changing Middle East

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Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1786735490
Total Pages : 269 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (867 download)

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Book Synopsis The Kurds in a Changing Middle East by : Faleh A. Jabar

Download or read book The Kurds in a Changing Middle East written by Faleh A. Jabar and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2019-11-28 with total page 269 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Kurds are one of the largest stateless nations in the world, numbering more than 20 million people. Their homeland lies mostly within the present-day borders of Turkey, Iraq and Iran as well as parts of Syria, Armenia and Azerbaijan. Yet until recently the 'Kurdish question' - that is, the question of Kurdish self-determination - seemed, to many observers, dormant. It was only after the so-called Arab Spring, and with the rise of the Islamic State, that they emerged at the centre of Middle East politics. But what is the future of the Kurdish national movement? How do the Kurds themselves understand their community and quest for political representation? This book analyses the major problems, challenges and opportunities currently facing the Kurds. Of particular significance, this book shows, is the new Kurdish society that is evolving in the context of a transforming Middle East. This is made of diverse communities from across the region who represent very different historical, linguistic, political, social and cultural backgrounds that are yet to be understood. This book examines the recent shifts and changes within Kurdish societies and their host countries, and argues that the Kurdish national movement requires institutional and constitutional recognition of pluralism and diversity. Featuring contributions from world-leading experts on Kurdish politics, this timely book combines empirical case studies with cutting-edge theory to shed new light on the Kurds of the 21st century.

The Kurds and US Foreign Policy

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Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1136906916
Total Pages : 507 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (369 download)

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Book Synopsis The Kurds and US Foreign Policy by : Marianna Charountaki

Download or read book The Kurds and US Foreign Policy written by Marianna Charountaki and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2010-10-18 with total page 507 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a detailed survey and analysis of US–Kurdish relations and their interaction with domestic, regional and global politics. Using the Kurdish issue to explore the nature of the engagement between international powers and weaker non-state entities, the author analyses the existence of an interactive US relationship with the Kurds of Iraq. Drawing on governmental archives and interviews with political figures both in Northern Iraq and the United States, the author places the case study within a broader International Relations context. The conceptual framework centres on the inter-relations between actors (both state and non-state) and structures of material and ideational kinds, while the detailed survey and analysis of US–Kurdish relations, in their interaction with domestic, regional and global politics, forms the empirical core of the study. Stressing the intertwining of domestic and foreign policy as part of the same set of dynamics, the case study explains the emergence of the interactive and institutionalized US relationship with the Kurds of Iraq that has brought about the formation, within an Iraqi framework, of an undeclared US official Kurdish policy in the post-Saddam era. Filling a gap in the literature on US–Kurdish relations as well as the broader topic of International Relations, this book will be of great interest to those in the areas of International Relations, Middle Eastern and Kurdish Politics.

The Kurds in a New Middle East

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Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3030005399
Total Pages : 130 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (3 download)

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Book Synopsis The Kurds in a New Middle East by : Cengiz Gunes

Download or read book The Kurds in a New Middle East written by Cengiz Gunes and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-09-29 with total page 130 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book examines the Kurds’ rise as new regional actors in the Middle East and the impact this is having on the regional order. Kurdish political activism has reached a new height in the beginning of the 21st Century with Kurdish movements in Iraq, Turkey and Syria establishing themselves as a significant force in the domestic politics of these states. The consolidation of Kurdish autonomy in Iraq and the establishment of a Kurdish de facto autonomous region within Syria is adding to the Kurds’ growing influence in the region and enabling Kurds to forge stronger relations with regional and international forces. The author analyses recent developments in the Kurdish question in Turkey, Iran, Iraq and Syria to understand the inter-connections and inter-dependencies that exist in the transnational Kurdish political space. The book's policy relevance is likely to attract strong interest from policy makers as well as from academics and students in the fields of Middle Eastern Politics and International Relations.

The Kurds in the Middle East

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Author :
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
ISBN 13 : 1793613591
Total Pages : 367 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (936 download)

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Book Synopsis The Kurds in the Middle East by : Mehmet Gurses

Download or read book The Kurds in the Middle East written by Mehmet Gurses and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2020-06-22 with total page 367 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: While dramatic changes taking place in the Middle East offer important opportunities to the Kurdish century-long struggle for recognition, serious obstacles seem to keep reemerging every time the Kurds anywhere make progress. The large Kurdish geography, extending from western Iran to near the eastern Mediterranean, and a century of repression and denial have engendered various Kurdish groups with competing and at times conflicting views and goals. The Kurds in the Middle East: Enduring Problems and New Dynamics, with an emphasis on continuity and change in the Kurdish Question, brings together a group of well-known scholars to shed light on this complex issue.

Conflict, Democratization, and the Kurds in the Middle East

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Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 1137409991
Total Pages : 321 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (374 download)

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Book Synopsis Conflict, Democratization, and the Kurds in the Middle East by : David Romano

Download or read book Conflict, Democratization, and the Kurds in the Middle East written by David Romano and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-08-13 with total page 321 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In Turkey, Iran, Iraq, and Syria, central governments historically pursued mono-nationalist ideologies and repressed Kurdish identity. As evidenced by much unrest and a great many Kurdish revolts in all these states since the 1920s, however, the Kurds manifested strong resistance towards ethnic chauvinism. What sorts of authoritarian state policies have Turkey, Iraq, Iran and Syria relied on to contain the Kurds over the years? Can meaningful democratization and liberalization in any of these states occur without a fundamental change vis-à-vis their Kurdish minorities? To what extent does the Kurdish issue function as both a barrier and key to democratization in four of the most important states of the Middle East? While many commentators on the Middle East stress the importance of resolving the Arab-Israeli dispute for achieving 'peace in the Middle East,' this book asks whether or not the often overlooked Kurdish issue may constitute a more important fulcrum for change in the region, especially in light of the 'Arab Spring' and recent changes in Turkey, Iraq, Iran and Syria.

Kurdish Politics in Iran

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Author :
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1316516431
Total Pages : 249 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (165 download)

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Book Synopsis Kurdish Politics in Iran by : Allan Hassaniyan

Download or read book Kurdish Politics in Iran written by Allan Hassaniyan and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2021-10-21 with total page 249 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A history of the development of the Kurdish national movement in Iran which reflects on seven decades of the movement from 1947.

The Kurds of Syria

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Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing
ISBN 13 : 0857726447
Total Pages : 320 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (577 download)

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Book Synopsis The Kurds of Syria by : Harriet Allsopp

Download or read book The Kurds of Syria written by Harriet Allsopp and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2016-11-14 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since the beginning of 2011, the political situation in Syria has consistently found itself at the top of news broadcasts, newspaper headlines and the agendas of politicians. Little known, however, has been the struggle of the Kurds in Syria to have their voice heard on the political stage and to have equitable access to both economic and political resources. This examination of contemporary Kurdish politics in Syria therefore concentrates on the Syrian-Kurdish political parties which operate illegally in the country. It is these parties and their political leaders, such as Abd -al-Hakim Bashar of the Kurdish Democratic Party in Syria and Abd al- Hamid Darwish of the Kurdish Democratic Progressive Party in Syria, who, despite state sanctions, have attempted to promote their political agendas and to bring about change for the approximately three million Kurds that currently reside in the country. Harriet Allsopp examins Kurdish political parties, how they have tried to negotiate their illegality and how they have developed since 1957 when the first one was established. BY 1960, all political parties were banned, and the Kurds found themselves under increased political pressure from the central state. From 1960 until the present day, this prohibition has been the official position of successive Syrian governments, despite a brief political opening upon the accession of Bashar al-Asad in 2000. It is through a systematic analysis of the history of Kurdish political parties that Allsopp highlights how, on the eve of the Syrian uprising, they were in the midst of a crisis, widely seen as ineffectual and out of touch. Nevertheless, out of the uprising, Kurdish politics has appeared to take on a much more cohesive and effective character. The Kurds of Syria eplores the fundamental issues of minority identity and the concept of being 'stateless' in a turbulent region, as well as the organisation of political parties in Syria, making it vital for all those researching the politics of the modern Middle East.

Kurdish Politics in Turkey

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Author :
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1317271173
Total Pages : 163 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (172 download)

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Book Synopsis Kurdish Politics in Turkey by : Seevan Saeed

Download or read book Kurdish Politics in Turkey written by Seevan Saeed and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2016-09-13 with total page 163 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the aftermath of the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, the Kurds were promised their own state. However, several factors meant that this dream never became a reality, and the land of the Kurds was divided. Amid a sense of a loss of identity, the Kurds started to fight for their social and political rights. ‘Kurdish Politics in Turkey’ argues that the Kurdish struggle has largely been a failure, and that the emergence of the Unions of Communities in Kurdistan (KCK) has been a direct result of this. The book examines the success of the KCK and how it has transformed this Kurdish struggle in Turkey from a one-dimensional political movement, to a multi-dimensional social movement.

The Kurdish Question Revisited

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Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0190687177
Total Pages : 741 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (96 download)

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Book Synopsis The Kurdish Question Revisited by : Gareth R. V. Stansfield

Download or read book The Kurdish Question Revisited written by Gareth R. V. Stansfield and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2017 with total page 741 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The Kurds, once marginal in the study of the Middle East and secondary in its international relations, have moved to centre stage in recent years. In Turkey, where the Kurdish question is an issue of national significance, and in Iraq, where the gains made by the Kurdistan Regional Government have allowed it to impose its authority, moves are afoot to solve 'the Kurdish Question' once and for all. The picture is less positive in Syria, where the Kurds have borne the brunt of the Islamic State's onslaught, and in Iran, where they struggle to express their cultural distinctiveness and suffer disproportionately at the hands of the Islamic Republic's security apparatus. Yet the situations in both countries remain in flux, affected by developments in Iraq and Turkey in a manner that suggests we may have to revise the notion of the Kurds being forever divided by the boundaries of the Middle East's and subsumed into the state projects of other nations. The contributors to The Kurdish Question Revisited offer insights into how this once seemingly intractable, immutable phenomenon is being transformed amid the new political realities of the Middle East"--Publisher's description.

Kurdish Politics in the Middle East

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Author :
Publisher : Palgrave Macmillan
ISBN 13 : 9783031668258
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (682 download)

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Book Synopsis Kurdish Politics in the Middle East by : Dr. Rebwar Rawf Salih

Download or read book Kurdish Politics in the Middle East written by Dr. Rebwar Rawf Salih and published by Palgrave Macmillan. This book was released on 2024-09-11 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book, operating within the domain of political sociology, undertakes a comprehensive examination of the Kurdistan Regional Government's (KRG) internal challenges. It centres on the erosion of trust within the KRG's governance structures and its diminishing influence vis-à-vis the central government in Baghdad. Pivoting on the contemporary era of the region, marked by the US invasion of Iraq, the chapters provide an empirically rigorous chronological account of Kurdish influence on the Iraqi political landscape up until the pivotal 2017 independence referendum. The book analyses the complex array of factors contributing to the KRG's perceived failures, offering valuable insights and lessons that may be gleaned from these developments, and meticulously dissects the intricate interplay of political, economic, and military dynamics that have shaped the KRG's trajectory. Salih unravels the paradox of Kurdish leaders and political parties, seemingly engaged in self-defeating actions, yet retaining their positions of power and influence. Drawing on established sociological methodologies, the book presents an in-depth exploration of the motivations and mechanisms underpinning these enigmatic behaviours. Providing readers with a comprehensive exploration of Kurdish politics within a broader regional context, the book invites readers to engage with its analytical rigour, offering a scholarly lens through which to assess the KRG's intricate challenges and opportunities for the future.

Conflict, Democratization, and the Kurds in the Middle East

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Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 1137409991
Total Pages : 431 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (374 download)

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Book Synopsis Conflict, Democratization, and the Kurds in the Middle East by : David Romano

Download or read book Conflict, Democratization, and the Kurds in the Middle East written by David Romano and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-08-13 with total page 431 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In Turkey, Iran, Iraq, and Syria, central governments historically pursued mono-nationalist ideologies and repressed Kurdish identity. As evidenced by much unrest and a great many Kurdish revolts in all these states since the 1920s, however, the Kurds manifested strong resistance towards ethnic chauvinism. What sorts of authoritarian state policies have Turkey, Iraq, Iran and Syria relied on to contain the Kurds over the years? Can meaningful democratization and liberalization in any of these states occur without a fundamental change vis-à-vis their Kurdish minorities? To what extent does the Kurdish issue function as both a barrier and key to democratization in four of the most important states of the Middle East? While many commentators on the Middle East stress the importance of resolving the Arab-Israeli dispute for achieving 'peace in the Middle East,' this book asks whether or not the often overlooked Kurdish issue may constitute a more important fulcrum for change in the region, especially in light of the 'Arab Spring' and recent changes in Turkey, Iraq, Iran and Syria.

The Kurdish Spring

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Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1351480367
Total Pages : 284 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (514 download)

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Book Synopsis The Kurdish Spring by : David L. Phillips

Download or read book The Kurdish Spring written by David L. Phillips and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-07-05 with total page 284 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Kurds are the largest stateless people in the world. An estimated thirty-two million Kurds live in "Kurdistan," which includes parts of Turkey, Iraq, Syria, and Iran?today's "hot spots" in the Middle East. The Kurdish Spring explores the subjugation of Kurds by Arab, Ottoman, and Persian powers for almost a century, and explains why Kurds are now evolving from a victimized people to a coherent political community.David L. Phillips describes Kurdish rebellions and arbitrary divisions in the last century, chronicling the nadir of Kurdish experience in the 1980s. He discusses draconian measures implemented by Iraq, including use of chemical weapons, Turkey's restrictions on political and cultural rights, denial of citizenship and punishment for expressing Kurdish identity in Syria, and repressive rule in Iran.Phillips forecasts the collapse and fragmentation of Iraq. He argues that US strategic and security interests are advanced through cooperation with Kurds, as a bulwark against ISIS and Islamic extremism. This work will encourage the public to look critically at the post-colonial period, recognizing the injustice and impracticality of states that were created by Great Powers, and offering a new perspective on sovereignty and statehood.

Iran and Turkey

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Author :
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1786723808
Total Pages : 368 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (867 download)

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Book Synopsis Iran and Turkey by : Marianna Charountaki

Download or read book Iran and Turkey written by Marianna Charountaki and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2018-03-30 with total page 368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The foreign policies of Turkey and Iran seem increasingly to dictate the course of events in the Middle East. More recently, and especially following the Syrian crisis, the spotlight has turned to these states' dynamic re-entry onto the political stage, revealing them as key players with an international role in efforts towards the balance of power across the region. This book traces the major determinants of Turkish and Iranian foreign policies and their influence on events in the Middle East. Based on an examination of these states' politics and policies since 1979, and using material gathered from interviews with leading political figures from Turkey, Iran and the Kurdistan Region of Iraq, Marianna Charountaki offers fresh insights into how we understand the contemporary global order. Of particular importance, this book shows, is the effect of both external and internal factors on foreign policy and how the interaction between state and non-state actors informs political decisions. In placing these issues in a theoretical framework, Marianna Charountaki pioneers a new conceptual map within International Relations. An interdisciplinary study that provides a fresh new perspective, this book will be of particular interest to scholars of International Relations, Politics, Foreign Policy, Kurdish and Middle East Studies.

Youth Identity, Politics and Change in Contemporary Kurdistan

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Author :
Publisher : Transnational Press London
ISBN 13 : 1801350795
Total Pages : 251 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (13 download)

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Book Synopsis Youth Identity, Politics and Change in Contemporary Kurdistan by : Shivan Fazil

Download or read book Youth Identity, Politics and Change in Contemporary Kurdistan written by Shivan Fazil and published by Transnational Press London. This book was released on 2021-09-01 with total page 251 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Today’s youth are challenging the older political class around the world and are forming new political generations. Examples from South Africa and elsewhere where peace processes were deemed to be successful show signs of youth disapproval of the current post-conflict conditions. Moreover, the Arab Spring witnessed numerous youth movements emerge in authoritarian and illiberal contexts. This book was prepared in light of these discussions and aims to contribute to these ongoing debates on youth politics by presenting the situation of youth in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI) as a case study. It will be the first book that specifically focuses on the Iraqi Kurdish youth and their political, social, and economic participation in Kurdistan. The contemporary history of the KRI is marked by conflict, war, and ethnic cleansing under Saddam Hussein and the tyranny of the Ba’ath regime, significantly affecting the political situation of the Kurds in the Middle East. Most of the recent academic literature has focused on the broader picture or, in other words, the macro politics of the Kurdish conundrum within Iraq and beyond. There is little scholarship about the Kurdish population and their socio-economic conditions after 2003, and almost none about the younger generation of Kurds who came of age during autonomous Kurdish rule. This is a generation that, unlike their forebears, has no direct memory of the decades-long campaigns of repression. Studying and examining the rise of this generation of Kurdish young millennials—“Generation 2000”—who came of age in the aftermath of the United States invasion of Iraq offers a unique approach to understand the dynamics in a region that underwent a substantial socio-political transformation after 2003 as well as the impact of these developments on the youth population. Pursuing different themes and lines of inquiry the contributors of the book analyze the challenges and opportunities for young men and women to fulfil their needs and desires, and contribute to the ongoing quest for nationhood and nation-building. "In this book, our aim is to bring together a variety of perspectives from local and foreign academics who have been working on pressing issues in Kurdistan and beyond. The chapters focus on an array of themes, particularly including political participation, political situation and change, religiosity, and extremism. ... Taken together, the chapters provide us with an introduction to youth politics in Kurdistan. This book is just the first attempt to open academic and nonacademic debate on this subject at a time when protests around youth-related issues are becoming a more prevalent method of political engagement in the region. Our hope is that more research follows and supplements what has not been addressed in this book, especially through the introduction of first-hand youth perspectives to the core of this analysis and giving them a voice in nonviolent platforms." CONTENTS Foreword: Youth in the Kurdistan Region and Their Past and Present Roles - Karwan Jamal Tahir Kurdish Youth as Agents of Change: Political Participation, Looming Challenges, and Future Predictions - Shivan Fazil and Bahar Baser CHAPTER 1. Youth Political Participation and Prospects for Democratic Reform in Iraqi Kurdistan - Munir H. Mohammad CHAPTER 2. Social Media, Youth Organization, and Public Order in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq - Megan Connelly CHAPTER 3. Constructing Their Own Liberation: Youth’s Reimagining of Gender and Queer Sexuality in Iraqi Kurdistan - Hawzhin Azeez CHAPTER 4. Kurdish Youth and Civic Culture: Support for Democracy Among Kurdish and non-Kurdish Youth in Iraq - Dastan Jasim CHAPTER 5. Youth and Nationalism in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq - Sofia Barbarani CHAPTER 6. An Elitist Interpretation of KRG Governance: How Self-Serving Kurdish Elites Govern Under the Guise of Democracy and the Subsequent Implications for Representation and Change - Bamo Nouri CHAPTER 7. Educational Policy in the Kurdistan Region: A Critical Democratic Response - Abdurrahman Ahmad Wahab CHAPTER 8. Making Heaven in a Shithole: Changing Political Engagement in the Aftermath of the Islamic State - Lana Askari CHAPTER 9. Kurdish Youth and Religious Identity: Between Religious and National Tensions - Ibrahim Sadiq CHAPTER 10. Youth Radicalization in Kurdistan: The Government Response - Kamaran Palani