International Handbook on Shareholders ́ Agreements

Download International Handbook on Shareholders ́ Agreements PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG
ISBN 13 : 3110515245
Total Pages : 656 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (15 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis International Handbook on Shareholders ́ Agreements by : Sebastian Mock

Download or read book International Handbook on Shareholders ́ Agreements written by Sebastian Mock and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2018-05-07 with total page 656 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Shareholders ́ Agreements have a growing influence on the general understanding of corporate law since they bind not only the shareholders but also affect the constitution of the corporation and can have a severe impact on capital markets. Therefore, Shareholders ́ Agreements are more and more subject to regulation in corporate, capital market and also insolvency law on the national, the European and the international level. This handbook provides a general examination of conceptual questions of Shareholders ́ Agreements and provides an analysis of the regulation of Shareholders ́ Agreements in European and international law and of the national law of more than 20 jurisdictions. Readers will get a general understanding of the theoretical and practical problems involved with Shareholders ́ Agreements and detailed information on the regulation of Shareholders ́ Agreements in several jurisdictions and the applicable law in the case of transnational corporations and cross-border transactions.

Directors & Officers (D & O) Liability

Download Directors & Officers (D & O) Liability PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG
ISBN 13 : 3110489961
Total Pages : 1072 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (14 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Directors & Officers (D & O) Liability by : Simon Deakin

Download or read book Directors & Officers (D & O) Liability written by Simon Deakin and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2018-02-19 with total page 1072 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In recent years several cases concerning the liability of directors and officers have courted controversy. Arguments raised in such discussions oscillate between two extremes: on the one hand, the need for governing bodies to give a space to entrepreneurial discretion and on the other hand to ensure the protection of investors in and creditors of a company from the consequences of disadvantageous decisions by those bodies. In light of the geographical dispersal of the above stakeholders, the study offers a comparative insight into the liability of directors and officers in 10 key European jurisdictions (in particular, Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Spain and Switzerland) and 4 non-European jurisdictions (namely Brazil, Israel, Turkey and the United States). Amongst other things it investigates existing company law principles on the topic and examines their interaction with tort law and other fields with a view to suggesting principles for better stakeholder protection. National reports are complemented by an economic analysis and insurance, conflict of laws and comparative reports. The study also benefits from case study analyses.

Polish Business Law

Download Polish Business Law PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Kluwer Law International B.V.
ISBN 13 : 9041119922
Total Pages : 708 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (411 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Polish Business Law by : Zdzislaw Brodecki

Download or read book Polish Business Law written by Zdzislaw Brodecki and published by Kluwer Law International B.V.. This book was released on 2003-01-01 with total page 708 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As a result of high levels of income and consumer spending, Poland has been an increasingly interesting destination for trade. It is particularly attractive to foreign investors seeking to establish a presence in the country with strong human resources and an ideal geographic location at the heart of Europe. An ambitious strategy of pre-accession to the European Union has changed the legal environment of business towards being more friendly towards foreigners and increased the capacity of the Polish market to cope with competitive pressure within the Union. Comprehensive in its coverage, this book is an excellent source of reference for practitioners and policy-makers, as well as a fundamental resource for lawyers involved in business. Polish Business Law is a guide providing information and best practice advice from outstanding lawyers of CMS Cameron McKenna.

Krakowskie studia z historii państwa i prawa, tom 3

Download Krakowskie studia z historii państwa i prawa, tom 3 PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Wydawnictwo UJ
ISBN 13 : 8323328897
Total Pages : 382 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (233 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Krakowskie studia z historii państwa i prawa, tom 3 by : Wacław Uruszczak, Dorota Malec, Maciej Mikuła (ed.)

Download or read book Krakowskie studia z historii państwa i prawa, tom 3 written by Wacław Uruszczak, Dorota Malec, Maciej Mikuła (ed.) and published by Wydawnictwo UJ. This book was released on 2010 with total page 382 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Czasopismo obejmuje artykuły i rozprawy naukowe pracowników naukowo-dydaktycznych oraz doktorantów w katedrach historycznoprawnych Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego. Zamierzeniem redaktorów i pomysłodawców wydawnictwa było umożliwienie publikacji rezultatów badań z zakresu szeroko pojętej historii prawa, historii państwa oraz historii doktryn politycznych i prawnych.

Corporations and Partnerships in Poland

Download Corporations and Partnerships in Poland PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Kluwer Law International B.V.
ISBN 13 : 9403532580
Total Pages : 239 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (35 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Corporations and Partnerships in Poland by : Eligiusz Jerzy Krześniak

Download or read book Corporations and Partnerships in Poland written by Eligiusz Jerzy Krześniak and published by Kluwer Law International B.V.. This book was released on 2024-06-17 with total page 239 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Derived from the renowned multi-volume International Encyclopaedia of Laws, this practical analysis of the law of business formations in Poland provides quick and easy guidance on a variety of corporate and partnership considerations such as mergers, rights and duties of interested parties, stock exchange rules, labour laws, and takeovers. Lawyers who handle transnational business will appreciate the explanation of local variations in terminology and the distinctive concepts that determine practice and procedure. A general introduction covering historical background, definitions, sources of law, and the effect of international private law is followed by a discussion of such aspects as types of formation, capital, shares, management, control, liquidation, mergers, takeovers, holding companies, subsidiaries, and taxation. Big companies, various types of smaller entities, and partnerships are all covered in turn. These details are presented in such a way that readers who are unfamiliar with specific terms and concepts in varying contexts will fully grasp their meaning and significance. Thorough yet practical, this convenient volume puts the information necessary for corporations to compete effectively at the user’s fingertips. An important and practical tool for business executives and their legal counsel interested in engaging in an international partnership or embarking on corporate expansion, this book will prove a valuable time-saving tool for business and legal professionals alike. Lawyers representing parties with interests in Poland will welcome this very useful guide, and academics and researchers will appreciate its value in the study of comparative business law.

Kodeks spółek handlowych. Tom III

Download Kodeks spółek handlowych. Tom III PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Wolters Kluwer
ISBN 13 : 8382235832
Total Pages : 986 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (822 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Kodeks spółek handlowych. Tom III by : Marek Michalski

Download or read book Kodeks spółek handlowych. Tom III written by Marek Michalski and published by Wolters Kluwer. This book was released on 2020-11-19 with total page 986 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: W tomie trzecim dużego komentarza do kodeksu spółek handlowych pod redakcją prof. Andrzeja Kidyby omówione zostały unormowania dotyczące spółki akcyjnej. Oprócz analizy przepisów ustawy − Kodeks spółek handlowych autorzy przedstawili przede wszystkim praktyczne aspekty ich stosowania. Uwzględnili też ostatnie nowelizacje kodeksu, które wprowadziły poważne zmiany systemowe polegające m.in. na odejściu od tradycyjnej, dokumentowej formy akcji, a także zmiany uchwalone w związku z rozprzestrzenianiem się wirusa SARS-CoV-2. W książce zaprezentowano i omówiono również najnowsze orzeczenia sądów z zakresu prawa spółek oraz aktualną literaturę przedmiotu. Autorami komentarza są znakomici przedstawiciele nauki prawa handlowego, którzy są także praktykami. img src= "https://static.profinfo.pl/file/core_files/2017/6/20/d30406f474af21eaedb9962f005ec959/Ico_Gray_6.gif" alt="Ico_Gray_6.gif [752 B]" width="40" Adresaci: Publikacja jest przeznaczona zarówno dla prawników praktyków specjalizujących się w prawie spółek, jak i przedstawicieli nauki prawa handlowego.

Blockchain and the Law

Download Blockchain and the Law PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft
ISBN 13 : 9783848756933
Total Pages : 159 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (569 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Blockchain and the Law by : Dariusz Szostek

Download or read book Blockchain and the Law written by Dariusz Szostek and published by Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft. This book was released on 2019 with total page 159 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book analyses the new blockchain and Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) in term of its impact on law, contracts and the digital economy. It discusses global legislation in the blockchain and its implications. The analysis of contracts includes the Bitcoin system and the Bitcoin Blockchain. The book is written in an international and European perspective. It is characterised by a practical approach and addressed to lawyers who want to deepen their knowledge about legal aspects of new technologies such as the blockchain and other modern IT tools, but also to entrepreneurs, IT specialists, developers and IT managers in the implementation of DLT and block technologies

The European Public Prosecutor’s Office

Download The European Public Prosecutor’s Office PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : T.M.C. Asser Press
ISBN 13 : 9789462650343
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (53 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The European Public Prosecutor’s Office by : Leendert H. Erkelens

Download or read book The European Public Prosecutor’s Office written by Leendert H. Erkelens and published by T.M.C. Asser Press. This book was released on 2014-09-29 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 2013 the European Commission launched its legislative proposal to create a European Public Prosecutor’s Office. The proposal provoked fierce debates, politically as well as on the academic level. Many national parliaments opposed and submitted formally their grievances to the Commission. Negotiations on the proposal between Member States are still ongoing. The T.M.C. Asser Instituut held the first international conference on this unprecedented proposal. This book reflects the main results of that conference. It provides a concise background of and reasoning for the introduction of this new EU body entrusted with far reaching judicial powers disclosing important legal and policy implications. Within its hitherto limited scope the existing system of judicial cooperation between EU Member States will change fundamentally, directly affecting the functioning of national courts and public prosecutions offices. How will this evolve? This book will help answering fundamental questions involved.

The Legal, Real and Converged Interest in Declaratory Relief

Download The Legal, Real and Converged Interest in Declaratory Relief PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Kluwer Law International B.V.
ISBN 13 : 9403512458
Total Pages : 536 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (35 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Legal, Real and Converged Interest in Declaratory Relief by : Beata Gessel-Kalinowska vel Kalisz

Download or read book The Legal, Real and Converged Interest in Declaratory Relief written by Beata Gessel-Kalinowska vel Kalisz and published by Kluwer Law International B.V.. This book was released on 2019-05-16 with total page 536 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Worldwide, in both litigation and arbitration, the term ‘declaration’ refers to both what is sought by the parties and what is granted by the judicial authority. In the latter case, it can be construed as a remedy known as ‘declaratory relief’, where the plaintiff seeks an authoritative judicial statement of the legal relationship. Although of enormous significance in dispute resolution, declaratory relief has not been analysed in detail until this deeply informed study. The book’s main focus is on declaratory relief relating to disputes resolved within the framework of international commercial arbitration and litigation. Focusing on the notion of ‘legal interest’ – which the author views as a serious limitation of access to justice – the book sets out to redefine the term in order to respond to the needs of modern legal dealing. Issues and topics such as the following are thoroughly considered: the concept of legal interest as a prerequisite to granting a declaration; circumstances under which relief based on a declaratory judgment may be granted; determination of a plaintiff’s ‘legal interest’ in having a legal relationship established by a judicial ruling; powers of the court or tribunal in various jurisdictions, emphasizing the contrast between ‘legal interest’ in Germanic law and ‘real interest’ in English law; combining a declaration with a coercive measure; role of the arbitration agreement and applicable arbitration law; and how arbitration can neutralize the strict notion of legal interest (‘converged interest’). Case law, including numerous previously unpublished arbitration awards, is fully taken into account. The final chapter elaborates a new interpretation of the declaratory relief concept, encompassing civil substantive and procedural law enriched by theory of justice, comparative analysis and statistical analysis. Apart from the foregoing analysis by the Author, the publication is supplemented with an annex, which presents expert reports by local practitioners on the relevant legal characteristics in Germanic civil law jurisdictions (Austria, Germany, Poland and Switzerland). Given that recent legal scholarship has been increasingly insistent that judicial practice should evolve towards broader use of declarations, particularly where interpretation of contractual stipulations is necessary, this book holds a crucial place in current theory and practice in both litigation and arbitration contexts. With its challenging redefinition of the legal interest concept, it promises to play an important role in formulation of relief in dispute resolution, particularly in international commercial arbitration. Lawyers and arbitrators will benefit from awareness of how other tribunals decide and how awards can be formulated, and arbitration institutions as well as academics in the field will welcome this deeply informative analysis.

Tort Law in Poland, Germany and Europe

Download Tort Law in Poland, Germany and Europe PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : sellier. european law publ.
ISBN 13 : 3866531044
Total Pages : 208 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (665 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Tort Law in Poland, Germany and Europe by : Bettina Heiderhoff

Download or read book Tort Law in Poland, Germany and Europe written by Bettina Heiderhoff and published by sellier. european law publ.. This book was released on 2009 with total page 208 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This book represents the outcome of a conference, which was attended by Polish and German scholars and discusses miscellaneous topics, relating to current problems in tort law, that prove crucial in the light of current European practice"--P. 4 of cover.

Cross-Border Mergers

Download Cross-Border Mergers PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030227537
Total Pages : 511 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (32 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Cross-Border Mergers by : Thomas Papadopoulos

Download or read book Cross-Border Mergers written by Thomas Papadopoulos and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2019-09-28 with total page 511 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This edited volume focuses on specific, crucially important structural measures that foster corporate change, namely cross-border mergers. Such cross-border transactions play a key role in business reality, economic theory and corporate, financial and capital markets law. Since the adoption of the Cross-border Mergers Directive, these mergers have been regulated by specific legal provisions in EU member states. This book analyzes various aspects of the directive, closely examining this harmonized area of EU company law and critically evaluating cross-border mergers as a method of corporate restructuring in order to gain insights into their fundamental mechanisms. It comprehensively discusses the practicalities of EU harmonization of cross-border mergers, linking it to corporate restructuring in general, while also taking the transposition of the directive into account. Exploring specific angles of the Cross-border Mergers Directive in the light of European and national company law, the book is divided into three sections: the first section focuses on EU and comparative aspects of the Cross-border Mergers Directive, while the second examines the interaction of the directive with other areas of law (capital markets law, competition law, employment law, tax law, civil procedure). Lastly, the third section describes the various member states’ experiences of implementing the Cross-border Mergers Directive.

Investment Arbitration in Central and Eastern Europe

Download Investment Arbitration in Central and Eastern Europe PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Edward Elgar Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1788115171
Total Pages : 469 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (881 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Investment Arbitration in Central and Eastern Europe by : Csongor Nagy

Download or read book Investment Arbitration in Central and Eastern Europe written by Csongor Nagy and published by Edward Elgar Publishing. This book was released on 2019 with total page 469 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) is the testing ground for investment arbitration in Europe: the majority of the cases against EU Member States are proceedings launched against countries from the region. Despite their relevance, CEE experiences have not been analysed in a comprehensive manner. This book is the first of its kind to present an extensive collection of case law on investment arbitration within Europe. Contributors provide contextual analysis, taking political, economic and regulatory factors in to account, to create an accessible text for practitioners and scholars alike.

Evolution of Private Law

Download Evolution of Private Law PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Instytut Prawa Gospodarczego Sp. z o.o.
ISBN 13 : 8366922189
Total Pages : 221 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (669 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Evolution of Private Law by : Adam Talanda

Download or read book Evolution of Private Law written by Adam Talanda and published by Instytut Prawa Gospodarczego Sp. z o.o.. This book was released on 2023-10-13 with total page 221 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Once again, we are pleased to present this book which is the result of the conference held in Katowice in 2022 and the effect of the international cooperation between the Research Group of the Commercial Law acting at the Faculty of Law and Administration of the University of Silesia in Katowice and representatives of foreign university departments of private law from the Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Ukraine. The publication is the continuation of the international cooperation that began in 2014. The idea of the sixth collective publication was to analyze the directions of legislative changes in the field of private law in individual countries. In this edition, the entire publication consists of fourteen articles devoted to the issues of company law, commercial contract law, including the development contract, capital market issues, and bankruptcy law. This publication is dedicated primarily to civil and commercial law academics, but it also addresses the issues relevant to legal practice. The presented papers may, to a large extent, constitute material for comparative research.

European Cross-Border Mergers and Reorganisations

Download European Cross-Border Mergers and Reorganisations PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : OUP Oxford
ISBN 13 : 0191630993
Total Pages : 1587 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (916 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis European Cross-Border Mergers and Reorganisations by : Jérôme Vermeylen

Download or read book European Cross-Border Mergers and Reorganisations written by Jérôme Vermeylen and published by OUP Oxford. This book was released on 2012-03-29 with total page 1587 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The most comprehensive guide to all techniques available to European companies, European Cross-Border Mergers and Reorganisations is the ideal reference tool for lawyers, auditors, notaries and scholars working in the field. Providing everything a practitioner needs to co-ordinate a successful cross-border merger, the book analyses the EU Directives and how they have been applied in each of the main EU/EEA member states. The diverging rules for each jurisdiction are highlighted and explained enabling quick comparisons to be made between countries for assessing feasibility of the chosen technique. As well as the requirements, formalities and potential pitfalls of cross-border mergers, each country analysis addresses the relevant aspects of corporate, employment and tax law such as informing shareholders and employees, verification of the legality of the merger, and language requirements. The book also considers other cross-border reorganisation techniques, such as demergers, partial demergers, the transfer of branches of activity, the creation of a Societas Europaea, or a Societas Cooperativa Europea, and the cross-boarder transfer of a company's head office or registered office, providing a practical guide to the best possible solution for a practitioner's client. European Cross-Border Reorganisations: Law and Practice is an easy-to-use reference work for legal, tax and audit professionals involved in mergers.

The Art of Cross-Examination

Download The Art of Cross-Examination PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 414 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (718 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Art of Cross-Examination by : Francis Lewis Wellman

Download or read book The Art of Cross-Examination written by Francis Lewis Wellman and published by . This book was released on 1920 with total page 414 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Doing Business 2015

Download Doing Business 2015 PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : World Bank Publications
ISBN 13 : 1464803528
Total Pages : 331 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (648 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Doing Business 2015 by : World Bank

Download or read book Doing Business 2015 written by World Bank and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2014-10-24 with total page 331 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Twelfth in a series of annual reports comparing business regulation in 189 economies, Doing Business 2015 measures regulations affecting 10 areas of everyday business activity: Starting a business Dealing with construction permits Getting electricity Registering property Getting credit Protecting minority investors Paying taxes Trading across borders Enforcing contracts Resolving insolvency Labor market regulations This year's report will present data for a second city for the 11 economies with more than 100 million inhabitants. These are Bangladesh, Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan, the Russian Federation, and the United States. Three of the 10 topics covered have been expanded, with further plans to expand on five additional indicators in next year's report. Additionally, the Doing Business rankings are now based on the distance to the frontier measure where each economy is evaluated based on how close their business regulations are to the best global practices. This provides a more precise view of each economy's performance and its improvement over time. The report updates all indicators as of June 1, 2014, ranks economies on their overall 'ease of doing business,' and analyzes reforms to business regulation identifying which economies are strengthening their business environment the most. Doing Business illustrates how reforms in business regulations are being used to analyze economic outcomes for domestic entrepreneurs and for the wider economy. It is a flagship product produced in partnership by the World Bank and IFC that garners worldwide attention on regulatory barriers to entrepreneurship. More than 60 economies have used the Doing Business indicators to shape reform agendas and monitor improvements on the ground. In addition, the Doing Business data has generated over 2,000 articles in peer-reviewed academic journals since its inception.

Introduction to Polish Law

Download Introduction to Polish Law PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Kluwer Law International B.V.
ISBN 13 : 9041123318
Total Pages : 450 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (411 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Introduction to Polish Law by : Stanis?aw Frankowski

Download or read book Introduction to Polish Law written by Stanis?aw Frankowski and published by Kluwer Law International B.V.. This book was released on 2005-01-01 with total page 450 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: During two decades encompassing three epochal events - the collapse of European communism in 1989, NATO membership in 1999, and accession to the European Union in 2004 - the legal system of Poland has emerged with remarkable maturity and stability. In an exemplary blend of its democratic heritage from the era between the World Wars, proven effective legislation from the communist era, and the vibrant 1997 Constitution, Polish law dramatically reflects new social, economic and political realities. With eleven lucid chapters written by fifteen academic experts from the Warsaw University School of Law and Administration, each in his or her respective field of law, this deeply informed but succinct and practical volume is the ideal starting point for research whenever a question of Polish law arises. The authors clearly explain the legal concepts, customs and rules surrounding such essential elements as the following:principles and practices of constitutional law;administrative law and procedure;civil procedure;courts and special judicial bodies;judicial review;enforcement of foreign judgments;family, succession and inheritance matters;formation and conduct of corporations and partnerships;contract formation, interpretation and termination; environmental protection;harmonizing Polish economic law with EU standards; competition law and regulatory framework of market processes; special regulation of energy, telecommunications and financial markets; copyrights, patents, utility models and industrial designs; licence agreements;the labour relationship and types of employment contracts; andcriminal law and procedure. Each chapter includes its own detailed bibliography. English-speaking legal practitioners and academics have here an ideal introduction to the basic institutions, principles and rules of Polish law. Encompassing all the major fields of legal practice, Introduction to Polish Law provides an essential understanding of the Polish legal system, so that users can become familiar with law and legal processes in Poland and pursue further research on specific Polish legal matters. Practitioners will find it of great value for both counselling and courtroom use.