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Investigation Of Combined So2 No3 Removal By Ceria Sorbents Quarterly Technical Progress Report October 1993 December 1993
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Book Synopsis Investigation of Combined SO2/NO3 Removal by Ceria Sorbents. Quarterly Technical Progress Report, October 1993--December 1993 by :
Download or read book Investigation of Combined SO2/NO3 Removal by Ceria Sorbents. Quarterly Technical Progress Report, October 1993--December 1993 written by and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 8 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Simultaneous removal of SO2 and NOx using a regenerable solid sorbent will constitute an important improvement over the use of separate processes for the removal of these two pollutants from stack gases and possibly eliminate several shortcomings of the individual SO2 and NOx removal operations. This process will allow simple and reliable cleanup of large volumes of stack gases as a competitive cost; produce a concentrated stream of SO2 which can easily be converted into valuable by-products; be compatible with existing power generation plants; and essentially eliminate the waste materials generated in some other sulfur removal processes. Department of Energys̀ Pittsburgh Energy Technology Center (PETC) and UOP/Shell have developed processes which both employ copper oxide-based sorbents in different reactor configurations, namely, former uses a regenerative fluidized bed while the latter employs a cyclic fixed bed contactor. More recent studies at PETC considered cerium oxide as an alternate sorbent to CuO. Ceria improves the resistance of the alumina support to thermal sintering and produces a regeneration off-gas stream that can be easily converted to elemental sulfur. It has a potentially higher sulfur capture capacity than copper. The objective of this research is to determine the effects of ammonia on the sulfation of the sorbent; to determine the effects of fly ash on the sulfation and regeneration of the sorbent; to obtain a rate expression for the regeneration of alumina-supported CeO2 sorbents; to model reactor configurations for a commercial scale combined CeO2/Al2O3 sorbent; and to study alternative designs, effects of design variables on the performance of the facility, and the economics of the process using the developed model.
Book Synopsis Investigation of Combined SO2/NO3 Removal by Ceria Sorbents. Quarterly Technical Progress Report, January 1993--March 1993 by :
Download or read book Investigation of Combined SO2/NO3 Removal by Ceria Sorbents. Quarterly Technical Progress Report, January 1993--March 1993 written by and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 6 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Simultaneous removal of SO2 and NOx using a regenerable solid sorbent will constitute an important improvement over the use of separate processes for the removal of these two pollutants from stack gases and possibly eliminate several shortcomings of the individual SO2 and NOx removal operations. This process will allow simple and reliable cleanup of large volumes of stack gases at a competitive cost; produce a concentrated stream of SO2 which an easily be converted into valuable by-products; be compatible with existing power generation plants; and essentially eliminate the waste materials generated in some other sulfur removal processes. Department of Energys̀ Pittsburgh Energy Technology Center (PETC) and UOP/Shell have developed processes which both employ copper oxide-based sorbents in different reactor configurations, namely, former uses a regenerative fluidized bed while the latter employs a cyclic fixed bed contactor. More recent studies at PETC considered cerium oxide as an alternate sorbent to CuO. Ceria improves the resistance of the alumina support to thermal sintering and produces a regeneration off-gas stream that can be easily converted to elemental sulfur. It has a potentially higher sulfur capture capacity than copper. The objective of this research is to determine the effects of ammonia on the sulfation of the sorbent; to determine the effects of fly ash on the sulfation and regeneration of the sorbent; to obtain a rate expression for the regeneration of alumina-supported CeO2 sorbents; to model reactor configurations for a commercial scale combined CeO2/Al2O3 sorbent; and to study alternative designs, effects of design variables on the performance of the facility, and the economics of the process using the developed model.
Book Synopsis Investigation of Combined SO2/NO3 Removal by Ceria Sorbents. Quarterly Technical Progress Report, October--December, 1994 by :
Download or read book Investigation of Combined SO2/NO3 Removal by Ceria Sorbents. Quarterly Technical Progress Report, October--December, 1994 written by and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 16 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Simultaneous removal of SO2 and NOx using a regenerable solid sorbent will constitute an important improvement over the use of separate processes for the removal of these two pollutants from stack gases and possibly eliminate several shortcomings of the individual SO2 and NOx removal operations. Recent studies at PETC considered cerium oxide as an alternate sorbent to CuO. The present study aims to determine the effects of ammonia on the sulfation of the sorbent and to obtain a rate expression for the regeneration of alumina-supported CeO2 sorbents. The sulfation experiments indicated that 100% conversion of ceria could be attained. Activation energy for the sulfation reaction was found to be 19 kJ/mol. The rate of sulfation reaction is first order with respect to SO2 and solid reactant concentrations. For regeneration with hydrogen, the activation energy and the reaction order with respect to hydrogen was found to be 114 kJ/mol and 0.56, respectively. The ceria sorbent preserved its activity and structural stability after 6 cycles. The information obtained from these studies will be used to develop models for reactor-regenerator configurations. Subsequently, the SO2/NOx removal facility will be integrated into the power production process using a commercial process simulation software. In this quarter of the project, the main focus was on the performance of the experimental program for the regeneration of the ceria sorbent by hydrogen and evaluation of experimental results.
Book Synopsis Investigation of Combined SO2/NO3 Removal by Ceria Sorbents. Quarterly Technical Progress Report by :
Download or read book Investigation of Combined SO2/NO3 Removal by Ceria Sorbents. Quarterly Technical Progress Report written by and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 9 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Simultaneous removal of SO2 and NOx using a regenerable solid sorbent will constitute an important improvement over the use of separate processes for the removal of these two pollutants from stack gases and possibly eliminate several shortcomings of the individual SO2 and NOx removal operations. Recent studies at PETC considered cerium oxide as an alternate sorbent to CuO. The present study aims to determine the effects of ammonia on the sulfation of the sorbent and to obtain a rate expression for the regeneration of alumina-supported Ce2 sorbents. The sulfation experiments indicated that 100% conversion of ceria can be attained. Activation energy for the sulfation reaction was found to be 19 KJ/mol. The rate of sulfation reaction is first order with respect to SO2 and solid reactant concentrations. For regeneration with hydrogen, the activation energy and the reaction order with respect to hydrogen was found to be 114 KJ/mol and 0.56, respectively. The ceria sorbent preserved its activity and structural stability after 6 cycles. In the last quarter regeneration with methane was studied. Since regeneration with methane is more complicated than regeneration with hydrogen, the evaluation of data needs the development of new methods. The information obtained from these studies will be used to develop models for reactor-regenerator configurations. Subsequently, the SO2/NOx removal facility will be integrated into the power production process using a commercial process simulation software.
Book Synopsis Investigation of Combined SO2/NO3 Removal by Ceria Sorbents. Quarterly Technical Progress Report, January 1995--March 1995 by :
Download or read book Investigation of Combined SO2/NO3 Removal by Ceria Sorbents. Quarterly Technical Progress Report, January 1995--March 1995 written by and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 14 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Simultaneous removal of SO2 and NOxusing a regenerable solid sorbent will constitute an important improvement over the use of separate processes for the removal of these two pollutants from stack gases and possibly eliminate several shortcomings of the individual SO2 and NOx removal operations. Recent studies at PETC considered cerium oxide as an alternate sorbent to CuO. The present study aims to determine the effects of ammonia on the sulfation of the sorbent and to obtain a rate expression for the regeneration of alumina-supported CeO2 sorbents. The sulfation experiments indicated that 100 % conversion of ceria can be attained. Activation energy for the sulfation reaction was found to be 19 kJ/mol. The rate of sulfation reaction is first order with respect to SO2 and solid reactant concentrations. For regeneration with hydrogen, the activation energy and the reaction order with respect to hydrogen was found to be 114 kJ/mol and 0.56, respectively. The ceria sorbent preserved its activity and structural stability after 6 cycles. In the last quarter regeneration with methane was studied. Since regeneration with methane is more complicated than regeneration with hydrogen, the evaluation of data needs the development of new methods. The information obtained from these studies will be used to develop models for reactor-regenerator configurations. Subsequently, the SO2/NOx removal facility will be integrated into the power production process using a commercial process simulation software.
Book Synopsis Investigation of Combined SO2/NO3 Removal by Ceria Sorbents. Quarterly Technical Progress Report, January 1, 1994--March 31, 1994 by :
Download or read book Investigation of Combined SO2/NO3 Removal by Ceria Sorbents. Quarterly Technical Progress Report, January 1, 1994--March 31, 1994 written by and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 23 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Simultaneous removal of SO2 and NOx using a regenerable solid sorbent will constitute an important improvement over the use of separate processes for the removal of these two pollutants from stack gases and possibly eliminate several shortcomings of the individual SO2 and NOx removal operations. This process will allow simple and reliable cleanup of large volumes of stack gases at a competitive cost; produce a concentrated stream of SO2 which an easily be converted into valuable by-products; be compatible with existing power generation plants; and essentially eliminate the waste materials generated in some other sulfur removal processes. Department of Energys̀ Pittsburgh Energy Technology Center (PETC) and UOP/Shell have developed processes which both employ copper oxide-based sorbents in different reactor configurations, namely, former uses a regenerative fluidized bed while the latter employs a cyclic fixed bed contactor. More recent studies at PETC considered cerium oxide as an alternate sorbent to CuO{sup (1,2)}. Ceria improves the resistance of the alumina support to thermal sintering and produces a regeneration off-gas stream that can be easily converted to elemental sulfur. It has potentially higher sulfur capture capacity than copper. The objective of this research is to determine the effects of ammonia on the sulfation of the sorbent; to determine the effects of fly ash on the sulfation and regeneration of the sorbent; to obtain a rate expression for the regeneration of alumina-supported CeO2 sorbents; to model reactor configurations for a commercial scale combined CeO2/Al2O3 sorbent; and to study alternative designs, effects of design variables on the performance of the facility, and the economics of the process using the developed model.
Download or read book Energy Research Abstracts written by and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 1032 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Semiannual, with semiannual and annual indexes. References to all scientific and technical literature coming from DOE, its laboratories, energy centers, and contractors. Includes all works deriving from DOE, other related government-sponsored information, and foreign nonnuclear information. Arranged under 39 categories, e.g., Biomedical sciences, basic studies; Biomedical sciences, applied studies; Health and safety; and Fusion energy. Entry gives bibliographical information and abstract. Corporate, author, subject, report number indexes.
Book Synopsis Investigation of Combined SO2/NO3 Removal by Ceria Sorbents. Quarterly Technical Progress Report, [April--June 1995]. by :
Download or read book Investigation of Combined SO2/NO3 Removal by Ceria Sorbents. Quarterly Technical Progress Report, [April--June 1995]. written by and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 57 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Simultaneous removal of SO2 and NOx using a regenerable solid sorbent will constitute an important improvement over the use of separate processes for the removal of these two pollutants from stack gases and possibly eliminate several shortcomings of the individual SO2 and NOx removal operations. Recent studies at PETC considered cerium oxide as an alternate sorbent to CuO. The present study aims to determine the effects of ammonia on the sulfation of the sorbent and to obtain a rate expression for the regeneration of alumina-supported CeO2 sorbents. In this quarter runs for methane regeneration were completed. The data obtained were evaluated and interpreted. When the sulfated sorbent was regenerated with methane coke formation on the sorbent was observed. Treatment of fresh sorbent with methane also resulted in coking. Coke formed on the sorbent disappeared very rapidly after the methane flow was replaced with nitrogen. The order of the regeneration reaction with respect to methane was estimated as 0:76 and the activation energy of the reaction was estimated as 130 kJ/mol. During repeated sulfation-regeneration cycles the decrease in the sulfur capacity after the first cycle was slightly more when regeneration was done with methane compared to that observed with hydrogen regeneration. In the subsequent 4 cycles, the ceria sorbent preserved its sulfur capacity. The regenerated sorbent was able to capture 1.5 sulfur atoms per cerium atom in less than an hour of sulfation, compared to S/Ce of 2.5 for fresh sorbents and 2 for sorbents regenerated with hydrogen.
Book Synopsis Government Reports Annual Index by :
Download or read book Government Reports Annual Index written by and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 1372 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Commercial Demonstration of the NOXSO SO2/NO3 Removal Flue Gas Cleanup System. Quarterly Technical Progress Report No. 12, December 1, 1993--February 28, 1994 by :
Download or read book Commercial Demonstration of the NOXSO SO2/NO3 Removal Flue Gas Cleanup System. Quarterly Technical Progress Report No. 12, December 1, 1993--February 28, 1994 written by and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 66 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The NOXSO process is a dry, post-combustion flue gas treatment technology which uses a regenerable sorbent to simultaneously adsorb sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NO3 from the flue gas of a coal-fired utility boiler. In the process, the SO2 is reduced to sulfur by-product and the NO3 is reduced to nitrogen and oxygen. It is predicted that the process can economically remove 90% of the acid rain precursor gases from the flue gas stream in a retrofit or new facility. The objective of the NOXSO Demonstration Project is to design, construct, and operate a flue gas treatment system utilizing the NOXSO process. The effectiveness of the process will be demonstrated by achieving significant reductions in emissions of sulfur and nitrogen oxides. In addition, sufficient operating data will be obtained to confirm the process economics and provide a basis to guarantee performance on a commercial scale. The project is presently in the project definition and preliminary design phase. Data obtained during pilot plant testing which was completed on July 30, 1993 is being incorporated in the design of the commercial size plant. A suitable host site to demonstrate the NOXSO process on a commercial scale is presently being sought. The plant general arrangement has been revised to incorporate principles used in the design of fluidized catalytic cracking (FCC) plants. A NOXSO plant availability analysis was prepared using operating experience from the recently completed pilot plant as a basis. The impact of water desorption in the sorbent heater and water adsorption in the sorbent cooler has been quantified and incorporated into the NOXSO process simulator. NOXSO process economics has been updated based on the present design. Capital cost for a 500 MW plant designed to remove 98% of the SO2 and 85% of the NO3 is estimated at $247/kW.
Book Synopsis Government Reports Announcements & Index by :
Download or read book Government Reports Announcements & Index written by and published by . This book was released on 1995-06 with total page 548 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Commercial Demonstration of the NOXSO SO2/NO3 Removal Flue Gas Cleanup System. Quarterly Technical Progress Report No. 11, September 1--November 30, 1993 by :
Download or read book Commercial Demonstration of the NOXSO SO2/NO3 Removal Flue Gas Cleanup System. Quarterly Technical Progress Report No. 11, September 1--November 30, 1993 written by and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 61 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The NOXSO process is a dry, post-combustion flue gas treatment technology which uses a regenerable sorbent to simultaneously adsorb sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NO3 from the flue gas of a coal-fired utility boiler. In the process, the SO2 is reduced to sulfur by-product and the NO3 is reduced to nitrogen and oxygen. It is predicted that the process can economically remove 90% of the acid rain precursor gases from the flue gas stream in a retrofit or new facility. The objective of the NOXSO Demonstration Project is to design, construct, and operate a flue gas treatment system utilizing the NOXSO process. The effectiveness of the process will be demonstrated by achieving significant reductions in emissions of sulfur and nitrogen oxides. In addition, sufficient operating data will be obtained to confirm the process economics and provide a basis to guarantee performance on a commercial scale. The project is presently in the project definition and preliminary design phase. Data obtained during pilot plant testing which was completed on July 30, 1993 is being incorporated in the design of the commercial size plant. A suitable host site to demonstrate the NOXSO process on a commercial scale is presently being sought. Preliminary engineering studies provided information to decide on the basic plant arrangement. A scaled up POC design was selected as the general arrangement of choice based on a cost versus technical risk assessment. The first step in developing an adsorber computer simulation was completed. Several processes for producing liquid SO2 from the regenerator offgas were developed and evaluated. It was concluded that the Claus and burn process which involves making elemental sulfur as an intermediate product was the best choice. The NOXSO process computer simulation was updated to include semi-plug solids flow through the fluidized beds of the sorbent heater and cooler. Heat loss calculations were also added.
Book Synopsis Production and Use of Activated Char for Combined SO2/NO3 Removal. [Quarterly] Technical Report, December 1, 1993--February 28, 1994 by :
Download or read book Production and Use of Activated Char for Combined SO2/NO3 Removal. [Quarterly] Technical Report, December 1, 1993--February 28, 1994 written by and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 29 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: During this reporting period, a thermogravimetric technique was developed to determine the kinetics of SO2 adsorption on a series of chars prepared from IBC-102 coal. Also, a temperature programmed desorption (TPD) method was developed to determine the nature and extent of carbon-oxygen (C-O) complexes formed on the surface of the char. An attempt was made to relate this information to observed SO2 adsorption behavior. An IBC-102 char prepared with an N2-BET surface area of 10 m2/g adsorbed significantly less SO2 than chars prepared with surface areas> 200 m2/g. However, for chars with surface areas> 200 m2/g, the amount of available surface area was not as important as the chemistry of the surface. A steam activated char adsorbed the most SO2, comparable to the amount adsorbed by a commercial activated carbon. TPD performed on the steam activated char revealed the presence of CO-forming C-O complexes which were basic in nature. The other chars all contained significant amounts of more acidic CO2-forming complexes. Because SO2 is an acid gas, a carbon adsorbent with a basic surface should adsorb more SO2. To enhance SO2 adsorption, a novel char preparation method was devised to 2 create a basic surface with up to ten times more CO-forming C-O complexes than formed by steam activation.
Book Synopsis Commercial Demonstration of the NOXSO SO2/NO3 Removal Flue Gas Cleanup System. Quarterly Technical Progress Report No. 10, June 1--August 31, 1993 by :
Download or read book Commercial Demonstration of the NOXSO SO2/NO3 Removal Flue Gas Cleanup System. Quarterly Technical Progress Report No. 10, June 1--August 31, 1993 written by and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 60 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The NOXSO process is a dry, post-combustion flue gas treatment technology which uses a regenerable sorbent to simultaneously adsorb sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) from the flue gas of a coal-fired utility boiler. In the process, the SO2 is reduced to sulfur by-product (elemental sulfur, sulfuric acid, or liquid SO2) and the NOx is reduced to nitrogen and oxygen. It is predicted that the process can economically remove 90% of the acid rain precursor gases from the flue gas stream in a retrofit or new facility. The objective of the NOXSO Demonstration Project is to design, construct, and operate a flue gas treatment system utilizing the NOXSO process at Ohio Edisons̀ Niles Plant Unit {number_sign}1. The effectiveness of the process will be demonstrated by achieving significant reductions in emissions of sulfur and nitrogen oxides. In addition, sufficient operating data will be obtained to confirm the process economics and provide a basis to guarantee performance on a commercial scale. The project is presently in the project definition and preliminary design phase. Data obtained during pilot plant testing which was completed on July 30, 1993 is being incorporated in the design of the commercial size plant. A suitable host site to demonstrate the NOXSO process on a commercial scale is presently being sought.
Book Synopsis Commercial Demonstration of the NOXSO SO2/NO3 Removal Flue Gas Cleanup System. Quarterly Technical Progress Report No. 9, March 1--May 31, 1993 by :
Download or read book Commercial Demonstration of the NOXSO SO2/NO3 Removal Flue Gas Cleanup System. Quarterly Technical Progress Report No. 9, March 1--May 31, 1993 written by and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 14 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The NOXSO process is a dry, post-combustion flue gas treatment technology which uses a regenerable sorbent to simultaneously adsorb sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) from the flue gas of a coal-fired utility boiler. In the process, the SO2 is reduced to elemental sulfur and the NOx is reduced to nitrogen and oxygen. It is predicted that the process can economically remove 90% of the acid rain precursor gases from the flue gas stream in a retrofit or new facility. The objective of the NOXSO Demonstration Project is to design, construct, and operate a flue gas treatment system utilizing the NOXSO process at Ohio Edisons̀ Niles Plant Unit {number_sign}1. The effectiveness of the process will be demonstrated by achieving significant reductions in emissions of sulfur and nitrogen oxides. In addition, sufficient operating data will be obtained to confirm the process economics and provide a basis to guarantee performance on a commercial scale. Ohio Edisons̀ Niles Plant Unit {number_sign}1 generates 115 MW of electricity and 275,000 scfm of flue gas while burning 3.5% sulfur coal. The project is presently in the project definition and preliminary design phase. This phase was included in the project to allow completion of process studies and preliminary activities which could be conducted in parallel with NOXSOs̀ pilot plant project being conducted at Ohio Edisons̀ Toronto Power Plant.
Book Synopsis High SO2 Removal Efficiency Testing. Technical Progress Report, October--December 1993 by :
Download or read book High SO2 Removal Efficiency Testing. Technical Progress Report, October--December 1993 written by and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 46 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This document provides a discussion of the technical progress on DOE/PETC project number DE-AC22-92PC91338, {open_quotes}High Efficiency SQ Removal Testing{close_quotes}, for the time period 1 October through 31 December 1993. The project involves testing at six full-scale utility flue gas desulfurization (FGD) systems to evaluate low capital cost upgrades that may allow these systems to achieve up to 98% SO2 removal efficiency. The upgrades to be evaluated mostly involve using additives in the FGD systems. The {open_quotes}base{close_quotes} project involved testing at the Tampa Electric Company Big Bend station. All five potential options to the base program have been exercised by DOE, involving testing at the Hoosier Energy Merom Station (Option 1), the Southwestern Electric Power Company Pirkey Station (Option 11), the PSI Energy Gibson Station (Option III), the Duquesne Light Elrama Station (Option IV) and the New York State Electric and Gas Company Kintigh Station (Option V). As of December 1993, testing has been completed for the base project and for Options I and II, has begun but is only partly completed for Options III and IV, and has not yet begun for Option V. The remainder of this document is divided into four sections. Section 2, Project Summary, provides a brief overview of the status of technical efforts on this project. Section 3, Results, summarizes the outcome from these technical efforts during the quarter. Results for each site for which there were significant technical efforts are discussed in separate subsections. In Section 4, Plans for the Next Reporting Period, an overview is provided of the technical efforts that are anticipated for the first quarter of calendar year 1994. Section 5 includes a brief acknowledgment.
Book Synopsis Pilot-scale Testing of a New Sorbent for Combined SO2/NO3 Removal. Final Report by :
Download or read book Pilot-scale Testing of a New Sorbent for Combined SO2/NO3 Removal. Final Report written by and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 117 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A new regenerable sorbent concept for SO2 and NOx removal was pilot-tested at Ohio Edisons̀ Edgewater generating station at a 1.5 to 2-MW(e) level. A radial panel-bed filter of a new dry, granular sorbent was exposed to flue gas and regenerated in an experimental proof-of-concept program. The project was successful in demonstrating the new sorbents̀ ability to achieve 90% SO2 removal, 30% NOx removal, and over 80% removal of residual particulates with realistic approach temperatures and low pressure drops. Based on the results of this project, the retrofit cost of this technology is expected to be on the order of $400 per ton of SO2 and $900 per ton of NOx removed. This assumes that gas distribution is even and methane regeneration is used for a 30% average utilization. For a 2.5%-sulfur Ohio coal, this translates to a cost of approximately $17 per ton of coal. Two by-product streams were generated in the process that was tested: a solid, spent-sorbent stream and a highly-concentrated SO2 or elemental-sulfur stream. While not within the scope of the project, it was found possible to process these streams into useful products. The spent sorbent materials were shown to be excellent substrates for soil amendments; the elemental sulfur produced is innocuous and eminently marketable.
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