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Investigation Of Indium Tin Oxide Ito Thin Films And Nanocrystalline Powders By Use Of Xps
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Book Synopsis Investigation of Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) Thin Films and Nanocrystalline Powders by Use of XPS by : Bagas Pujilaksono
Download or read book Investigation of Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) Thin Films and Nanocrystalline Powders by Use of XPS written by Bagas Pujilaksono and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 33 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis The Role of Dopant Distribution on the Optoelectronic Properties of Tin-doped Indium Oxide Films by : Sebastien Dahmane Lounis
Download or read book The Role of Dopant Distribution on the Optoelectronic Properties of Tin-doped Indium Oxide Films written by Sebastien Dahmane Lounis and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 126 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Colloidally prepared nanocrystals of transparent conducting oxide (TCO) semiconductors have emerged in the past decade as an exciting new class of plasmonic materials. In recent years, there has been tremendous progress in developing synthetic methods for the growth of these nanocrystals, basic characterization of their properties, and their successful integration into optoelectronic and electrochemical devices. However, many fundamental questions remain about the physics of localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) in these materials, and how their optoelectronic properties derive from their underlying structural properties. In particular, the influence of the concentration and distribution of dopant ions and compensating defects on the optoelectronic properties of TCO nanocrystals has seen little investigation. Indium tin oxide (ITO) is the most widely studied and commercially deployed TCO. Herein we investigate the role of the distribution of tin dopants on the optoelectronic properties of colloidally prepared ITO nanocrystals. Owing to a high free electron density, ITO nanocrystals display strong LSPR absorption in the near infrared. Depending on the particular organic ligands used, they are soluble in various solvents and can readily be integrated into densely packed nanocrystal films with high conductivities. Using a combination of spectroscopic techniques, modeling and simulation of the optical properties of the nanocrystals using the Drude model, and transport measurements, it is demonstrated herein that the radial distribution of tin dopants has a strong effect on the optoelectronic properties of ITO nanocrystals. ITO nanocrystals were synthesized in both surface-segregated and uniformly distributed dopant profiles. Temperature dependent measurements of optical absorbance were first combined with Drude modeling to extract the internal electrical properties of the ITO nanocrystals, demonstrating that they are well-behaved degenerately doped semiconductors displaying finite conductivity at low temperature and room temperature conductivity reduced by one order of magnitude from that of high-quality thin film ITO. Synchrotron based x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was then employed to perform detailed depth profiling of the elemental composition of ITO nanocrystals, confirming the degree of dopant surface-segregation. Based on free carrier concentrations extracted from Drude fitting of LSPR absorbance, an inverse correlation was found between surface segregation of tin and overall dopant activation. Furthermore, radial distribution of dopants was found to significantly affect the lineshape and quality factor of the LSPR absorbance. ITO nanocrystals with highly surface segregated dopants displayed symmetric LSPRs with high quality factors, while uniformly doped ITO nanocrystals displayed asymmetric LSPRs with reduced quality factors. These effects are attributed to damping of the plasmon by Coulombic scattering off ionized dopant impurities. Finally, the distribution of dopants is also found to influence the conductivity of ITO nanocrystal films. Films made from nanocrystals with a high degree of surface segregation demonstrated one order of magnitude higher conductivity than those based on uniformly doped crystals. However, no evidence was found for differences in the surface electronic structure from one type of crystal to the other based on XPS and the exact mechanism for this difference is still not understood. Several future studies to further illuminate the influence of dopant distribution on ITO nanocrystals are suggested. Using synchrotron radiation, detailed photoelectron spectroscopy on clean ITO nanocrystal surfaces, single-nanoparticle optical measurements, and hard x-ray structural studies will all be instructive in elucidating the interaction between oscillating free electrons and defect scattering centers when a plasmon is excited. In addition, measurements of temperature and surface treatment-dependent conductivity with carefully controlled atmosphere and surface chemistry will be needed in order to better understand the transport properties of ITO nanocrystal films. Each of these studies will enable better fundamental knowledge of the plasmonic properties of nanostructures and improve the development of nanocrystal based plasmonic devices.
Book Synopsis Study of Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) Thin Films Prepared by Pulsed DC Facing-target Sputtering (FTS) by : Chi Keung Fung
Download or read book Study of Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) Thin Films Prepared by Pulsed DC Facing-target Sputtering (FTS) written by Chi Keung Fung and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Preparation and Post-Annealing Effects on the Optical Properties of Indium Tin Oxide Thin Films by : Rongxin Wang
Download or read book Preparation and Post-Annealing Effects on the Optical Properties of Indium Tin Oxide Thin Films written by Rongxin Wang and published by Open Dissertation Press. This book was released on 2017-01-26 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation, "Preparation and Post-annealing Effects on the Optical Properties of Indium Tin Oxide Thin Films" by Rongxin, Wang, 王榮新, was obtained from The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong) and is being sold pursuant to Creative Commons: Attribution 3.0 Hong Kong License. The content of this dissertation has not been altered in any way. We have altered the formatting in order to facilitate the ease of printing and reading of the dissertation. All rights not granted by the above license are retained by the author. Abstract: Abstract of thesis entitled PREPARATION AND POST-ANNEALING EFFECTS ON THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF INDIUM TIN OXIDE THIN FILMS Submitted by WANG Rong Xin for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at The University of Hong Kong in April 2005 Many opto-electronic devices, such as III-V compound devices, liquid crystal displays, solar cells, organic and inorganic light emitting devices, and ultraviolet photodetectors, demand transparent electrode materials simultaneously having high electrical conductance. To meet the requirements for particular applications, a great deal of basic research and studies have been carried out on the electrical and optical properties of these materials. As a most promising candidate for such materials, indium tin oxide (ITO) has attracted interest in recent years. Furthermore, ITO has many unique properties such as excellent adhesion on the substrate, thermal stability and ease of patterning. The deposition of high-quality ITO thin films is a key step for successful application of ITO thin films as transparent electrode materials. To obtain optimal electrical and optical properties of ITO films, the growth parameters and conditions must be determined. Moreover, the optical and electrical properties of ITO contact layers, which can either be on the top side or the bottom side of a device, are influenced by various post-deposition treatments. For the present work, ITO thin films were deposited on glass and quartz substrates using e-beam evaporation with different deposition rates. The influence of substrate material, deposition rate, deposition gas environment and post-deposition annealing on the optical properties of the films was investigated in detail. Atomic force microscopy, X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoemission spectroscopy was employed to obtain information on the chemical state and crystallization of the films. Analysis of these data suggests that the substrate material, deposition rate, deposition gas environment and post-deposition annealing conditions strongly affect the chemical composition and the microstructure of the ITO films and these in turn influence the optical properties of the film. Oxygen incorporation transfers the In O phase to the In O phase and removes metallic In to form both indium oxide 2 3-x 2 3 phases. Both of these reactions are beneficial for the optical transmittance of ITO thin films. Moreover, it was found that the incorporation and decomposition reactions of oxygen can be controlled so as to change the optical properties of the ITO thin films reversibly. DOI: 10.5353/th_b3154617 Subjects: Thin films - Optical properties Indium compounds Annealing of metals
Book Synopsis Chemically Deposited Nanocrystalline Metal Oxide Thin Films by : Fabian I. Ezema
Download or read book Chemically Deposited Nanocrystalline Metal Oxide Thin Films written by Fabian I. Ezema and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-06-26 with total page 926 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book guides beginners in the areas of thin film preparation, characterization, and device making, while providing insight into these areas for experts. As chemically deposited metal oxides are currently gaining attention in development of devices such as solar cells, supercapacitors, batteries, sensors, etc., the book illustrates how the chemical deposition route is emerging as a relatively inexpensive, simple, and convenient solution for large area deposition. The advancement in the nanostructured materials for the development of devices is fully discussed.
Book Synopsis Effect of Grain Size and Thickness of Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) Thin Films on Sheet Resistance and Transmittance by : Tam Yau Chan
Download or read book Effect of Grain Size and Thickness of Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) Thin Films on Sheet Resistance and Transmittance written by Tam Yau Chan and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 178 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis A Study of Indium Tin Oxide Thin Films by : Ibrahim Abdel-Wahab Elfallal
Download or read book A Study of Indium Tin Oxide Thin Films written by Ibrahim Abdel-Wahab Elfallal and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Tin Oxide & Indium-Tin Oxide Thin Films for Photovotaic Application by : Anshuman Borthakur
Download or read book Tin Oxide & Indium-Tin Oxide Thin Films for Photovotaic Application written by Anshuman Borthakur and published by LAP Lambert Academic Publishing. This book was released on 2014-04 with total page 120 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With dwindling energy reserves, Photovoltaic(PV) module which is one of the most promising renewable sources of energy is slowly becoming indispensable for world's electricity production paradigm. Due to the low electrical resistance and high optical transparency in the visible range of the electromagnetic spectrum, Transparent Conducting Oxide (TCO) thin film(TF)s have found application as window electrode for fabrication of solar cell. Besides TCOs have wide application in display devices and other optoelectronic devices. This book mainly focuses on the fabrication and study of the optoelectronic properties of TCO thin films with special reference to PV application. This book also includes the fabrication and study of a heterojunction II-VI semiconductor solar cell using TCO as front electrode. It also highlights different methods used for the study of optoelectrical and structural properties of TF (e.g. SEM, XRD, thickness measurement, optical band gap, mobility, determination of carrier type, carrier concentration, conductivity etc.). This book is designed to serve as a handbook for the beginners who want to work in the field of thin film technology.
Book Synopsis Eco-materials Processing & Design by : Hyung Sun Kim
Download or read book Eco-materials Processing & Design written by Hyung Sun Kim and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 400 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ecomaterials, or Green Materials, are those designed so as to minimize their environmental impact, while still maintaining or even increasing the desired operational performance. Ecomaterials research is an interdisciplinary field where scientists and engineers with backgrounds in both chemistry, and in materials such as metals, ceramics, polymers, and carbon, are involved in raising the environmental consciousness of industry and in motivating ecological research. This volume contains the papers presented during the fourth international symposium on ecomaterials processing and design, which was held on February 4-6, 2003 in Kangnung, Korea.
Book Synopsis Nanocrystalline Ceramics by : Markus Winterer
Download or read book Nanocrystalline Ceramics written by Markus Winterer and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2002-08-21 with total page 298 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nanocrystalline materials is the name given to three-dimensional ultrafine, polycrystalline microstructures. These microstructures give rise to chemical and physical size effects which are of increasing scientific and technological interest. This book describes the development of a chemical vapor synthesis method for the production of nanocrystalline ceramic powders. The development of the microstructure during sintering is studied and the influence of the synthesis parameters on the structure and properties of the nanocrystalline ceramics from the atomic to the microstructural level is investigated. The emerging unified view, from powder synthesis and ceramic processing to structural characterization and determination of properties, provides a detailed understanding of nanocrystalline materials and enables a precise control of the quality of the final products.
Book Synopsis The Effect of Atomic Oxygen on the Formation of Indium Tin Oxide Thin Films by : Nelson A. Simpson
Download or read book The Effect of Atomic Oxygen on the Formation of Indium Tin Oxide Thin Films written by Nelson A. Simpson and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 178 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) is a transparent conducting oxide that is used in at paneldisplays and optoelectronics. Highly conductive and transparent ITO lms arenormally produced by heating the substrate to 300 C during deposition excluding plastics to be used as a substrate material. This thesis reports on an investigation whether or not dual ion beam sputtering can be used to create high quality ITO lms at room temperature. The e ect of exposing the sample to an atomic versusmolecular oxygen ux during deposition was investigated. The vacuum chamber ofthe Texas State dual ion beam sputtering system was refurbished resulting in a lowering of the base pressure from 3x106 torr to 1.3x107 torr. Thin ITO lms on glass and silicon substrates were made by reactive dual ion beam sputtering using an atomic oxygen assist beam and a molecular oxygen assist beam. The optical and electrical properties of the deposited lms were characterized by ellipsometry and four point probe measurements. The lm thickness and the ITO's optical properties, i.e. refraction and extinction coe cient, were determined from the ellipsometry data for lms sputtered at di erent oxygen ow rates (1-5 sccm). This data was used to calculate the resistivity and absorption coe cient of the sputtered ITO. The resistivity of the samples sputtered with atomic oxygen were lower than the resistivity for the samples made with molecular oxygen, achieving a minimum value of 2.67x103 cm. This value is comparable to what has been obtained by others using ion beam sputtering. The gure of merit (FOM), i.e. = , was calculated from the measurement data. The largest value obtained for the FOM was 0.08 1 Films sputtered with atomic oxygen had a FOM which was systematically 1.2 to 5 times larger than lms sputtered with molecular oxygen. Part of the work described in this thesis was presented at the spring 2012 meeting of the Texas Section of the American Physical Society.
Book Synopsis A Colloidal Nanoparticle Form of Indium Tin Oxide by : Richard Allen Gilstrap (Jr)
Download or read book A Colloidal Nanoparticle Form of Indium Tin Oxide written by Richard Allen Gilstrap (Jr) and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A logical progression from the maturing field of colloidal semiconductor quantum dots to the emerging subclass of impurity-doped colloidal semiconductor nanoparticles is underway. To this end, the present work describes the formation and analysis of a new form of Tin-doped Indium Oxide (ITO). The form is that of a colloidal dispersion comprised of pure-phase, 4-6 nanometer ITO particles possessing an essentially single crystalline character. This system forms a non-agglomerated, optically clear solution in a variety of non-polar solvents and can remain in this state, at room temperature, for months and potentially, years. ITO is the most widely used member of the exotic materials family known as Transparent Conductive Oxides (TCOs) and is the primary enabling material behind a wide variety of opto-electronic device technologies. Material synthesis was achieved by initiating a series of interrelated nucleophilic substitution reactions that provided sufficient intensity to promote doping efficiencies greater than 90% for a wide range of tin concentrations. The optical clarity of this colloidal system allowed the intrinsic properties of single crystalline ITO particles to be evaluated prior to their use in thin-films or composite structures. Monitoring the temporal progression of n-type degeneracy by its effects on the optical properties of colloidal dispersions shed light on the fundamental issues of particle formation, band filling (Burstein-Moss) dynamics, and the very origin of n-type degeneracy in ITO. Central to these studies was the issue of excess electron character. The two limiting cases of entirely free and entirely confined electron motion were evaluated by application of bulk-like band dispersion analysis and the effective mass approximation, respectively. This provided a means to estimate the number of excess conduction band electrons present within an individual particle boundary. The ability to control and optimize the level of n-type degeneracy within the colloidal ITO nanoparticle form by compositional variation was also demonstrated. A key to the widespread adoption of a new material by industry is an ability to produce multi-gram and perhaps, kilogram quantities with no significant sacrifice in quality. Accordingly, a modified synthesis process was developed to allow for the mass production of high-quality colloidal ITO nanocrystals.
Book Synopsis Surface Chemistry and Work Function of Irradiated and Nanoscale Thin Films Covered Indium Tin Oxides by : Hui Che
Download or read book Surface Chemistry and Work Function of Irradiated and Nanoscale Thin Films Covered Indium Tin Oxides written by Hui Che and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 136 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this study, we used UV-ozone Ar sputtering, X-ray photoelectron and ultra-violet photoelectron spectroscopies and sputtering based depositions of RuO2 and Se nano-layers on indium tin oxides (ITOs). We elucidated the effect of Ar sputtering on the composition and chemistry of Sn rich ITO surface. We demonstrated that while a combination of UV-ozone radiation and Ar sputtering removes most of the hydrocarbons responsible for degrading the work function of ITO, it also removes significant amount of the segregated SN at the ITO surface that's responsible for its reasonable work function of 4.7eV. We also demonstrated for the first time that sputtering cleaning ITO surface leads to the reduction of the charge state of Sn from Sn4+ to Sn2+ that adds to the degradation of the work function. For the nano-layers coverage of ITO studies, we evaluated both RuO2 and Se. For RuO2 coated ITO, XPS showed the formation of a Ru-Sn-O ternary oxide. The RuO2 nano-layer reduced the oxidation state of Sn in the Sn-rich surface of ITO from +4 to +2. The best work function obtained for this system is 4.98eV, raising the effective work function of ITO by more than 0.5 eV. For the Se coated ITO studies, a systematic study of the dependence of the effective work function on the thickness of Se overage and its chemistry at the Se/ITO interface was undertaken. XPS showed that Se reacts with Sn at the Sn-rich surface of ITO determined the presence of both negative and positive oxidation state of Se at the Se/ITO interface. The Se also reduced the oxidation state of Sn from Sn4+ to Sn2+ in the Sn-rich ITO surface. The highest effective work function obtained for this system is 5.06eV. A combination of RuO2/Se nanoscale coating of optimally cleaned ITO would be a good alternative for device applications that would provide work function tuning in addition to their potential ability to act as interface stabilizers and a barrier to reaction and inter-diffusion at ITO/active layers interfaces responsible for long term stability of devices and especially organic solar cells and organic light emitting diodes.
Book Synopsis A Study of Thick Films of Indium-tin-oxide (ITO) and the Feasibility of Using ITO for Fabricating Photovoltaic Cells by : H. B. Saim
Download or read book A Study of Thick Films of Indium-tin-oxide (ITO) and the Feasibility of Using ITO for Fabricating Photovoltaic Cells written by H. B. Saim and published by . This book was released on 1985 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Investigation of the Christiansen Effect in Indium Tin Oxide Bulk Materials by : Md Abu Sufian
Download or read book Investigation of the Christiansen Effect in Indium Tin Oxide Bulk Materials written by Md Abu Sufian and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 69 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Christiansen Effect occurs when the refractive index (n) of a given material matches that of its surrounding medium at a particular wavelength, leading to a transmission window. When air is chosen as the medium, the Christiansen Effect is observed when the refractive index of a given material passes through n =1 at a specific wavelength (λc), and subsequently produces a transmission at wavelength λc. In general, materials that exhibit a refractive index of n =1 in the near infrared are of particular interest for a variety of glass optics and imaging applications. In this study, we demonstrate for the first-time the realization of the Christiansen effect at the surface of bulk ITO materials, i.e. the realization of a refractive index of n =1 at specific wavelengths within the near infrared (NIR) and shortwave infrared (SWIR) regions. It was found that conductivities of greater than a few hundred thousand S/m is required for desired optical properties. Thermal treatment of the bulk ITO wafers was also carried out to study its impact on the conductivity and tunability of the wavelength of transmission. Additionally, we hypothesized that the Christiansen effect should also be observed in suspensions containing ITO particles. This was tested by milling ITO target wafers into powders and subsequently suspending the particles in a suitable solvent. Unfortunately, initial evaluation of ITO suspensions did not manifest the Christiansen effect. We suggest that this was due to inadequate Sn substitution in the milled nanoparticles, relative to the bulk material. We hypothesize that Sn substitution occurred only at the boundaries between the pressed In2O3 and SnO2 particles, and that after the target wafer was milled, the individual In2O3 and SnO2 particles did not exhibit the sufficient conductivity for producing an n =1 wavelength.
Book Synopsis Chemical Solution Deposition of Functional Oxide Thin Films by : Theodor Schneller
Download or read book Chemical Solution Deposition of Functional Oxide Thin Films written by Theodor Schneller and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2014-01-24 with total page 801 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is the first text to cover all aspects of solution processed functional oxide thin-films. Chemical Solution Deposition (CSD) comprises all solution based thin- film deposition techniques, which involve chemical reactions of precursors during the formation of the oxide films, i. e. sol-gel type routes, metallo-organic decomposition routes, hybrid routes, etc. While the development of sol-gel type processes for optical coatings on glass by silicon dioxide and titanium dioxide dates from the mid-20th century, the first CSD derived electronic oxide thin films, such as lead zirconate titanate, were prepared in the 1980’s. Since then CSD has emerged as a highly flexible and cost-effective technique for the fabrication of a very wide variety of functional oxide thin films. Application areas include, for example, integrated dielectric capacitors, ferroelectric random access memories, pyroelectric infrared detectors, piezoelectric micro-electromechanical systems, antireflective coatings, optical filters, conducting-, transparent conducting-, and superconducting layers, luminescent coatings, gas sensors, thin film solid-oxide fuel cells, and photoelectrocatalytic solar cells. In the appendix detailed “cooking recipes” for selected material systems are offered.
Book Synopsis Nanoparticulate Materials: Volume 704 by : R. K. Singh
Download or read book Nanoparticulate Materials: Volume 704 written by R. K. Singh and published by . This book was released on 2002-07-24 with total page 416 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fifty-seven papers examine the synthesis, characterization, and processing of nanoparticulate materials. Selected from the talks and posters given at the November symposium organized by the Materials Research Society, the papers look at applications in the areas of optics, magnetics, electronics, advanced energy storage, nano- dispersions, and biology. Major topics include methods for production of controlled size and shape of nanoparticles, ability to process nanoparticles to form uniform dispersions, directed assembly of nanoparticles at specific locations, large scale production, and surface control of nanoparticle materials for tailoring of specific properties. Annotation copyrighted by Book News, Inc., Portland, OR
