Self-Organizing Maps

Download Self-Organizing Maps PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3642976107
Total Pages : 372 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (429 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Self-Organizing Maps by : Teuvo Kohonen

Download or read book Self-Organizing Maps written by Teuvo Kohonen and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 372 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book we have at hand is the fourth monograph I wrote for Springer Verlag. The previous one named "Self-Organization and Associative Mem ory" (Springer Series in Information Sciences, Volume 8) came out in 1984. Since then the self-organizing neural-network algorithms called SOM and LVQ have become very popular, as can be seen from the many works re viewed in Chap. 9. The new results obtained in the past ten years or so have warranted a new monograph. Over these years I have also answered lots of questions; they have influenced the contents of the present book. I hope it would be of some interest and help to the readers if I now first very briefly describe the various phases that led to my present SOM research, and the reasons underlying each new step. I became interested in neural networks around 1960, but could not in terrupt my graduate studies in physics. After I was appointed Professor of Electronics in 1965, it still took some years to organize teaching at the uni versity. In 1968 - 69 I was on leave at the University of Washington, and D. Gabor had just published his convolution-correlation model of autoasso ciative memory. I noticed immediately that there was something not quite right about it: the capacity was very poor and the inherent noise and crosstalk were intolerable. In 1970 I therefore sugge~ted the auto associative correlation matrix memory model, at the same time as J.A. Anderson and K. Nakano.

Kohonen Maps

Download Kohonen Maps PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0080535291
Total Pages : 401 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (85 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Kohonen Maps by : E. Oja

Download or read book Kohonen Maps written by E. Oja and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 1999-07-02 with total page 401 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Self-Organizing Map, or Kohonen Map, is one of the most widely used neural network algorithms, with thousands of applications covered in the literature. It was one of the strong underlying factors in the popularity of neural networks starting in the early 80's. Currently this method has been included in a large number of commercial and public domain software packages. In this book, top experts on the SOM method take a look at the state of the art and the future of this computing paradigm.The 30 chapters of this book cover the current status of SOM theory, such as connections of SOM to clustering, classification, probabilistic models, and energy functions. Many applications of the SOM are given, with data mining and exploratory data analysis the central topic, applied to large databases of financial data, medical data, free-form text documents, digital images, speech, and process measurements. Biological models related to the SOM are also discussed.

Tutorials in Chemoinformatics

Download Tutorials in Chemoinformatics PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119137985
Total Pages : 665 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (191 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Tutorials in Chemoinformatics by : Alexandre Varnek

Download or read book Tutorials in Chemoinformatics written by Alexandre Varnek and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2017-06-22 with total page 665 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: 30 tutorials and more than 100 exercises in chemoinformatics, supported by online software and data sets Chemoinformatics is widely used in both academic and industrial chemical and biochemical research worldwide. Yet, until this unique guide, there were no books offering practical exercises in chemoinformatics methods. Tutorials in Chemoinformatics contains more than 100 exercises in 30 tutorials exploring key topics and methods in the field. It takes an applied approach to the subject with a strong emphasis on problem-solving and computational methodologies. Each tutorial is self-contained and contains exercises for students to work through using a variety of software packages. The majority of the tutorials are divided into three sections devoted to theoretical background, algorithm description and software applications, respectively, with the latter section providing step-by-step software instructions. Throughout, three types of software tools are used: in-house programs developed by the authors, open-source programs and commercial programs which are available for free or at a modest cost to academics. The in-house software and data sets are available on a dedicated companion website. Key topics and methods covered in Tutorials in Chemoinformatics include: Data curation and standardization Development and use of chemical databases Structure encoding by molecular descriptors, text strings and binary fingerprints The design of diverse and focused libraries Chemical data analysis and visualization Structure-property/activity modeling (QSAR/QSPR) Ensemble modeling approaches, including bagging, boosting, stacking and random subspaces 3D pharmacophores modeling and pharmacological profiling using shape analysis Protein-ligand docking Implementation of algorithms in a high-level programming language Tutorials in Chemoinformatics is an ideal supplementary text for advanced undergraduate and graduate courses in chemoinformatics, bioinformatics, computational chemistry, computational biology, medicinal chemistry and biochemistry. It is also a valuable working resource for medicinal chemists, academic researchers and industrial chemists looking to enhance their chemoinformatics skills.

Recent Advances in Mechatronics

Download Recent Advances in Mechatronics PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3540739564
Total Pages : 709 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (47 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Recent Advances in Mechatronics by : Ryszard Jablonski

Download or read book Recent Advances in Mechatronics written by Ryszard Jablonski and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-09-19 with total page 709 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents recent state of advances in mechatronics presented on the 7th International Conference Mechatronics 2007, hosted at the Faculty of Mechatronics, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland. The selected papers give an overview of the state-of-the-art and present new research results and prospects of the future development in this interdisciplinary field of mechatronic systems.

Adaptive and Natural Computing Algorithms

Download Adaptive and Natural Computing Algorithms PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3642202810
Total Pages : 448 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (422 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Adaptive and Natural Computing Algorithms by : Andrej Dobnikar

Download or read book Adaptive and Natural Computing Algorithms written by Andrej Dobnikar and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-03-03 with total page 448 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The two-volume set LNCS 6593 and 6594 constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Adaptive and Natural Computing Algorithms, ICANNGA 2010, held in Ljubljana, Slovenia, in April 2010. The 83 revised full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from a total of 144 submissions. The first volume includes 42 papers and a plenary lecture and is organized in topical sections on neural networks and evolutionary computation.

Handbook of Natural Computing

Download Handbook of Natural Computing PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9783540929093
Total Pages : 2052 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (29 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Handbook of Natural Computing by : Grzegorz Rozenberg

Download or read book Handbook of Natural Computing written by Grzegorz Rozenberg and published by Springer. This book was released on 2012-07-09 with total page 2052 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Natural Computing is the field of research that investigates both human-designed computing inspired by nature and computing taking place in nature, i.e., it investigates models and computational techniques inspired by nature and also it investigates phenomena taking place in nature in terms of information processing. Examples of the first strand of research covered by the handbook include neural computation inspired by the functioning of the brain; evolutionary computation inspired by Darwinian evolution of species; cellular automata inspired by intercellular communication; swarm intelligence inspired by the behavior of groups of organisms; artificial immune systems inspired by the natural immune system; artificial life systems inspired by the properties of natural life in general; membrane computing inspired by the compartmentalized ways in which cells process information; and amorphous computing inspired by morphogenesis. Other examples of natural-computing paradigms are molecular computing and quantum computing, where the goal is to replace traditional electronic hardware, e.g., by bioware in molecular computing. In molecular computing, data are encoded as biomolecules and then molecular biology tools are used to transform the data, thus performing computations. In quantum computing, one exploits quantum-mechanical phenomena to perform computations and secure communications more efficiently than classical physics and, hence, traditional hardware allows. The second strand of research covered by the handbook, computation taking place in nature, is represented by investigations into, among others, the computational nature of self-assembly, which lies at the core of nanoscience, the computational nature of developmental processes, the computational nature of biochemical reactions, the computational nature of bacterial communication, the computational nature of brain processes, and the systems biology approach to bionetworks where cellular processes are treated in terms of communication and interaction, and, hence, in terms of computation. We are now witnessing exciting interaction between computer science and the natural sciences. While the natural sciences are rapidly absorbing notions, techniques and methodologies intrinsic to information processing, computer science is adapting and extending its traditional notion of computation, and computational techniques, to account for computation taking place in nature around us. Natural Computing is an important catalyst for this two-way interaction, and this handbook is a major record of this important development.

Computational Intelligence Systems in Industrial Engineering

Download Computational Intelligence Systems in Industrial Engineering PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9491216775
Total Pages : 683 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (912 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Computational Intelligence Systems in Industrial Engineering by : Cengiz Kahraman

Download or read book Computational Intelligence Systems in Industrial Engineering written by Cengiz Kahraman and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-11-05 with total page 683 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Industrial engineering is a branch of engineering dealing with the optimization of complex processes or systems. It is concerned with the development, improvement, implementation and evaluation of production and service systems. Computational Intelligence Systems find a wide application area in industrial engineering: neural networks in forecasting, fuzzy sets in capital budgeting, ant colony optimization in scheduling, Simulated Annealing in optimization, etc. This book will include most of the application areas of industrial engineering through these computational intelligence systems. In the literature, there is no book including many real and practical applications of Computational Intelligence Systems from the point of view of Industrial Engineering. Every chapter will include explanatory and didactic applications. It is aimed that the book will be a main source for MSc and PhD students.

Advances in Self-Organizing Maps

Download Advances in Self-Organizing Maps PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3642215653
Total Pages : 380 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (422 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Advances in Self-Organizing Maps by : Jorma Laaksonen

Download or read book Advances in Self-Organizing Maps written by Jorma Laaksonen and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-06-03 with total page 380 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Self-Organizing Maps, WSOM 2011, held in Espoo, Finland, in June 2011. The 36 revised full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from numerous submissions. The papers are organized in topical sections on plenaries; financial and societal applications; theory and methodology; applications of data mining and analysis; language processing and document analysis; and visualization and image processing.

Artificial Neural Networks - ICANN 96

Download Artificial Neural Networks - ICANN 96 PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9783540615101
Total Pages : 956 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (151 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Artificial Neural Networks - ICANN 96 by : Christoph von der Malsburg

Download or read book Artificial Neural Networks - ICANN 96 written by Christoph von der Malsburg and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 1996-07-10 with total page 956 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the sixth International Conference on Artificial Neural Networks - ICANN 96, held in Bochum, Germany in July 1996. The 145 papers included were carefully selected from numerous submissions on the basis of at least three reviews; also included are abstracts of the six invited plenary talks. All in all, the set of papers presented reflects the state of the art in the field of ANNs. Among the topics and areas covered are a broad spectrum of theoretical aspects, applications in various fields, sensory processing, cognitive science and AI, implementations, and neurobiology.

Applications of Self-Organizing Maps

Download Applications of Self-Organizing Maps PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : BoD – Books on Demand
ISBN 13 : 953510862X
Total Pages : 302 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (351 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Applications of Self-Organizing Maps by : Magnus Johnsson

Download or read book Applications of Self-Organizing Maps written by Magnus Johnsson and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2012-11-21 with total page 302 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The self-organizing map, first described by the Finnish scientist Teuvo Kohonen, can by applied to a wide range of fields. This book is about such applications, i.e. how the original self-organizing map as well as variants and extensions of it can be applied in different fields. In fourteen chapters, a wide range of such applications is discussed. To name a few, these applications include the analysis of financial stability, the fault diagnosis of plants, the creation of well-composed heterogeneous teams and the application of the self-organizing map to the atmospheric sciences.

Anaerobic Digestion Model No.1 (ADM1)

Download Anaerobic Digestion Model No.1 (ADM1) PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : IWA Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1900222787
Total Pages : 61 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (2 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Anaerobic Digestion Model No.1 (ADM1) by : IWA Task Group for Mathematical Modelling of Anaerobic Digestion Processes

Download or read book Anaerobic Digestion Model No.1 (ADM1) written by IWA Task Group for Mathematical Modelling of Anaerobic Digestion Processes and published by IWA Publishing. This book was released on 2002-02-01 with total page 61 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The IWA Task Group for Mathematical Modelling of Anaerobic Digestion Processes was created with the aim to produce a generic model and common platform for dynamic simulations of a variety of anaerobic processes. This book presents the outcome of this undertaking and is the result of four years collaborative work by a number of international experts from various fields of anaerobic process technology. The purpose of this approach is to provide a unified basis for anaerobic digestion modelling. It is hoped this will promote increased application of modelling and simulation as a tool for research, design, operation and optimisation of anaerobic processes worldwide. This model was developed on the basis of the extensive but often disparate work in modelling and simulation of anaerobic digestion systems over the last twenty years. In developing ADM1, the Task Group have tried to establish common nomenclature, units and model structure, consistent with existing anaerobic modelling literature and the popular activated sludge models (See Activated Sludge Models ASM1, ASM2, ASM2d and ASM3, IWA Publishing, 2000, ISBN: 1900222248). As such, it is intended to promote widespread application of simulation from domestic (wastewater and sludge) treatment systems to specialised industrial applications. Outputs from the model include common process variables such gas flow and composition, pH, separate organic acids, and ammonium. The structure has been devised to encourage specific extensions or modifications where required, but still maintain a common platform. During development the model has been successfully tested on a range of systems from full-scale waste sludge digestion to laboratory-scale thermophilic high-rate UASB reactors. The model structure is presented in a readily applicable matrix format for implementation in many available differential equation solvers. It is expected that the model will be available as part of commercial wastewater simulation packages. ADM1 will be a valuable information source for practising engineers working in water treatment (both domestic and industrial) as well as academic researchers and students in Environmental Engineering and Science, Civil and Sanitary Engineering, Biotechnology, and Chemical and Process Engineering departments. Contents Introduction Nomenclature, State Variables and Expressions Biochemical Processes Physicochemical Processes Model Implementation in a Single Stage CSTR Suggested Biochemical Parameter Values, Sensitivity and Estimation Conclusions References Appendix A: Review of Parameters Appendix B: Supplementary Matrix Information Appendix C: Integration with the ASM Appendix D: Estimating Stoichiometric Coefficients for Fermentation Scientific & Technical Report No.13

Intelligent Data Mining in Law Enforcement Analytics

Download Intelligent Data Mining in Law Enforcement Analytics PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9400749147
Total Pages : 522 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (7 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Intelligent Data Mining in Law Enforcement Analytics by : Paolo Massimo Buscema

Download or read book Intelligent Data Mining in Law Enforcement Analytics written by Paolo Massimo Buscema and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-11-28 with total page 522 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a thorough summary of the means currently available to the investigators of Artificial Intelligence for making criminal behavior (both individual and collective) foreseeable, and for assisting their investigative capacities. The volume provides chapters on the introduction of artificial intelligence and machine learning suitable for an upper level undergraduate with exposure to mathematics and some programming skill or a graduate course. It also brings the latest research in Artificial Intelligence to life with its chapters on fascinating applications in the area of law enforcement, though much is also being accomplished in the fields of medicine and bioengineering. Individuals with a background in Artificial Intelligence will find the opening chapters to be an excellent refresher but the greatest excitement will likely be the law enforcement examples, for little has been done in that area. The editors have chosen to shine a bright light on law enforcement analytics utilizing artificial neural network technology to encourage other researchers to become involved in this very important and timely field of study.

Corrosion (General) - 215th ECS Meeting

Download Corrosion (General) - 215th ECS Meeting PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : The Electrochemical Society
ISBN 13 : 1566777712
Total Pages : 245 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (667 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Corrosion (General) - 215th ECS Meeting by : D. C. Hansen

Download or read book Corrosion (General) - 215th ECS Meeting written by D. C. Hansen and published by The Electrochemical Society. This book was released on 2009-11 with total page 245 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The papers included in this issue of ECS Transactions were originally presented in the symposium ¿Corrosion General Session¿, held during the 215th meeting of The Electrochemical Society, in San Francisco, CA from May 24 to 29, 2009.

Data Mining Using SAS Enterprise Miner

Download Data Mining Using SAS Enterprise Miner PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 0470149019
Total Pages : 584 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (71 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Data Mining Using SAS Enterprise Miner by : Randall Matignon

Download or read book Data Mining Using SAS Enterprise Miner written by Randall Matignon and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2007-08-03 with total page 584 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The most thorough and up-to-date introduction to data mining techniques using SAS Enterprise Miner. The Sample, Explore, Modify, Model, and Assess (SEMMA) methodology of SAS Enterprise Miner is an extremely valuable analytical tool for making critical business and marketing decisions. Until now, there has been no single, authoritative book that explores every node relationship and pattern that is a part of the Enterprise Miner software with regard to SEMMA design and data mining analysis. Data Mining Using SAS Enterprise Miner introduces readers to a wide variety of data mining techniques and explains the purpose of-and reasoning behind-every node that is a part of the Enterprise Miner software. Each chapter begins with a short introduction to the assortment of statistics that is generated from the various nodes in SAS Enterprise Miner v4.3, followed by detailed explanations of configuration settings that are located within each node. Features of the book include: The exploration of node relationships and patterns using data from an assortment of computations, charts, and graphs commonly used in SAS procedures A step-by-step approach to each node discussion, along with an assortment of illustrations that acquaint the reader with the SAS Enterprise Miner working environment Descriptive detail of the powerful Score node and associated SAS code, which showcases the important of managing, editing, executing, and creating custom-designed Score code for the benefit of fair and comprehensive business decision-making Complete coverage of the wide variety of statistical techniques that can be performed using the SEMMA nodes An accompanying Web site that provides downloadable Score code, training code, and data sets for further implementation, manipulation, and interpretation as well as SAS/IML software programming code This book is a well-crafted study guide on the various methods employed to randomly sample, partition, graph, transform, filter, impute, replace, cluster, and process data as well as interactively group and iteratively process data while performing a wide variety of modeling techniques within the process flow of the SAS Enterprise Miner software. Data Mining Using SAS Enterprise Miner is suitable as a supplemental text for advanced undergraduate and graduate students of statistics and computer science and is also an invaluable, all-encompassing guide to data mining for novice statisticians and experts alike.

Artificial Neural Networks: Formal Models and Their Applications – ICANN 2005

Download Artificial Neural Networks: Formal Models and Their Applications – ICANN 2005 PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3540287566
Total Pages : 1051 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (42 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Artificial Neural Networks: Formal Models and Their Applications – ICANN 2005 by : Wlodzislaw Duch

Download or read book Artificial Neural Networks: Formal Models and Their Applications – ICANN 2005 written by Wlodzislaw Duch and published by Springer. This book was released on 2005-08-25 with total page 1051 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume is the first part of the two-volume proceedings of the International C- ference on Artificial Neural Networks (ICANN 2005), held on September 11–15, 2005 in Warsaw, Poland, with several accompanying workshops held on September 15, 2005 at the Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toru , Poland. The ICANN conference is an annual meeting organized by the European Neural Network Society in cooperation with the International Neural Network Society, the Japanese Neural Network Society, and the IEEE Computational Intelligence Society. It is the premier European event covering all topics concerned with neural networks and related areas. The ICANN series of conferences was initiated in 1991 and soon became the major European gathering for experts in those fields. In 2005 the ICANN conference was organized by the Systems Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland, and the Nicolaus Copernicus Univ- sity, Toru , Poland. From over 600 papers submitted to the regular sessions and some 10 special c- ference sessions, the International Program Committee selected – after a thorough peer-review process – about 270 papers for publication. The large number of papers accepted is certainly a proof of the vitality and attractiveness of the field of artificial neural networks, but it also shows a strong interest in the ICANN conferences.

Natural User Interfaces in Medical Image Analysis

Download Natural User Interfaces in Medical Image Analysis PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319078003
Total Pages : 296 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (19 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Natural User Interfaces in Medical Image Analysis by : Marek R. Ogiela

Download or read book Natural User Interfaces in Medical Image Analysis written by Marek R. Ogiela and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-06-07 with total page 296 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This unique text/reference highlights a selection of practical applications of advanced image analysis methods for medical images. The book covers the complete methodology for processing, analysing and interpreting diagnostic results of sample CT images. The text also presents significant problems related to new approaches and paradigms in image understanding and semantic image analysis. To further engage the reader, example source code is provided for the implemented algorithms in the described solutions. Features: describes the most important methods and algorithms used for image analysis; examines the fundamentals of cognitive computer image analysis for computer-aided diagnosis and semantic image description; presents original approaches for the semantic analysis of CT perfusion and CT angiography images of the brain and carotid artery; discusses techniques for creating 3D visualisations of large datasets; reviews natural user interfaces in medical imaging systems, including GDL technology.

Neural Networks

Download Neural Networks PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : SAGE
ISBN 13 : 0857026275
Total Pages : 201 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (57 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Neural Networks by : G David Garson

Download or read book Neural Networks written by G David Garson and published by SAGE. This book was released on 1998-09-24 with total page 201 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides the first accessible introduction to neural network analysis as a methodological strategy for social scientists. The author details numerous studies and examples which illustrate the advantages of neural network analysis over other quantitative and modelling methods in widespread use. Methods are presented in an accessible style for readers who do not have a background in computer science. The book provides a history of neural network methods, a substantial review of the literature, detailed applications, coverage of the most common alternative models and examples of two leading software packages for neural network analysis.