Ishihara's Test Chart 24 Plates Edition 2020

Download Ishihara's Test Chart 24 Plates Edition 2020 PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Memory Book: Smaran Shakti
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 52 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Ishihara's Test Chart 24 Plates Edition 2020 by : Prof N L Shraman

Download or read book Ishihara's Test Chart 24 Plates Edition 2020 written by Prof N L Shraman and published by Memory Book: Smaran Shakti. This book was released on 2020-03-25 with total page 52 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ishihara's color perception test charts are recognized internationally as highly reliable method of determining color deficiency. With normal color perception, the images and numbers will all be visible. Each color test plate in this hard bound. Book is specially printed to measure incrementally higher color sensitivity and specificity. Ishihara test for color blindness, 38 plate edition:- popular and efficient test for red/green color vision deficiency quickly differentiates between congenital and acquired defects choice of 38 plate, 24 plate, and 14 plate editions.

Color Blindness Ishihara Vision Testing Charts Optometry Color Deficiency Test Book With Numbers

Download Color Blindness Ishihara Vision Testing Charts Optometry Color Deficiency Test Book With Numbers PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781703797329
Total Pages : 30 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (973 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Color Blindness Ishihara Vision Testing Charts Optometry Color Deficiency Test Book With Numbers by : Science Monkey

Download or read book Color Blindness Ishihara Vision Testing Charts Optometry Color Deficiency Test Book With Numbers written by Science Monkey and published by . This book was released on 2019-10-30 with total page 30 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Color Blindness book with Ishihara style plates for color perception vision testing perfect for Optometrists and eye doctors who want to test color vision deficiency in their patients. Also perfect for science teachers showing children examples of color blindness books.

“Key” to Ishihara 38 Plates-Treatment of Colour Blindness, Colour Vision

Download “Key” to Ishihara 38 Plates-Treatment of Colour Blindness, Colour Vision PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Memory Book: Smaran Shakti
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 102 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis “Key” to Ishihara 38 Plates-Treatment of Colour Blindness, Colour Vision by : Prof N L Shraman

Download or read book “Key” to Ishihara 38 Plates-Treatment of Colour Blindness, Colour Vision written by Prof N L Shraman and published by Memory Book: Smaran Shakti. This book was released on 2020-05-17 with total page 102 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book has been written for those who are partial colour blind or having colour vision deficiency and are not able to read Ishihara book to pass a medical examination. This book had been designed on the basis of Brain mapping System Techniques for colour blindness. Anyone suffering from colour blindness can identify colours and pass medical examinations conducted by various authorizes like police, army, military, air force, navy, chemist, doctors, railway, armed forces, mining, police officers etc. You have to practice with red plates and normal plates daily at least 2-3 hours per day for 21 days minimum. You will surely pass medicals and get the job without losing the opportunity. This is a self-learning book and no other training required. If you are colour blind and are unable to read Ishihara book, you can use this “Key” to learn all plates and see the plates as others see. If you see the plate in the original book and then the key of the plate, you will start learning colours and reading Ishihara. However, We have included both original plates and Key to facilitate reading but for better results use a hard copy of Ishihara. You can treat colour blindness at your home. Please practice a minimum of 21 days. All the light colour(Yellowish) in “Key” picture are red colours and other dark(light black) part is green. Editor

Ishihara’s Test Chart Book

Download Ishihara’s Test Chart Book PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : The memory Guru of India, 123 D, Pardevanpur, Kanpur-208007 India
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 48 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Ishihara’s Test Chart Book by : Dr Shinobu Ishihara

Download or read book Ishihara’s Test Chart Book written by Dr Shinobu Ishihara and published by The memory Guru of India, 123 D, Pardevanpur, Kanpur-208007 India. This book was released on 2014-04-21 with total page 48 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: COLORBLINDNESS/COLOURBLINDNESS/COLOR BLINDNESS/COLOUR BLINDNESS/ Accepted by leading authorities as a simple and accurate method for discovering congenital color blindness and red-green blindness, each in two forms, complete and incomplete. Includes four special plates for tests to determine the kind and degree of defect in color vision. Makes use of the peculiarity that in red-green blindness, blue and yellow appear remarkably bright compared with red and green. Color plates encased in specially designed album-type books for ease of handling. Detailed instructions included Test Chart Books Features:* Accepted by leading authorities as a simple and accurate method for discovering congenital color blindness and red-green blindness, each in two forms, complete and incomplete.* Includes four special plates for tests to determine the kind and degree of defect in color vision.* Makes use of the peculiarity that in red-green blindness, blue and yellow appear remarkably bright compared with red and green.* Consist of a number of colored plates.* On each plate is printed a circle made of many different sized dots of slightly different colors, spread in a random manner.* Within the dot pattern, and differentiated only by color, is a number.* What, or even if, a number is visible indicates if and what form of color blindness the viewer has.* The full test consists of thirty-eight plates, but the existence of a deficiency may be clear after fewer plates.* The Ishihara Color charts are accepted by leading authorities worldwide as a simple and accurate test method.* Color plates encased in specially designed album-type books for ease of handling.* Detailed instructions included.What is colorblindness? * Color blindness (color vision deficiency) is a condition in which certain colors cannot be distinguished, and is most commonly due to an inherited condition. Red/Green color blindness is by far the most common (99%) form and causes problems in distinguishing reds and greens. Another color deficiency Blue/Yellow also exists, but is rare (1%) and there is no commonly available test for it. * There is no treatment for color blindness, nor is it usually the cause of any significant disability. However, it can be very frustrating for individuals affected by it. Those who are not color blind seem to have the misconception that color blindness means that a color blind person sees only in black and white or shades of gray. While this sort of condition is possible, it is extremely rare.* The Ishihara color test is a test for color blindness* It was named after its designer, Dr. Shinobu Ishihara (1879-1963), a professor at the University of Tokyo, who first published his tests in 1917.* It makes use of the peculiarity that in red-green blindness, blue and yellow appear remarkably bright compared to red and green.* It consists of a number of colored plates, on each plate is printed a circle made of many different sized dots of slightly different colors, spread in a random manner. Within the dot pattern, and differentiated only by color, is a number. What, or even if, a number is visible indicates if and what form of color blindness the viewer has.* The full test consists of thirty-eight plates, but the existence of a deficiency is usually clear after fewer plates.* The Ishihara Color Charts are accepted by leading authorities worldwide as a simple and accurate test method. * The color plates are available in an album-type book for ease of handling. The books are printed in Japan and are protected by international copyright.Graham-Field has been supplying the healthcare market with one of the broadest selections of high quality healthcare products and services. All of their products have been designed with a single objective - to enhance the quality of life of the people that use their products and their caregivers.Their brands, such as Everest & Jennings and LaBac, Lumex, Labtron, Grafco, Smith & Davis and Simmons-offer the quality and value you've come to trust. Recent Tags: Exam Room Equipment > Vision Testing > Color Vision Tests, Test Chart Books Features:* Accepted by leading authorities as a simple and accurate method for discovering congenital color blindness and red-green blindness, each in two forms, complete and incomplete.* Includes four special plates for tests to determine the kind and degree of defect in color vision.* Makes use of the peculiarity that in red-green blindness, blue and yellow appear remarkably bright compared with red and green.* Consist of a number of colored plates.* On each plate is printed a circle made of many different sized dots of slightly different colors, spread in a random manner.* Within the dot pattern, and differentiated only by color, is a number.* What, or even if, a number is visible indicates if and what form of color blindness the viewer has.* The full test consists of thirty-eight plates, but the existence of a deficiency may be clear after fewer plates.* The Ishihara Color charts are accepted by leading authorities worldwide as a simple and accurate test method.* Color plates encased in specially designed album-type books for ease of handling.* Detailed instructions included.What is colorblindness? * Color blindness (color vision deficiency) is a condition in which certain colors cannot be distinguished, and is most commonly due to an inherited condition. Red/Green color blindness is by far the most common (99%) form and causes problems in distinguishing reds and greens. Another color deficiency Blue/Yellow also exists, but is rare (1%) and there is no commonly available test for it. * There is no treatment for color blindness, nor is it usually the cause of any significant disability. However, it can be very frustrating for individuals affected by it. Those who are not color blind seem to have the misconception that color blindness means that a color blind person sees only in black and white or shades of gray. While this sort of condition is possible, it is extremely rare.* The Ishihara color test is a test for color blindness* It was named after its designer, Dr. Shinobu Ishihara (1879-1963), a professor at the University of Tokyo, who first published his tests in 1917.* It makes use of the peculiarity that in red-green blindness, blue and yellow appear remarkably bright compared to red and green.* It consists of a number of colored plates, on each plate is printed a circle made of many different sized dots of slightly different colors, spread in a random manner. Within the dot pattern, and differentiated only by color, is a number. What, or even if, a number is visible indicates if and what form of color blindness the viewer has.* The full test consists of thirty-eight plates, but the existence of a deficiency is usually clear after fewer plates.* The Ishihara Color Charts are accepted by leading authorities worldwide as a simple and accurate test method. * The color plates are available in an album-type book for ease of handling. The books are printed in Japan and are protected by international copyright.Graham-Field has been supplying the healthcare market with one of the broadest selections of high quality healthcare products and services. All of their products have been designed with a single objective - to enhance the quality of life of the people that use their products and their caregivers.Their brands, such as Everest & Jennings and LaBac, Lumex, Labtron, Grafco, Smith & Davis and Simmons-offer the quality and value you've come to trust., Ishihara Test Chart Book, for Color Deficiency, 38 Plate Book

Treatment of Colour Blindness (Colour Vision Deficiency) Self-Learning Course

Download Treatment of Colour Blindness (Colour Vision Deficiency) Self-Learning Course PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Memory Book: Smaran Shakti
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 108 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Treatment of Colour Blindness (Colour Vision Deficiency) Self-Learning Course by : Prof. N L Shraman

Download or read book Treatment of Colour Blindness (Colour Vision Deficiency) Self-Learning Course written by Prof. N L Shraman and published by Memory Book: Smaran Shakti. This book was released on 2020-05-09 with total page 108 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: About This Book This book has been written for those who are partial colour blind or having colour vision deficiency and are not able to read ishihara book to pass medical examination. This book had been designed on the basis of Brain mapping System Techniques for colour blindness. Any one suffering from colour blindness can identify colours and pass medical examinations conducted by various authorizes like police, army, military, air force, navy, chemist, doctors, railway, armed forces, mining, police officers etc. You have to practice with red plates and normal plates daily at least 2-3 hours per day for 21 days minimum. You will surely pass medicals and get the job without losing the opportunity. This is self-learning book and no other training required. - Prof. N L Shraman Published by The Memory Guru of India Kanpur-208007 India

Ishihara's Tests for Colour Deficiency

Download Ishihara's Tests for Colour Deficiency PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 9780718600808
Total Pages : 38 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (8 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Ishihara's Tests for Colour Deficiency by : S. Ishihara

Download or read book Ishihara's Tests for Colour Deficiency written by S. Ishihara and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 1998-09-04 with total page 38 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: These series of plates provide a quick and accurate assessment of congenital, the most common form, of colour blindness. They distinguish between total colour blindness and strong and mild forms of both protan and deutan deficiency. A brief guide to use and interpretation is provided. Used principally by ophthalmologists for a complete classification.

Color Blindness Ishihara Vision Testing Charts Optometry Color Deficiency Test Book With Animals

Download Color Blindness Ishihara Vision Testing Charts Optometry Color Deficiency Test Book With Animals PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781700987242
Total Pages : 30 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (872 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Color Blindness Ishihara Vision Testing Charts Optometry Color Deficiency Test Book With Animals by : Science Monkey

Download or read book Color Blindness Ishihara Vision Testing Charts Optometry Color Deficiency Test Book With Animals written by Science Monkey and published by . This book was released on 2019-10-19 with total page 30 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Color Blindness book with Ishihara style plates for color perception vision testing perfect for Optometrists and eye doctors who want to test color vision deficiency in their patients. Also perfect for science teachers showing children examples of color blindness books.

Handbook of Color Psychology

Download Handbook of Color Psychology PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1316395332
Total Pages : 1737 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (163 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Handbook of Color Psychology by : Andrew J. Elliot

Download or read book Handbook of Color Psychology written by Andrew J. Elliot and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2015-12-17 with total page 1737 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We perceive color everywhere and on everything that we encounter in daily life. Color science has progressed to the point where a great deal is known about the mechanics, evolution, and development of color vision, but less is known about the relation between color vision and psychology. However, color psychology is now a burgeoning, exciting area and this Handbook provides comprehensive coverage of emerging theory and research. Top scholars in the field provide rigorous overviews of work on color categorization, color symbolism and association, color preference, reciprocal relations between color perception and psychological functioning, and variations and deficiencies in color perception. The Handbook of Color Psychology seeks to facilitate cross-fertilization among researchers, both within and across disciplines and areas of research, and is an essential resource for anyone interested in color psychology in both theoretical and applied areas of study.

Ishihara's Tests for Colour Blindness

Download Ishihara's Tests for Colour Blindness PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 9780718603250
Total Pages : 10 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (32 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Ishihara's Tests for Colour Blindness by : S. Ishihara

Download or read book Ishihara's Tests for Colour Blindness written by S. Ishihara and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 1998-09-04 with total page 10 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: These series of plates provide a quick and accurate assessment of congenital, the most common form, of colour blindness. They distinguish between total colour blindness and strong and mild forms of both protan and deutan deficiency. A brief guide to use and interpretation is provided. In this 10 plate edition simple geometric shapes takes the place of numerals for use with infants and unlettered people.

Color Blindness Test

Download Color Blindness Test PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 28 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (854 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Color Blindness Test by : Sam Bel

Download or read book Color Blindness Test written by Sam Bel and published by . This book was released on 2020-12 with total page 28 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is not intended to be used for diagnosis purposes.This color blindness test based on Ishihara plates style for color perception vision testing, perfect for optometrists and eye doctors, who want to test color vision deficiency in their patients. Also perfect for science teachers showing students, children examples of color blindness books.This book contains 24 plates with an explanation table to identify the eye deficiency related to the result of testing.

Correlations of Soil and Rock Properties in Geotechnical Engineering

Download Correlations of Soil and Rock Properties in Geotechnical Engineering PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 8132226291
Total Pages : 236 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (322 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Correlations of Soil and Rock Properties in Geotechnical Engineering by : Jay Ameratunga

Download or read book Correlations of Soil and Rock Properties in Geotechnical Engineering written by Jay Ameratunga and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-12-11 with total page 236 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents a one-stop reference to the empirical correlations used extensively in geotechnical engineering. Empirical correlations play a key role in geotechnical engineering designs and analysis. Laboratory and in situ testing of soils can add significant cost to a civil engineering project. By using appropriate empirical correlations, it is possible to derive many design parameters, thus limiting our reliance on these soil tests. The authors have decades of experience in geotechnical engineering, as professional engineers or researchers. The objective of this book is to present a critical evaluation of a wide range of empirical correlations reported in the literature, along with typical values of soil parameters, in the light of their experience and knowledge. This book will be a one-stop-shop for the practising professionals, geotechnical researchers and academics looking for specific correlations for estimating certain geotechnical parameters. The empirical correlations in the forms of equations and charts and typical values are collated from extensive literature review, and from the authors' database.

Low Vision Manual

Download Low Vision Manual PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN 13 : 0750618159
Total Pages : 414 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (56 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Low Vision Manual by : A. Jonathan Jackson

Download or read book Low Vision Manual written by A. Jonathan Jackson and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2007-01-01 with total page 414 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: .this book represents a real milestone for low vision care because it is one of the first low vision books in the world, and the first from the UK, that doesn't just give lip service to multi-disciplinary collaboration- it has a multi-disciplinary authorship. Barbara Ryan, Research Associate, School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK Low Vision Manual is a comprehensive guide and up-to-date reference source, written by clinical and research experts in the fields of disease detection and management; primary and secondary optometric care; low vision optics and prescribing; counselling and rehabilitation. All these areas are explored in this book in four key sections: Section One: Definition of low vision and its epidemiology Section Two: The measurement of visual function of the visually impaired Section Three: The optics and practical tips on prescribing low vision aids Section Four: Rehabilitation strategies and techniques This is an important reference tool for all professionals involved with the visually impaired. The book covers everything a practitioner will need on a day-to-day basis. Clear layout with practical tips, worked examples and practical pearls will enable the front-line eye-care professional to provide patients with sound, research-based clinical care and rehabilitation. An essential reference for: . Ophthalmology . Optometry . Orthoptics . Ophthalmic nursing . Visual rehabilitation . Occupational therapy . Social work . Peer work . Psychology . Dispensing opticians

Nutrient Requirements of Poultry

Download Nutrient Requirements of Poultry PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309048923
Total Pages : 174 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (9 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Nutrient Requirements of Poultry by : National Research Council

Download or read book Nutrient Requirements of Poultry written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1994-02-01 with total page 174 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This classic reference for poultry nutrition has been updated for the first time since 1984. The chapter on general considerations concerning individual nutrients and water has been greatly expanded and includes, for the first time, equations for predicting the energy value of individual feed ingredients from their proximate composition. This volume includes the latest information on the nutrient requirements of meat- and egg-type chickens, incorporating data on brown-egg strains, turkeys, geese, ducks, pheasants, Japanese quail, and Bobwhite quail. This publication also contains new appendix tables that document in detail the scientific information used to derive the nutrient requirements appearing in the summary tables for each species of bird.

Procedures for Testing Color Vision

Download Procedures for Testing Color Vision PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 128 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Procedures for Testing Color Vision by :

Download or read book Procedures for Testing Color Vision written by and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1981-01-01 with total page 128 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Extraordinary Facts Relating to the Vision of Colours

Download Extraordinary Facts Relating to the Vision of Colours PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 42 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (2 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Extraordinary Facts Relating to the Vision of Colours by : John Dalton

Download or read book Extraordinary Facts Relating to the Vision of Colours written by John Dalton and published by . This book was released on 1794 with total page 42 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Handbook of Geotechnical Investigation and Design Tables

Download Handbook of Geotechnical Investigation and Design Tables PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 020394660X
Total Pages : 356 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (39 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Handbook of Geotechnical Investigation and Design Tables by : Burt G. Look

Download or read book Handbook of Geotechnical Investigation and Design Tables written by Burt G. Look and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2007-04-26 with total page 356 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This practical handbook of properties for soils and rock contains, in a concise tabular format, the key issues relevant to geotechnical investigations, assessments and designs in common practice. In addition, there are brief notes on the application of the tables. These data tables are compiled for experienced geotechnical professionals who require a reference document to access key information. There is an extensive database of correlations for different applications. The book should provide a useful bridge between soil and rock mechanics theory and its application to practical engineering solutions. The initial chapters deal with the planning of the geotechnical investigation, the classification of the soil and rock properties and some of the more used testing is then covered. Later chapters show the reliability and correlations that are used to convert that data in the interpretative and assessment phase of the project. The final chapters apply some of these concepts to geotechnical design. This book is intended primarily for practicing geotechnical engineers working in investigation, assessment and design, but should provide a useful supplement for postgraduate courses.

US Citizenship Test Study Guide 2020 and 2021

Download US Citizenship Test Study Guide 2020 and 2021 PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Apex Test Prep
ISBN 13 : 9781628456905
Total Pages : 84 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (569 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis US Citizenship Test Study Guide 2020 and 2021 by : Apex Test Prep

Download or read book US Citizenship Test Study Guide 2020 and 2021 written by Apex Test Prep and published by Apex Test Prep. This book was released on 2020-03-16 with total page 84 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: APEX Test Prep's US Citizenship Test Study Guide 2020 and 2021: Naturalization Test Prep Book for all 100 Civics Civics Questions and Answers [2nd Edition] Preparing for your test shouldn't be harder than the test itself. To that end, our APEX Test Prep team packs our guides with everything you need. This includes testing tips, straightforward instruction, comprehensive material, practice questions, and detailed answer explanations. All these are used to help study for the naturalization civics test. We want you to succeed. Get our APEX Test Prep Civics study guide to get: -Test-Taking Tips: We can help reduce your test anxiety. You can pass with confidence. These APEX Test Prep tips help you know how the test works. -Straightforward Instruction: APEX Test Prep's Civics material is easy to understand. We also have information about the test itself. This includes time limits and registration details. -Comprehensive Material: Our APEX Test Prep team has all the information that could be on your exam in this guide. You'll be prepared for any question. -Civics Practice Test Questions: Test out your skills. The questions written by APEX Test Prep are as close as possible to the actual test. You're training with the pros! -Detailed Answer Explanations: Every practice test comes with an in-depth answer key. Miss a question? Don't know why? These APEX Test Prep explanations show you where you went wrong. Now, you can avoid making the same mistake on the actual exam. Get the experts of APEX Test Prep on your side. Don't miss out on this top-notch guide. Life is difficult. Test prep doesn't have to be.