Indigenous Peoples and the Natural Environment of Brazil

Download Indigenous Peoples and the Natural Environment of Brazil PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 120 pages
Book Rating : 4.F/5 ( download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Indigenous Peoples and the Natural Environment of Brazil by : United States. Congress. House. Committee on Foreign Affairs. Subcommittee on the Western Hemisphere

Download or read book Indigenous Peoples and the Natural Environment of Brazil written by United States. Congress. House. Committee on Foreign Affairs. Subcommittee on the Western Hemisphere and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 120 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Distributed to some depository libraries in microfiche.

Indigenous Peoples and the Natural Environment of Brazil

Download Indigenous Peoples and the Natural Environment of Brazil PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Forgotten Books
ISBN 13 : 9781334805639
Total Pages : 128 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (56 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Indigenous Peoples and the Natural Environment of Brazil by : Committee on Foreign Affairs

Download or read book Indigenous Peoples and the Natural Environment of Brazil written by Committee on Foreign Affairs and published by Forgotten Books. This book was released on 2016-12-28 with total page 128 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Excerpt from Indigenous Peoples and the Natural Environment of Brazil: Hearing Before the Subcommittee on the Western Hemisphere of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, One Hundred Third Congress, Second Session; May 10, 1994 Once again, I welcome our distinguished visitors here today from Brazil and our American guests, and we look forward to your testi mony. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.

Indigenous Peoples and the Natural Environment of Brazil

Download Indigenous Peoples and the Natural Environment of Brazil PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Palala Press
ISBN 13 : 9781378998144
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (981 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Indigenous Peoples and the Natural Environment of Brazil by : United States Congress House Committe

Download or read book Indigenous Peoples and the Natural Environment of Brazil written by United States Congress House Committe and published by Palala Press. This book was released on 2018-03-02 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.

Indigenous Peoples and the Natural Environment of Brazil

Download Indigenous Peoples and the Natural Environment of Brazil PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 116 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (13 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Indigenous Peoples and the Natural Environment of Brazil by : United States. Congress. House. Committee on Foreign Affairs. Subcommittee on the Western Hemisphere

Download or read book Indigenous Peoples and the Natural Environment of Brazil written by United States. Congress. House. Committee on Foreign Affairs. Subcommittee on the Western Hemisphere and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 116 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Indigenous Peoples and the Natural Environment of Brazil

Download Indigenous Peoples and the Natural Environment of Brazil PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 120 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 ( download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Indigenous Peoples and the Natural Environment of Brazil by : United States. Congress. House. Committee on Foreign Affairs. Subcommittee on the Western Hemisphere

Download or read book Indigenous Peoples and the Natural Environment of Brazil written by United States. Congress. House. Committee on Foreign Affairs. Subcommittee on the Western Hemisphere and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 120 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Distributed to some depository libraries in microfiche.

Indigenous Amazonia, Regional Development and Territorial Dynamics

Download Indigenous Amazonia, Regional Development and Territorial Dynamics PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030291537
Total Pages : 433 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (32 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Indigenous Amazonia, Regional Development and Territorial Dynamics by : Walter Leal Filho

Download or read book Indigenous Amazonia, Regional Development and Territorial Dynamics written by Walter Leal Filho and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-08-04 with total page 433 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book brings together a valuable collection of case studies and conceptual approaches that outline the present state of Amazonia in the 21st century. The many problems are described and the benefits, as well as the achievements of regional development are also discussed. The book focuses on three themes for discussion and recommendations: indigenous peoples, their home (the forest), and the way(s) to protect and sustain their natural home (biodiversity conservation). Using these three themes this volume offers a comprehensive critical review of the facts that have been the reality of Amazonia and fills a gap in the literature.The book will appeal to scholars, professors and practitioners. An outstanding group of experienced researchers and individuals with detailed knowledge of the proposed themes have produced chapters on an array of inter-related issues to demonstrate the current situation and future prospects of Amazonia. Issues investigated and debated include: territorial management; indigenous territoriality and land demarcation; ethnodevelopment; indigenous higher education and capacity building; natural resource appropriation; food security and traditional knowledge; megadevelopmental projects; indigenous acculturation; modernization of Amazonia and its regional integration; anthropogenic interventions; protected areas and conservation; political ecology; postcolonial issues, and the sustainability of Amazonia.

The Land Within

Download The Land Within PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : IWGIA
ISBN 13 : 9788791563119
Total Pages : 288 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (631 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Land Within by : Pedro García Hierro

Download or read book The Land Within written by Pedro García Hierro and published by IWGIA. This book was released on 2005 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: By describing the fabric of relationships indigenous peoples weave with their environment, The Land Within attempts to define a more precise notion of indigenous territoriality. A large part of the work of titling the South American indigenous territories may now be completed but this book aims to demonstrate that, in addition to management, these territories involve many other complex aspects that must not be overlooked if the risk of losing these areas to settlers or extraction companies is to be avoided. Alexandre Surralls holds a doctorate in anthropology from the School for Higher Studies in Social Sciences and is a researcher on the staff of the National Centre for Scientific Research. Pedro Garca Hierro is a lawyer from Madrid Complutense University and the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru. He has worked with various indigenous organizations, on issues related to the identification and development of collective rights and the promotion of intercultural democratic reforms.

Global Governance of the Environment, Indigenous Peoples and the Rights of Nature

Download Global Governance of the Environment, Indigenous Peoples and the Rights of Nature PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Palgrave Macmillan
ISBN 13 : 9783030815219
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (152 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Global Governance of the Environment, Indigenous Peoples and the Rights of Nature by : Linda Etchart

Download or read book Global Governance of the Environment, Indigenous Peoples and the Rights of Nature written by Linda Etchart and published by Palgrave Macmillan. This book was released on 2023-01-27 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book explores the obstacles facing indigenous communities, non-governmental organizations, governments, and international institutions in their attempts to protect the cultures of indigenous peoples and the world’s remaining rainforests. Indigenous peoples are essential as guardians of the world’s wild places for the maintenance of ecosystems and the prevention of climate change. The Amazonian/Andean indigenous philosophies of sumac kawsay/suma qamaña (buen vivir) were the inspiration for the incorporation of the Rights of Nature into the Ecuadorian and Bolivian constitutions of 2008 and 2009. Yet despite the creation of the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues (2000), and the adoption of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (2007), indigenous peoples have been marginalized from intergovernmental environmental negotiations. Indigenous environment protectors’ lives are in danger while the Amazon rainforests continue to burn. By the third decade of the 21st century, the dawn of “woke” capitalism was accompanied by the expansion of ethical investment, with BlackRock leading the field in the “greening” of investment management, while Big Oil sought a career change in sustainable energy production. The final chapters explain the confluence of forces that has resulted in the continued expansion of the extractive frontier into indigenous territory in the Amazon, including areas occupied by peoples living in voluntary isolation. Among these forces are legal and extracurricular payments made to individuals, within indigenous communities and in state entities, and the use of tax havens to deposit unofficial payments made to secure public contracts. Solutions to loss of biodiversity and climate change may be found as much in the transformation of global financial and tax systems in terms of transparency and accountability, as in efforts by states, intergovernmental institutions and private foundations to protect wild areas through the designation of national parks, through climate finance, and other “sustainable” investment strategies.

Environment and Belief Systems

Download Environment and Belief Systems PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1000721868
Total Pages : 193 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (7 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Environment and Belief Systems by : G. N. Devy

Download or read book Environment and Belief Systems written by G. N. Devy and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2020-06-07 with total page 193 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Part of the series Key Concepts in Indigenous Studies, this book focuses on the concepts that recur in any discussion of nature, culture and society among the indigenous. The book, the first in a five-volume series, deals with the two crucial concepts of environment and belief systems of indigenous peoples from all the continents of the world. With contributions from renowned scholars, activists and experts from around the globe, it presents a salient picture of the environments of indigenous peoples and discusses the essential features of their belief systems. It explores indigenous perspectives related to religion, ritual and cultural practice, art and design, and natural resources, as well as climate change impacts among such communities in Latin and North America, Oceania (Australia, New Zealand and the South Pacific Islands), India, Brazil, Southeast Asia and Africa. Bringing together academic insights and experiences from the ground, this unique book's wide coverage will serve as a comprehensive guide for students, teachers and scholars of indigenous studies. It will be essential reading for those in anthropology, social anthropology, sociology and social exclusion studies, religion and theology, and cultural studies, as well as activists working with indigenous communities.

Indigenous Peoples and the Future of Amazonia

Download Indigenous Peoples and the Future of Amazonia PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 336 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (319 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Indigenous Peoples and the Future of Amazonia by : Leslie Elmer Sponsel

Download or read book Indigenous Peoples and the Future of Amazonia written by Leslie Elmer Sponsel and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 336 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This timely book provides the first examination of the relationship between cultural and environmental variation in the Amazon, with special reference to the survival and welfare of indigenous societies. The particular strength of this collection is that it emphasizes ongoing changing elements rather than static ones in Amazonian human ecology in the context of colonization. Leslie Sponsel and twelve other contributors, including archaeologists, biological anthropologists, cultural ecologists, and nutritionists, review traditional and changing adaptations of indigenous societies to Amazonian ecosystems; they analyze the challenges presented to indigenes by the massive cultural and environmental impact of Westernization. They also discuss the applications of research results to the needs, interests, and priorities of indigenous societies. In his concluding chapter, Sponsel calls for anthropologists to contribute through their research to the empowerment of indigenous communities and organizations. "In the Amazon the only people who already know and practice ecologically sound economies are most indigenous societies. Documenting their ecologically sound values, knowledge, and technology is one of the most important tasks for cultural ecology".

Brazil's Indians and the Onslaught of Civilization

Download Brazil's Indians and the Onslaught of Civilization PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : University of Washington Press
ISBN 13 : 0295804521
Total Pages : 230 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (958 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Brazil's Indians and the Onslaught of Civilization by : Linda Rabben

Download or read book Brazil's Indians and the Onslaught of Civilization written by Linda Rabben and published by University of Washington Press. This book was released on 2012-10-01 with total page 230 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Yanomami and Kayapó, two indigenous groups of the Amazon rainforest, have become internationally known through their dramatic and highly publicized encounters with “civilization.” Both groups struggle to transcend internal divisions, preserve their traditional culture, and defend their land from depredation, while seeking to benefit from the outside world, yet their prospects for the future seem very different. Placing each group in its historical context, Linda Rabben examines the relationship of the Kayapó and Yanomami to Brazilian society and the wider world. She combines academic research with a wide variety of sources, including celebrated leaders Paulinho Payakan and Davi Kopenawa, to assess how each group has responded to outside incursions. This book is a substantially revised edition of Unnatural Selection: The Yanomami, the Kayapó, and the Onslaught of Civilization, originally published in 1998, and includes a new chapter examining the controversy for anthropologists studying the Yanomami following the publication of Patrick Tierney’s book Darkness in El Dorado. Another new chapter focuses on the resurgence of Northeastern indigenous groups previously thought extinct. The magnitude and significance of indigenous movements has increased greatly, and a new generation of Brazilian indigenous leaders, proficient in Portuguese, is participating in the national political arena. Choice Outstanding Academic Title 2005

Indians and Ecology in Brazil

Download Indians and Ecology in Brazil PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 28 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 ( download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Indians and Ecology in Brazil by : Erwin Kräutler

Download or read book Indians and Ecology in Brazil written by Erwin Kräutler and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 28 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Human Impacts on Amazonia

Download Human Impacts on Amazonia PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Columbia University Press
ISBN 13 : 0231105886
Total Pages : 389 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (311 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Human Impacts on Amazonia by : Darrell Addison Posey

Download or read book Human Impacts on Amazonia written by Darrell Addison Posey and published by Columbia University Press. This book was released on 2006 with total page 389 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Of late, religion seems to be everywhere, suffusing U.S. politics and popular culture and acting as both a unifying and a divisive force. This collection of manifestos, Supreme Court decisions, congressional testimonies, speeches, articles, book excerpts, pastoral letters, interviews, song lyrics, memoirs, and poems reflects the vitality, diversity, and changing nature of religious belief and practice in American public and private life over the last half century. Encompassing a range of perspectives, this book illustrates the ways in which individuals from all along the religious and political spectrum have engaged religion and viewed it as a crucial aspect of society. The anthology begins with documents that reflect the close relationship of religion, especially mainline Protestantism, to essential ideas undergirding Cold War America. Covering both the center and the margins of American religious life, this volume devotes extended attention to how issues of politics, race, gender, and sexuality have influenced the religious mainstream. A series of documents reflects the role of religion and theology in the civil rights, feminist, and gay rights movements as well as in conservative responses. Issues regarding religion and contemporary American culture are explored in documents about the rise of the evangelical movement and the religious right; the impact of "new" (post-1965) immigrant communities on the religious landscape; the popularity of alternative, New Age, and non-Western beliefs; and the relationship between religion and popular culture. The editors conclude with selections exploring major themes of American religious life at the millennium, including both conservative and New Age millennialism, as well as excerpts that speculate on the future of religion in the United States. The documents are grouped by theme into nine chapters and arranged chronologically therein. Each chapter features an extensive introduction providing context for and analysis of the critical issues raised by the primary sources.

Brazil and its Perspectives on The Climate, Digital-Technological and Biological Ages

Download Brazil and its Perspectives on The Climate, Digital-Technological and Biological Ages PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Autêntica Editora
ISBN 13 : 6559284662
Total Pages : 193 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (592 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Brazil and its Perspectives on The Climate, Digital-Technological and Biological Ages by : Francisco Gaetani

Download or read book Brazil and its Perspectives on The Climate, Digital-Technological and Biological Ages written by Francisco Gaetani and published by Autêntica Editora. This book was released on 2024-09-10 with total page 193 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: What choices should we make for Brazil today? Imagine yourself in a debate room with the five authors of this book: Francisco Gaetani, Extraordinary Secretary for State Transformation; Izabella Teixeira, former Minister of the Environment and global authority on climate change; Marcello Brito, executive and Coordinator of the Global Agro-Environmental Center at Foundação Dom Cabral; Roberto S. Waack, business executive and advisor; and Samela Sateré Mawé, indigenous communicator and activist. Provocative, this book offers wide-ranging reflections on Brazil's future, addressing economic, political, environmental and social issues in the current global context. The topics discussed are such as environmental and climate imbalances, political tensions and global uncertainties, the need to modernize the Brazilian State, strategic agendas involving food production, valuing biodiversity with social inclusion and the role of indigenous peoples. Throughout the word, dialogue between different fields is presented as an essential element for strengthening democracy. The authors sign the book collectively, indicating that working together is possible and necessary. Connecting different perspectives also implies seeking a balance between rationality and sensitivity. In this sense, Josias Marinho Casadecaba's delicate artwork dialogues with the book, inviting the reader to explore between the lines a restless and incomplete vision of the future. The foreword, signed by political scientist Mônica Sodré, contextualizes the moment of this book's arrival in history and reinforces its invitation to the questions and choices that will need to be made if we want other realities.

Amazonia and Siberia:Legal Aspects of the Preservation of the Environment and Development in the Last Open Spaces

Download Amazonia and Siberia:Legal Aspects of the Preservation of the Environment and Development in the Last Open Spaces PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 384 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (318 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Amazonia and Siberia:Legal Aspects of the Preservation of the Environment and Development in the Last Open Spaces by : Michael Bothe

Download or read book Amazonia and Siberia:Legal Aspects of the Preservation of the Environment and Development in the Last Open Spaces written by Michael Bothe and published by Springer. This book was released on 1993-06-24 with total page 384 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The preservation of the Amazonian environment has stirred up public discussion worldwide. The main issues are the preservation of the tropical rain forests And The threat posed To The area by big development projects. These projects commonly threaten the existence of the indigenous peoples, who live in a traditional harmony with the pristine environment. Although similar problems are prevalent in Siberia, they have become a matter of international public awareness to a lesser extent. The ecological balance here, especially in non-industrialized areas of the Northern regions, Is also very delicate And The presence of vast quantities of natural resources makes the area susceptible to economic exploitation that threatens the environment as well as indigenous peoples. The book initiates and develops a comparison of the ecological situation in both areas, And The attemps to manage the emerging ecological problems. Based on an interdisciplinary approach, The legal framework of environmental protection And The utilization of natural resources on the national and international levels are analyzed and compared. In addition, The situation of indigenous peoples in Amazonia and Siberia and their legal status are examined. The book contains contributions from experts from various countries (e.g. Brazil, Colombia, Russia, etc.) and scientific disciplines. Most of the contributions formed the basis of an international colloquium which was held in Frankfurt in October 1990. These manuscripts have been revised for this publication. Some additional articles and a dcoumentation of relevant legal materials are also included.

Radical Territories in the Brazilian Amazon

Download Radical Territories in the Brazilian Amazon PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : University of Arizona Press
ISBN 13 : 0816534608
Total Pages : 465 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (165 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Radical Territories in the Brazilian Amazon by : Laura Zanotti

Download or read book Radical Territories in the Brazilian Amazon written by Laura Zanotti and published by University of Arizona Press. This book was released on 2016-11-15 with total page 465 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Indigenous groups are facing unprecedented global challenges in this time of unparalleled environmental and geopolitical change, a time that has intensified human-rights concerns and called for political and economic restructuring. Within this landscape of struggle, the Kayapó, an indigenous nation in the central Brazilian Amazon, emerge as leaders in the fight. Radical Territories in the Brazilian Amazon sheds light on the creative and groundbreaking efforts Kayapó peoples deploy to protect their lands and livelihoods. Now at the front lines of cultivating diversified strategies for resistance, the Kayapó are creating a powerful activist base, experimenting with nontimber forest projects, and forging strong community conservation partnerships. Tracing the complex politics of the Kayapó’s homeland, Laura Zanotti advances approaches to understanding how indigenous peoples cultivate self-determination strategies in conflict-ridden landscapes. Kayapó peoples are providing a countervision of what Amazonia can look like in the twenty-first century, dominated neither by agro-industrial interests nor by uninhabited protected landscapes. Instead, Kayapó peoples see their homeland as a living landscape where indigenous vision engages with broader claims for conservation and development in the region. Weaving together anthropological and ethnographic research with personal interactions with the Kayapó, Zanotti tells the story of activism and justice in the Brazilian Amazon, and how Kayapó communities are using diverse pathways to make a sustainable future for their peoples and lands. The author interweaves Kayapó perspectives with a political ecology framework to show how working with indigenous peoples is vital to addressing national and global challenges in the present time, when many environmentally significant conditions and processes are profoundly altered by human activities.

Indigenous Peoples and Environmental Issues

Download Indigenous Peoples and Environmental Issues PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Greenwood
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 560 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Indigenous Peoples and Environmental Issues by : Bruce E. Johansen

Download or read book Indigenous Peoples and Environmental Issues written by Bruce E. Johansen and published by Greenwood. This book was released on 2003-12-30 with total page 560 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Also includes information on alcoholism, animals, toxins and breast feeding, Bureau of Land Management (BLM), George W. Bush, cancer, China, climate change, colonization, cyanide, dams, Declaration of the First International Forum of Indigenous Peoples on Climate Change, deforestation, disease introduction, Native American concept of ecology, economics, ExxonMobil, fishing, fur trade, genocide, gold mining, health problems, human rights violations, hunting, hydroelectric power, infants and children, International Monetary Fund, Japan, Judeo-Christian worldview, land tenure, lead poisoning, mercury poisoning, mining, Movement for the Survival of The Ogoni (MOSOP), Native Americans, natural gas exploitation, nuclear testing, nuclear waste dumps, oil exploitation, persistent organic pollutants (POPs), pollution, protests, rainforests, Rio Tinto, Russia, Shell Oil, submarine tailings disposal (STD), suicide, tourism, United States, water pollution, World Bank, etc.