Judaism Christianity And Islam In The Course Of History

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Judaism, Christianity, and Islam in the Course of History: Exchange and Conflicts

Author : Lothar Gall
Publisher : Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG
ISBN 13 : 3110446731
Total Pages : 484 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (14 download)

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Book Synopsis Judaism, Christianity, and Islam in the Course of History: Exchange and Conflicts by : Lothar Gall

Download or read book Judaism, Christianity, and Islam in the Course of History: Exchange and Conflicts written by Lothar Gall and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2016-07-11 with total page 484 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Das Verhältnis zwischen Judentum, Christentum und Islam unterlag im Laufe der Geschichte vielfältigen Veränderungen. Welche Konflikte gab es, welche Phasen und Formen von Austausch und Kooperation standen dem gegenüber? Der Band ist das Ergebnis einer Tagung aus dem Jahr 2009. Wissenschaftler aus sechs Ländern präsentieren nun die Ergebnisse. Die Sektionen behandeln die "Gegenseitige Wahrnehmung vor dem 1. Weltkrieg", "Kultur, Bildung, Fremdwahrnehmung" seit 1945, "Austausch und Konflikte" von der Frühen Neuzeit bis ins 20. Jahrhundert, das "Rechtsverständnis", "Recht und Wirtschaft", die "Religionsgelehrsamkeit" sowie "gesellschaftliche Integration und Bewahrung der Identität". Mit Beiträgen von: Kilian Bälz, Hans-Jürgen Becker, Hartmut Bobzin, Michael Brenner, Micha Brumlik, Thomas E. Burman, John Efron, Leila Tarazi Fawaz, Claude Gilliot, Friedrich Wilhelm Graf, Peter Heine, Karl Homann, Yosef Kaplan, Thomas Kaufmann, Yavuz Köse, Gudrun Krämer, Michael Kreutz, Roland Löffler, Wolfgang Loschelder, Hans Maier, Asher Meir, Tilman Nagel, Matthias Pohlig, Maurus Reinkowski, Mathias Rohe, Heinz Schilling, Reinhard Schulze, Martin Tamcke, Georges Tamer, Lucette Valensi, Dietmar Willoweit, Israel Yuval und einer Podiumsdiskussion der Sektionsleiter.

A History of Muslims, Christians, and Jews in the Middle East

Author : Heather J. Sharkey
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1108155863
Total Pages : 399 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (81 download)

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Book Synopsis A History of Muslims, Christians, and Jews in the Middle East by : Heather J. Sharkey

Download or read book A History of Muslims, Christians, and Jews in the Middle East written by Heather J. Sharkey and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2017-04-03 with total page 399 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Across centuries, the Islamic Middle East hosted large populations of Christians and Jews in addition to Muslims. Today, this diversity is mostly absent. In this book, Heather J. Sharkey examines the history that Muslims, Christians, and Jews once shared against the shifting backdrop of state policies. Focusing on the Ottoman Middle East before World War I, Sharkey offers a vivid and lively analysis of everyday social contacts, dress, music, food, bathing, and more, as they brought people together or pushed them apart. Historically, Islamic traditions of statecraft and law, which the Ottoman Empire maintained and adapted, treated Christians and Jews as protected subordinates to Muslims while prescribing limits to social mixing. Sharkey shows how, amid the pivotal changes of the modern era, efforts to simultaneously preserve and dismantle these hierarchies heightened tensions along religious lines and set the stage for the twentieth-century Middle East.

A History of God

Author : Karen Armstrong
Publisher : Gramercy
ISBN 13 : 9780517223123
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (231 download)

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Book Synopsis A History of God by : Karen Armstrong

Download or read book A History of God written by Karen Armstrong and published by Gramercy. This book was released on 2004 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A study of the deity of the world's three dominant monotheistic religions: Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. In a dynamic interplay between religion and society's ever-changing beliefs, values, and traditions, human beings' ideas about God have been transformed. Ideas about God have been molded to apply to the spiritual needs of the people who worship him in a particular place and time. The author explores and analyzes the development and progression of the various perceptions of God from the days of Abraham to present times--Adapted from book jacket.

Neighboring Faiths

Author : David Nirenberg
Publisher : University of Chicago Press
ISBN 13 : 022616893X
Total Pages : 348 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (261 download)

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Book Synopsis Neighboring Faiths by : David Nirenberg

Download or read book Neighboring Faiths written by David Nirenberg and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2014-10-20 with total page 348 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book represents the culmination of David Nirenberg’s ongoing project; namely, how Muslims, Christians, and Jews lived with and thought about each other in the Middle Ages, and what the medieval past can tell us about how they do so today. There have been scripture based studies of the three "religions of the book” that claim descent from Abraham, but Nirenberg goes beyond those to pay close attention to how the three religious neighbors loved, tolerated, massacred, and expelled each other--all in the name of God--in periods and places both long ago and far away. Whether Christian Crusaders and settlers in Islamic-ruled lands, or Jewish-Muslim relations in Christian-controlled Iberia, for Nirenberg, the three religions need to be studied in terms of how each affected the development of the other over time, their proximity of religious and philosophical thought as well as their overlapping geographies, and how the three "neighbors” define (and continue to define) themselves and their place in the here-and-now--and the here-after--in terms of one another. Arguing against exemplary histories, static models of tolerance versus prosecution, or so-called Golden Ages and Black Legends, Nirenberg offers here instead a story that is more dynamic and interdependent, one where Muslim, Jewish, and Christian communities have re-imagined themselves, not only as abstractions of categories in each other’s theologies and ideologies, but by living with each other every day as neighbors jostling each other on the street. From dangerous attractions leading to interfaith marriage, to interreligious conflicts leading to segregation, violence, and sometimes extermination, to strategies of bridging the interfaith gap through language, vocabulary, and poetry--Nirenberg aims to understand the intertwined past of the three faiths as a way for their heirs to coproduce the future.

The Origins of Judaism, Christianity and Islam

Author : John Pickard
Publisher : Pen and Sword History
ISBN 13 : 1399006770
Total Pages : 702 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (99 download)

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Book Synopsis The Origins of Judaism, Christianity and Islam by : John Pickard

Download or read book The Origins of Judaism, Christianity and Islam written by John Pickard and published by Pen and Sword History. This book was released on 2021-12-22 with total page 702 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There has never been a more important time for a study of the social, economic and political origins of Judaism, Christianity and Islam, three important world religions which share a common root. This book takes as its starting point the idea that gods, angels, miracles and other supernatural phenomena do not exist in the real world and therefore cannot explain the origins of these faiths. It looks instead at the material conditions at appropriate periods in antiquity and the social and economic forces at work, and it examines the historicity of key figures like Moses, Jesus and Mohammed. This is a unique book which draws on the research, knowledge and expertise of hundreds of historians, archaeologists and scholars, to create a synthesis that is completely coherent and at the same time is based on real-world social conditions. It is a book by a non-believer for other non-believers, and it will be a revelatory read, even to those already of an atheist, agnostic or secularist persuasion.

An Analysis and Brief History of the Three Great Monotheistic Faiths Judaism, Christianity, Islam

Author : Andrea C Paterson, Dr
Publisher : Xulon Press
ISBN 13 : 159467454X
Total Pages : 225 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (946 download)

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Book Synopsis An Analysis and Brief History of the Three Great Monotheistic Faiths Judaism, Christianity, Islam by : Andrea C Paterson, Dr

Download or read book An Analysis and Brief History of the Three Great Monotheistic Faiths Judaism, Christianity, Islam written by Andrea C Paterson, Dr and published by Xulon Press. This book was released on 2004-08 with total page 225 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is a comparison of the three monotheistic faiths of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. In it, the author sought to show that Christianity is the more viable faith and the only path to God. Numerous sources, such as books, periodicals, videos, and the Internet, were used to reach her conclusion.The author desired to express that, of the three, Christianity is the vehicle and it is only through Jesus Christ that we find the way to God (John 14:6).

Judaism and Its History

Author : Abraham Geiger
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 416 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Judaism and Its History by : Abraham Geiger

Download or read book Judaism and Its History written by Abraham Geiger and published by . This book was released on 1911 with total page 416 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Jews, Christians, Muslims

Author : John Corrigan
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317347005
Total Pages : 408 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (173 download)

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Book Synopsis Jews, Christians, Muslims by : John Corrigan

Download or read book Jews, Christians, Muslims written by John Corrigan and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2016-01-08 with total page 408 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Thematic examination of monotheistic religions The second edition of Jews, Christians, Muslims: A Comparative Introduction to Monotheistic Religions, compares Judaism, Christianity, and Islam using seven common themes which are equally relevant to each tradition. Provoking critical thinking, this text addresses the cultural framework of religious meanings and explores the similarities and differences among Judaism, Christianity, and Islam as it explains the ongoing process of interpretation in each religion. The book is designed for courses in Western and World Religions.

Israel

Author : Muhammad Abbas
Publisher : iUniverse
ISBN 13 : 0595426190
Total Pages : 140 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (954 download)

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Book Synopsis Israel by : Muhammad Abbas

Download or read book Israel written by Muhammad Abbas and published by iUniverse. This book was released on 2007 with total page 140 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The value of peace in universal, the Arab-Israel conflict deserves peace as well. The killings of innocent civilians in Israel and its Arab neighbors must now stop. To every problem there is a solution and this problem is no exception. If all countries of the world will comply with all resolutions passed by United Nations Organization, it will not only solve the problem of Israel, but many other problems as well. Judaism, Christianity and Islam are all religions of peace. They are all based on the same fundamentals. They are also collectively known as Abrahamic religions. All of them strive for the establishment of peace in the world. In this book is contained the ancient and modern history of Israel. An analysis of the beliefs of these religions reveals to us that a solution to the problem of Israel is certainly possible. Islam is also a religion of peace just like Judaism and Christianity and is in no way against the settlement of Jews in Israel in the present time.

Islām and the People of the Book Volumes 1-3

Author : John Andrew Morrow
Publisher : Cambridge Scholars Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1527509672
Total Pages : 1782 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (275 download)

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Book Synopsis Islām and the People of the Book Volumes 1-3 by : John Andrew Morrow

Download or read book Islām and the People of the Book Volumes 1-3 written by John Andrew Morrow and published by Cambridge Scholars Publishing. This book was released on 2018-04-18 with total page 1782 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Islam and the People of the Book features three dozen scholarly studies on the treaties that the Prophet Muhammad concluded with Jewish, Samaritan, Christian, and Zoroastrian communities, along with translations of Six Covenants of the Prophet in over a dozen languages. The combined effort of over forty-five academics, intellectuals, and translators from around the world, this work powerfully confirms the conclusions drawn by Dr John Andrew Morrow in his critically-acclaimed book on The Covenants of the Prophet Muhammad with the Christians of the World, offers unprecedented insight into the original intent of the Messenger of God, and sheds light on the pluralistic nature of the constitutional state that he created.

Judaism, Christianity, and Islam

Author : Fritz Wenisch
Publisher : Cognella Academic Pub
ISBN 13 : 9781609270339
Total Pages : 160 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (73 download)

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Book Synopsis Judaism, Christianity, and Islam by : Fritz Wenisch

Download or read book Judaism, Christianity, and Islam written by Fritz Wenisch and published by Cognella Academic Pub. This book was released on 2011-07-01 with total page 160 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This text seeks to provide a guided examination of what unites and divides the Jewish, Christian, and Islamic communities. With over twenty-five years of experience teaching in the subject area, Dr. Fritz Wenisch begins to unravel this complex and often contentious topic by first discussing the legal injunctions applying to religious studies courses at secular U.S. universities. He investigates the type of monotheism each religion shares before providing an in-depth overview of each religion one by one. An emphasis is placed on the specific teachings of each religion, with consideration given to their practices and their historical development. "Judaism, Christianity, and Islam: Differences, Commonalities, and Community" argues that the hostility between the three religions is misplaced. The argument is grounded on the existence of a shared belief in the same one and only God and reverently looking back to Abraham, as well as the fact that disagreements do not result from ill will, but from alternative convictions held in good faith. Readers will learn that tolerance, while a start, does not suffice; rather, that shared basic beliefs should give rise to mutual appreciation, leading to genuine friendship. Fritz Wenisch received his Ph.D. in philosophy in 1968 from the University of Salzburg in Austria. He has been a member of the philosophy department at the University of Rhode Island since 1971 and has also taught at the University of Dallas and at the Franciscan University of Steubenville in Ohio. Dr. Wenisch s teaching focuses primarily on philosophy and religious studies. He has published two books, one book-length monograph, and numerous articles, as well as being a regular newspaper contributor, having written over twenty articles for the "Rhode Island Catholic" and more than a hundred for the religion page of the "Providence Journal."

A History of Jewish-Muslim Relations

Author : Abdelwahab Meddeb
Publisher : Princeton University Press
ISBN 13 : 1400849136
Total Pages : 1153 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (8 download)

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Book Synopsis A History of Jewish-Muslim Relations by : Abdelwahab Meddeb

Download or read book A History of Jewish-Muslim Relations written by Abdelwahab Meddeb and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2013-11-27 with total page 1153 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first encylopedic guide to the history of relations between Jews and Muslims around the world This is the first encyclopedic guide to the history of relations between Jews and Muslims around the world from the birth of Islam to today. Richly illustrated and beautifully produced, the book features more than 150 authoritative and accessible articles by an international team of leading experts in history, politics, literature, anthropology, and philosophy. Organized thematically and chronologically, this indispensable reference provides critical facts and balanced context for greater historical understanding and a more informed dialogue between Jews and Muslims. Part I covers the medieval period; Part II, the early modern period through the nineteenth century, in the Ottoman Empire, Africa, Asia, and Europe; Part III, the twentieth century, including the exile of Jews from the Muslim world, Jews and Muslims in Israel, and Jewish-Muslim politics; and Part IV, intersections between Jewish and Muslim origins, philosophy, scholarship, art, ritual, and beliefs. The main articles address major topics such as the Jews of Arabia at the origin of Islam; special profiles cover important individuals and places; and excerpts from primary sources provide contemporary views on historical events. Contributors include Mark R. Cohen, Alain Dieckhoff, Michael Laskier, Vera Moreen, Gordon D. Newby, Marina Rustow, Daniel Schroeter, Kirsten Schulze, Mark Tessler, John Tolan, Gilles Veinstein, and many more. Covers the history of relations between Jews and Muslims around the world from the birth of Islam to today Written by an international team of leading scholars Features in-depth articles on social, political, and cultural history Includes profiles of important people (Eliyahu Capsali, Joseph Nasi, Mohammed V, Martin Buber, Anwar Sadat and Menachem Begin, Edward Said, Messali Hadj, Mahmoud Darwish) and places (Jerusalem, Alexandria, Baghdad) Presents passages from essential documents of each historical period, such as the Cairo Geniza, Al-Sira, and Judeo-Persian illuminated manuscripts Richly illustrated with more than 250 images, including maps and color photographs Includes extensive cross-references, bibliographies, and an index

Judaism, Christianity, and Islam

Author : Sander L. Gilman
Publisher : Hong Kong University Press
ISBN 13 : 9888208276
Total Pages : 216 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (882 download)

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Book Synopsis Judaism, Christianity, and Islam by : Sander L. Gilman

Download or read book Judaism, Christianity, and Islam written by Sander L. Gilman and published by Hong Kong University Press. This book was released on 2014-11-01 with total page 216 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Islam, Christianity, and Judaism share several common features, including their historical origins in the prophet Abraham, their belief in a single divine being, and their modern global expanse. Yet it is the seeming closeness of these “Abrahamic” religions that draws attention to the real or imagined differences between them. This volume examines Abrahamic cultures as minority groups in societies which may be majority Muslim, Christian, or Jewish, or self-consciously secular. The focus is on the relationships between these religious identities in global Diaspora, where all of them are confronted with claims about national and individual difference. The case studies range from colonial Hong Kong and Victorian London to today’s San Francisco and rural India. Each study shows how complex such relationships can be and how important it is to situate them in the cultural, ethnic, and historical context of their world. The chapters explore ritual practice, conversion, colonization, immigration, and cultural representations of the differences between the Abrahamic religions. An important theme is how the complex patterns of interaction among these religions embrace collaboration as well as conflict—even in the modern Middle East. This work by authors from several academic disciplines on a topic of crucial importance will be of interest to scholars of history, theology, sociology, and cultural studies, as well as to the general reader interested in how minority groups have interacted and coexisted. “This is a groundbreaking collection of original, learned, and cutting-edge essays on various aspects of the three major monotheistic religions in modern times. The subjects of the essays range across the globe, from Hong Kong and South Asia to Victorian Britain and Weimar Germany, and teach us to see each tradition, and all three traditions together, in new and original ways. A distinctive contribution.” —Steven T. Katz, Boston University “Judaism, Christianity, and Islam is remarkable for bringing together accessible scholarly essays, each with keen insight, exploring the diverse ‘Abrahamic’ cultures and their complex interactions. As the human landscape of Europe continues to evolve, this superb series of engagements with the past and present is an indispensable guide.” —Michael Berkowitz, University College London “Gilman remains an unparalleled expert at identifying cutting-edge, interdisciplinary research. The essays in this superb volume provide urgently needed comparative and theoretical examinations of the constructed natures of Christianity, Islam, and Judaism, and the complex and challenging relationships they engender.” —Lisa Silverman, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee

The Character of David in Judaism, Christianity and Islam

Author :
Publisher : BRILL
ISBN 13 : 9004465979
Total Pages : 657 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (44 download)

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Book Synopsis The Character of David in Judaism, Christianity and Islam by :

Download or read book The Character of David in Judaism, Christianity and Islam written by and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2021-11-29 with total page 657 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: One of the most central figures in monotheistic traditions is King David. The volume takes a new, critical look at the process of biblical creation and exegetical transformation of this character in the intertwined words of Judaism, Christianity and Islam.

Vines Intertwined

Author : Leo Duprée Sandgren
Publisher : Baker Academic
ISBN 13 : 9780801047619
Total Pages : 864 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (476 download)

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Book Synopsis Vines Intertwined by : Leo Duprée Sandgren

Download or read book Vines Intertwined written by Leo Duprée Sandgren and published by Baker Academic. This book was released on 2010-04-01 with total page 864 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The study of Jewish/Christian history in antiquity is experiencing a renaissance. Textual witnesses and archaeological sites are being reevaluated and revisited. As a result, author Sandgren asserts, the relationship between Jews and Christians has shifted from a "mother-daughter" paradigm to one better described as "siblings." Recognizing that Judaism and Christianity are what they are because of each other and were not formed in isolation, Sandgren provides readers and researchers with a comprehensive generation-by-generation political history of the Jews--from the fall of the First Temple and the Babylonian Exile to the conquest of Jerusalem by Muslim Arabs and the rise of Christianity out of Judaism--to the point where both are fully defined against each other at the start of the Middle Ages. With a good subject index and a strong chronological framework, this book is a convenient reference work to this extended period of antiquity, with sufficient "bookends" of history to show where it began and how it ends. Making use of numerous contemporary studies as well as often neglected classics, Sandgren thoroughly develops the concept of "the people of God "and the core ideology behind Jewish and Christian self-definition. A ready reference for both students and scholars, pastors and laypeople, this accessible resource includes a bibliography and an ancient sources index as well as a CD. The CD includes the entire book as a searchable PDF and a list of names of emperors, rabbis, and church fathers.

Islam

Author : F. E. Peters
Publisher : Princeton University Press
ISBN 13 : 1400825482
Total Pages : 300 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (8 download)

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Book Synopsis Islam by : F. E. Peters

Download or read book Islam written by F. E. Peters and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2009-01-10 with total page 300 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Quran is a sacred book with profound, and familiar, Old and New Testament resonances. And the message it promulgated, Islam, came of age during an extraordinarily rich era of interaction among monotheists. Jews, Christians, and Muslims not only worshipped the same God, but shared aspirations, operated in the same social and economic environment, and sometimes lived side by side, indistinguishable by language, costume, or manners. Today, of course, little of this commonality is apparent, and Islam is poorly understood by most non-Muslims. Entering Islam through the same biblical door Muhammad did, this book introduces readers with Christian or Jewish backgrounds to one of the world's largest, most active, and--in the West--least understood religions. Frank Peters, one of the world's leading authorities on the monotheistic religions, starts with the central feature of Muslim faith and life: the Quran. Across its pages move Adam, Noah, Abraham, David, Solomon, John the Baptist, Jesus, and the Virgin Mary. The Quran contains remarkably familiar accounts of Genesis, the Flood, Exodus, the Virgin Birth, and other biblical events. But Peters also highlights Muhammad's very different use of Scripture and explains those elements of the Quran most alien to Western readers, from its didactic passages to its remarkable poetry. Peters goes on to cogently explain Islam's defining features--including the significance of Mecca, the manner of Muhammad's revelations, and the creation of the unique community of Muslims, all in relation to the Judeo-Christian tradition. He compares Jesus and Muhammad, describes Islamic commandments and rituals, details the structures of Sunni and Shi'ite communities, and lays out central Islamic beliefs on war, women, mysticism, and martyrdom. The result is a crucial and extremely accomplished book that offers Western readers a professional yet highly accessible understanding of Islam, and at a time when we need it most.

Christian Martyrs Under Islam

Author : Christian C. Sahner
Publisher : Princeton University Press
ISBN 13 : 069120313X
Total Pages : 360 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (912 download)

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Book Synopsis Christian Martyrs Under Islam by : Christian C. Sahner

Download or read book Christian Martyrs Under Islam written by Christian C. Sahner and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2020-03-31 with total page 360 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A look at the developing conflicts in Christian-Muslim relations during late antiquity and the early Islamic era How did the medieval Middle East transform from a majority-Christian world to a majority-Muslim world, and what role did violence play in this process? Christian Martyrs under Islam explains how Christians across the early Islamic caliphate slowly converted to the faith of the Arab conquerors and how small groups of individuals rejected this faith through dramatic acts of resistance, including apostasy and blasphemy. Using previously untapped sources in a range of Middle Eastern languages, Christian Sahner introduces an unknown group of martyrs who were executed at the hands of Muslim officials between the seventh and ninth centuries CE. Found in places as diverse as Syria, Spain, Egypt, and Armenia, they include an alleged descendant of Muhammad who converted to Christianity, high-ranking Christian secretaries of the Muslim state who viciously insulted the Prophet, and the children of mixed marriages between Muslims and Christians. Sahner argues that Christians never experienced systematic persecution under the early caliphs, and indeed, they remained the largest portion of the population in the greater Middle East for centuries after the Arab conquest. Still, episodes of ferocious violence contributed to the spread of Islam within Christian societies, and memories of this bloodshed played a key role in shaping Christian identity in the new Islamic empire. Christian Martyrs under Islam examines how violence against Christians ended the age of porous religious boundaries and laid the foundations for more antagonistic Muslim-Christian relations in the centuries to come.