Identification Of Factors Affecting Contaminant Levels And Determination Of Infiltration Of Ambient Contaminants In Public Transport Buses Operating On Biodiesel And Ulsd Fuels

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Identification of Factors Affecting Contaminant Levels and Determination of Infiltration of Ambient Contaminants in Public Transport Buses Operating on Biodiesel and ULSD Fuels

Author : Akhil Kadiyala
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 294 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (297 download)

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Book Synopsis Identification of Factors Affecting Contaminant Levels and Determination of Infiltration of Ambient Contaminants in Public Transport Buses Operating on Biodiesel and ULSD Fuels by : Akhil Kadiyala

Download or read book Identification of Factors Affecting Contaminant Levels and Determination of Infiltration of Ambient Contaminants in Public Transport Buses Operating on Biodiesel and ULSD Fuels written by Akhil Kadiyala and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 294 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This experimental project presents a comprehensive study of indoor pollutant behavior in the public transport buses in the city of Toledo running on alternative fuels and an understanding of the contribution of outdoor pollutant concentrations to in-vehicle pollutant levels. The indoor pollutants monitored are particulate matter, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide, nitric oxide, and nitrogen dioxide. Temperature and relative humidity are also measured inside the vehicle in addition to the in-vehicle pollutants. The various factors affecting indoor air quality are indoor sources of pollutants (people, furniture, etc.), ventilation, outdoor air quality, meteorology, pollutant decay, and vehicular traffic. The diurnal, monthly, and seasonal variations of the pollutants are studied. The pollutant level buildup within a bus compartment is due to a combination of different factors and not a result of variation due to a single variable. As the bus is in motion and factors influencing the indoor pollutant levels keep changing randomly, it is difficult to identify specific monthly and seasonal trends. However, pollutant concentration levels are found to be highly influenced by peak hours in the morning and evening and a discussion is provided on identifying the factors that could have influenced monthly and seasonal variations. Relatively higher pollutant concentrations are observed for majority of the pollutants in winter when there is not much air exchange in the bus compartment. The trend study revealed that the concentrations were mainly influenced by peak hours, ventilation settings, vehicular traffic, passenger ridership, and meteorology.The factors influencing pollutant levels with respect to month and season are identified. The regression tree analysis helped identify the various factors affecting in-vehicle pollutant levels and the relationships between independent variables and indoor pollutant concentrations. The meteorological effect study revealed wind direction to be the most significant meteorological variable for all the gaseous pollutants while particulate matter levels are found to be mainly influenced by ambient PM2.5 concentrations and visibility. Different combinations of variables were able to explain the trends of monitored indoor pollutants.The contribution of ambient concentration to the indoor concentration levels was determined by calculating infiltration factors using two different methods for both biodiesel and ULSD buses. The analysis revealed that the indoor air quality levels are better in a biodiesel bus as compared to the ULSD bus. It was also observed that nearly 50-70% of the pollutants found indoors are generated outdoors for all the pollutants except nitrogen dioxide.Exposure of passengers and drivers to the indoor pollutants monitored were determined using time weighted concentration and compared to available health standards. The study revealed that the drivers are safe from exposure to gaseous as well as particulate contaminants.It is hoped that this study and analysis of in-vehicle pollutant trends will provide crucial information to indoor air quality regulators and decision makers in understanding the IAQ in transit vehicles and to regulate the indoor air quality standards.

Characterization of the Gaseous Pollutant Behavior Over a Period of Three Years Inside a Public Transit Bus

Author : Srikar Velagapudi
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 82 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (731 download)

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Book Synopsis Characterization of the Gaseous Pollutant Behavior Over a Period of Three Years Inside a Public Transit Bus by : Srikar Velagapudi

Download or read book Characterization of the Gaseous Pollutant Behavior Over a Period of Three Years Inside a Public Transit Bus written by Srikar Velagapudi and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 82 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study presents a comprehensive three year trend analysis of the indoor gaseous pollutants in public transit buses running on bio-diesel (B20) and ultra low sulfur diesel (ULSD) in the city of Toledo. Additionally, mass balance modeling of carbon dioxide pollutant inside the public transport buses has been conducted. The pollutants monitored in this study are carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxide (NO), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2). Two comfort level parameters of the passengers: temperature and relative humidity are also measured inside the buses. Yearly variations of the five gaseous pollutants are studied and the accumulation of pollutant concentrations inside the bus was observed to be a result of variation in different parameters and not due to variation of a single parameter. The in-vehicle pollutant concentration trends are observed to be highly influenced by heavy traffic on the road. Over the three study period, relatively higher pollutant levels are observed for all the pollutants during winter season. Regression analysis has been used to identify the various factors that influence pollutant concentrations inside the bus. It was found that the pollutant levels are affected mainly by ventilation conditions of the bus, passenger activity inside the bus, vehicular traffic around the bus, and ambient meteorological conditions. The study identifies the important variables that affect in-vehicle pollutants in each season across different years. For example, ambient temperature, wind speed, passengers, trucks, and run/close are identified as influential factors affecting the in-vehicle CO2 concentrations in winter 2009. A mass balance approach was used in modeling the levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) inside buses running on B20 and ULSD fuels. The model was tested over different seasons for one year period. The mixing factors for the model were calculated for both B20 and ULSD buses using a reverse approach on a seasonal basis. The infiltration rate, outdoor concentrations, and source emission rate were estimated from the literature review when developing the mass balance model. The model evaluation showed that the proposed mass balance model is capable of predicting the CO2 levels in both B20 and ULSD fueled buses in all the seasons with limited accuracy. The predictions of the proposed model heavily depend on the accurate knowledge of ambient CO2 levels.

Study of Particulate Number Concentrations in Buses Running with Bio Diesel and Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel

Author : Dinesh Chandra Somuri
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 78 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (741 download)

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Book Synopsis Study of Particulate Number Concentrations in Buses Running with Bio Diesel and Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel by : Dinesh Chandra Somuri

Download or read book Study of Particulate Number Concentrations in Buses Running with Bio Diesel and Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel written by Dinesh Chandra Somuri and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 78 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Most of the air quality standards available today are mass based and confined to PM2.5 and PM10 fractions. Size of most particles released from combustion sources is of submicron range, which has minor contribution to mass concentration. Therefore it is essential to obtain inventories for particulate number concentrations in this range. The study was mainly focused on in-vehicle particulate number concentrations in public transport buses running on alternative fuels in the city of Toledo. The in-vehicle particulate number concentrations were collected over a period of one year from July 2008 to June 2009, in Biodiesel and Ultra low sulfur diesel fueled buses. The size of particulates found was in the range of 0.3 m and 20 m. Using the above measured particulate concentration data, the diurnal, monthly, and seasonal variations were studied. Various factors effecting in-vehicle particulate concentrations like number of passengers in the bus, vehicles moving near the bus, ambient temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, wind direction, precipitation were also analyzed using regression tree analysis. It was found that 65-70 % of particulates observed were in the size range of 0.3-0.4 micron. From this we were able to conclude that particulates emitted from diesel vehicles mostly consisted of fine particles. It was observed that particulate concentrations in biodiesel bus were slightly more when compared to ultra low sulfur diesel bus concentrations. From diurnal graphs, it was found that maximum particulate concentrations were obtained during the early mornings, when bus starts its run. From monthly and seasonal trends, it was obtained that maximum concentrations were found during the winter season, because of limited air exchange rate within the bus compartment. From the above trends it was clearly understood that in-vehicle particulate number concentrations were mainly influenced by peak hours, vehicular traffic, positioning of doors and windows, and passengers travelling. Regression analysis showed that in-vehicle particulate concentrations were influenced by meteorology. Wind speed and wind direction were found to have a significant impact on particulate concentrations. Various combinations of variables explained the pattern of monitored concentrations. The measured in-vehicle particulate number concentrations in B20 and ULSD buses were converted in to mass concentrations of PM1.0, PM2.5 and PM10. These PM mass concentrations were compared with previously measured two years PM concentrations in the same buses. Using all the above data annual and seasonal PM trends were studied. It was observed that PM mass concentrations increased in the year 2009 compared to 2008 concentration levels. In all the three years, particulate matter concentrations were found to be more in winter season when compared to other seasons in both BD and ULSD buses. A screening mass balance model was developed for modeling of in-vehicle PM2.5 concentrations for buses. The model was tested over four different seasons during a one year period. The air exchange rate and, deposition loss rate were estimated from literature review and from the analysis of monitored concentrations when developing the mass balance model. The developed model predicts the in-vehicle PM2.5 levels inside buses for four seasons performed well up to 1:00 PM. It is suggested that a forecasting model should be used for ambient concentrations to improve the accuracy during afternoon hours.

An Analysis on Vehicular Exhaust Emissions from Transit Buses Running on Biodiesel Blends

Author : Vinay Kumar V. Nerella
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 109 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (649 download)

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Book Synopsis An Analysis on Vehicular Exhaust Emissions from Transit Buses Running on Biodiesel Blends by : Vinay Kumar V. Nerella

Download or read book An Analysis on Vehicular Exhaust Emissions from Transit Buses Running on Biodiesel Blends written by Vinay Kumar V. Nerella and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 109 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This experimental study presents a comprehensive analysis of exhaust emission variation from the public transit buses in the city of Toledo running on alternative fuels. The pollutants from the exhaust that are monitored in this study are carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, oxides of nitrogen (NO, NO2, and NOX), and carbon dioxide. The performance of engine variables are also measured simultaneously with exhaust emission data. The engine variables affecting the pollutant levels in the exhaust are acceleration, engine load, engine speed, vehicle speed, fuel flow rate, coolant temperature, output torque, and boost pressure. The on-road and idle-engine variation of pollutant levels in the exhaust are studied. The pollutant level variation in the exhaust of a bus is different for different operation modes. The pollutant levels are found to decrease when the vehicle is on-road, with the increase in biodiesel concentration in the base fuel. On contrast, the pollutant levels are observed to increase with biodiesel concentration, when the bus is in idle-engine mode. Furthermore, when the bus is in motion, the pollutant levels in the exhaust are less as compared to the idle-engine mode. This observation helps to understand that vehicles in motion deliver the appropriate amount of fuel into the cylinder for a more complete combustion. Also, an engine in idle mode does not run at its optimum temperature and conditions that lead to incomplete combustion. The engine initial temperature, accessory load on the engine, and engine speed are found to affect the emission levels significantly. The engines at low temperatures are found to emit pollutants of higher levels because of the initial warm-up phase of an engine. Furthermore, with the increase in load and speed, the engine has to produce higher work requiring a higher fueling rate and thereby resulting in higher emission levels in the exhaust. During the engine start, transient emissions of the monitored pollutants are significantly higher because the air-fuel ratio cannot be maintained at stoichiometric mixture during start and stop operations. Furthermore, during the engine start-up, the heat necessary in the reaction chamber is not maintained that results in incomplete combustion. Hence, more transient emissions are emitted during the engine start-up. The parameters influencing pollutant levels for on-road and idle-engine conditions are identified, using regression analysis, for different biodiesel blends. Using regression analysis, the correlation and the amount of impact associated with the engine variables on pollutant levels are identified. The regression analysis helped to identify the parameters affecting pollutant levels and the relationships between different monitored parameters and pollutants in the exhaust. This study and analysis of exhaust emission variation of biodiesel blends will assist the operators of biodiesel fleets and regulators of air pollution in selecting the appropriate operating variables for emission control strategies in their area.

Characterization and Speciation of Fine Particulate Matter Inside the Public Transport Buses Running on Bio-diesel

Author : Ashok Kumar
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 30 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (811 download)

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Book Synopsis Characterization and Speciation of Fine Particulate Matter Inside the Public Transport Buses Running on Bio-diesel by : Ashok Kumar

Download or read book Characterization and Speciation of Fine Particulate Matter Inside the Public Transport Buses Running on Bio-diesel written by Ashok Kumar and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 30 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Air pollution with respect to particulate matter was investigated in Toledo, Ohio, USA, a city of approximately 300,000, in 2009. Two study buses were selected to reflect typical exposure conditions of passengers while traveling in the bus. Monitoring inside the bus was done in the spring and summer seasons. Particulate matter levels found inside the bus were well below the USEPA standards. Scanning electron microscope analysis was used to identify the possible sources. Particle shape and size distribution analysis was conducted and aspect ratios were determined; the results will be used to find out the potential particle dynamics inside the bus. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were analyzed to determine potential carcinogenic matter exposure to passengers. The absence of carcinogens in all the samples suggests healthful air quality levels inside the bus. SEM methodology is a valuable tool for studying the distribution of particulate pollutants. These patterns represented the morphological characteristics of single inhalable particles in the air inside the bus in Toledo. The size distribution was generally multi-modal for the ULSD but uni-modal for the B20-fueled bus. The aspect ratio found for different filters collected inside the bus fueled by both the B20 blend and ULSD ranged 2.4-3.6 and 2.3- 2.9 in average value with standard deviation range 0.9-7.4 and 1-7.3 respectively. The square and oblong particles represented the morphology characteristics of the single inhalable particles in the air of a Toledo transit bus.

An Investigation of Urban Mobile Source Aerosol Using Optical Properties Measured by CRDT/N

Author : Monica Elizabeth Wright
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 156 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (868 download)

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Book Synopsis An Investigation of Urban Mobile Source Aerosol Using Optical Properties Measured by CRDT/N by : Monica Elizabeth Wright

Download or read book An Investigation of Urban Mobile Source Aerosol Using Optical Properties Measured by CRDT/N written by Monica Elizabeth Wright and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 156 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mobile source emissions are a major contributor to global and local air pollution. Governments and regulatory agencies have been increasing the stringency of regulations in the transportation sector for the last ten years to help curb transportation sector air pollution. The need for regulations has been emphasized by scientific research on the impacts from ambient pollution, especially research on the effect of particulate matter on human health. The particulate emissions from diesel vehicles, diesel particulate matter (DPM) is considered a known or probable carcinogen in various countries and increased exposure to DPM is linked to increased cardiovascular health problems in humans. The toxicity of vehicle emissions and diesel particulate emissions in particular, in conjunction with an increased awareness of potential petroleum fuel shortages, international conflict over petroleum fuel sources and climate change science, have all contributed to the increase of biodiesel use as an additive to or replacement for petroleum fuel. The goal of this research is to determine how this increased use of biodiesel in the particular emission testing setup impacts urban air quality. To determine if biodiesel use contributes to a health or climate benefit, both the size range and general composition were investigated using a comprehensive comparison of the particulate component of the emissions in real time. The emissions from various biodiesel and diesel mixtures from a common diesel passenger vehicle were measured with a cavity ring-down transmissometer (CRDT) coupled with a condensation particle counter, a SMPS, a nephelometer, NOx, CO, CO2, and O3 measurements. From these data, key emission factors for several biodiesel and diesel fuel mixtures were developed. This approach reduces sampling artifacts and allows for the determination of optical properties, particle number concentration, and size distributions, along with several important gas phase species' concentrations. Findings indicate that biodiesel additions to diesel fuel do not necessarily have an air quality benefit for particulate emissions in this emission testing scenario. The often cited linear decrease in particulate emissions with increasing biodiesel content was not observed. Mixtures with half diesel and half biodiesel tended to have the highest particulate emissions in all size ranges. Mixtures with more than 50% biodiesel had slightly lower calculated mass for light absorbing carbon, but this reduction in mass is most likely a result of a shift in the size of the emission particles to a smaller size range, not a reduction in the total number of particles. Evaluation of the extensive optical properties from this experimental set-up indicates that biodiesel additions to diesel fuel has an impact on emission particle extinction in both visible and near-IR wavelengths. The B99 mixture had the smallest emission factor for extinction at 532 nm and at 1064 nm. For the extinction at 532 nm, the trend was not linear and the emission factor peaked at the B50 mixture. Results from intensive properties indicate that emissions from B5 and B25 mixtures have Ångström exponents close to 1, typical for black carbon emissions. The mixtures with a larger fraction of biodiesel have Ångström exponent values closer to 2, indicating more absorbing organic matter and/or smaller particle size in the emissions. Additional experimental testing should be completed to determine the application of these results and emission factors to other diesel vehicles or types of diesel and biodiesel fuel mixtures.

Characterization, Speciation, and Source Apportionment of Particles Inside and from the Exhaust of Public Transit Buses Fueled with Alternative Fuels

Download Characterization, Speciation, and Source Apportionment of Particles Inside and from the Exhaust of Public Transit Buses Fueled with Alternative Fuels PDF Online Free

Author : Kaushik K. Shandilya
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 224 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (867 download)

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Book Synopsis Characterization, Speciation, and Source Apportionment of Particles Inside and from the Exhaust of Public Transit Buses Fueled with Alternative Fuels by : Kaushik K. Shandilya

Download or read book Characterization, Speciation, and Source Apportionment of Particles Inside and from the Exhaust of Public Transit Buses Fueled with Alternative Fuels written by Kaushik K. Shandilya and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 224 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The practical issue of Scanning Electron Microscope/Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometry (SEM/EDX) instrumentation compatibility for particle analysis is addressed. The physical and chemical characterization of fine particles is carried out inside a public transit bus fueled with biodiesel (BD) and ultra low sulfur diesel (ULSD). The three sorts of square surface patterns represented the morphological characteristics of single inhalable particles in the air inside the bus in Toledo. The size and shape distribution results are compared to those obtained for a bus using ULSD and BD respectively. Only the reproducible results from repeated experiments on ESEM and size distribution obtained by the GRIMM dust monitor are used in this study. The collected filters are analyzed using a computer controlled SEM to obtain aerosol elemental compositions. Factor analysis suggested possible sources of indoor particle levels in public transit bus as motor vehicles, outdoor soil and secondary particle formation. The conclusion is that SEM methodology is a valuable tool for studying the distribution of particulates. A part of this study examines the toxic nature of these engine exhausts under different idling conditions. The results of the PM emission analysis showed that the PM mean value of emission is dependent on the engine operation conditions and fuel type. It is found that lubricant oil, PM ash content, and storage tanks are the major sources of elemental concentrations in the PM. Another part of this study looks at the change from ULSD to BD in different idling mode that is investigated with respect to organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) for public transit buses in Toledo, Ohio. The carbon source profile for both alternative fuels for eight carbon fractions is developed through real time experiments. The results indicated that the use of BD instead of ULSD is environmentally sustainable for human health and climate change. A new method for determining kinetic parameters of soot oxidation is applied for exhaust particles collected from public transit buses. The results indicate that the use of BD in public transit buses will result in lower particle formation from the engine. Particle morphology is clearly spherical carbon nano particles with chain-like agglomerates.

Real-time Exhaust Gas Emission Analysis on Public Transport Buses Equipped with Different Exhaust Control Systems

Author : Ravi Shankar Viyyuri
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 165 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (112 download)

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Book Synopsis Real-time Exhaust Gas Emission Analysis on Public Transport Buses Equipped with Different Exhaust Control Systems by : Ravi Shankar Viyyuri

Download or read book Real-time Exhaust Gas Emission Analysis on Public Transport Buses Equipped with Different Exhaust Control Systems written by Ravi Shankar Viyyuri and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 165 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The main objective of this experimental thesis was to present a comprehensive analysis of exhaust emissions from transit buses during daily routine operations. The pollutants monitored in this study are Particulate Matter (PM), NOx, CO2, and HC released from three different buses with different exhaust control systems such as NON-EGR bus, EGR- bus with EGR+DPF+DOC and hybrid bus with EGR+DPF+DOC+SCR. All these buses were tested on the same route each day. To further categorize and elaborate our findings, the runtime was divided into both idle and running conditions. With a specific end goal to accomplish extensive outcomes, the idle condition was additionally divided into two distinct cases, i.e., cold idle and hot idle conditions. The running conditions were also divided into acceleration, deceleration, variable speed, and intersections. The NOx, CO2 and HC emission were gathered and analyzed for every one of the conditions and modes depicted above. The particulate emission was collected and analyzed in idle conditions. In idle condition NOx, CO2 and HC decrease with time and stay constant after they reach 15 minutes of idle time. The cold idle emissions are observed to be very high when compared to the hot idle condition, this is because the hot idle emissions are collected after the bus gets back to the garage from its daily route with a hot engine and this delivers the appropriate amount of fuel into the engine for complete combustion. Whereas cold idle mode does not run at its optimum temperature that leads to incomplete combustion and increases in emission formation. The NOx and HC emissions decreased from NON-EGR to EGR to the hybrid bus because of the emission control systems: SCR, DOC, and EGR, Whereas CO2 emissions, increase by using the same emissions control systems from NONEGR to EGR to the hybrid bus. The study shows that hybrid bus emits less amount of NOx when compared to EGR and NON- EGR buses, this is because of the exhaust control system SCR. SCR was used to minimize NOx emissions in the exhaust gas by using ammonia (NH3) as the reductant. This exhaust/ammonia mixture passes through the SCR catalyst, where the oxides of nitrogen are turned into nitrogen and water. Moreover, CO2 emissions were high in the hybrid bus then compared to EGR and NON-EGR buses. This was because of chemical reaction that takes place in SCR and DOC releasing CO2 as a product. Whereas, the amount of HC emitted from EGR and hybrid buses were almost in the same range, but very low when compared to the NON-EGR bus. This study also shows that NOx, CO2, and HC are directly proportional to speed (RPM) of the bus. The collected NOx, CO2, and HC are analyzed to develop a statistical regression model using Lasso and Extra Tree Regression techniques that can predict the pollutant concentrations of the exhaust emissions, with respect to different running modes and idle modes for transit buses equipped with EGR+DPF+DOC, EGR+SCR+UREA systems, and a NON-EGR bus. This regression analysis identified the relation and impact of engine variables on pollutant levels. In this study, Extra Tree Regression and Lasso Regression techniques were used to testify the data. The parameters used for prediction of CO2, HC, and NOx emissions in the idle mode were engine temperature and time. Whereas, in running mode rpm was used to predict exhaust emissions. Therefore, Extra Tree Regression was proved as the best regression technique because of its accuracy and low RMSE values when compared to Lasso. Particulate Matter analysis was conducted on all three buses using a catch can instrument and quartz filter papers. Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) and Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectroscopy (ICP-MS) was performed on the particulate matter. In EDS analysis, it was observed that the NON-EGR bus samples seem to have a high carbon content detected when compared to EGR bus and Hybrid bus. This was expected because of lack of EGR and DPF systems on NON-EGR bus. Moreover, EGR and Hybrid buses recorded literally the same amount of carbon content, this could be because of having the same exhaust control systems: EGR and DPF. This study and analysis of exhaust emissions for different exhaust control system equipped buses, will assist the manufacturers and regulators of air pollution in selecting the appropriate exhaust control system equipped bus for emission control strategies in their area.

Modeling Size-resolved Particle Number Emissions from Advanced Technology and Alternative Fueled Vehicles in Real-operating Conditions

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Author : Darrell Bruce Sonntag
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (613 download)

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Book Synopsis Modeling Size-resolved Particle Number Emissions from Advanced Technology and Alternative Fueled Vehicles in Real-operating Conditions by : Darrell Bruce Sonntag

Download or read book Modeling Size-resolved Particle Number Emissions from Advanced Technology and Alternative Fueled Vehicles in Real-operating Conditions written by Darrell Bruce Sonntag and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Two particle number emission datasets were analyzed in detail. The first data set contained particle number emissions from four transit buses, including two hybrid diesel-electric buses, under a variety of driving conditions and technological/fuel treatments including: diesel oxidation catalysts, diesel particle filters and ultra-low sulfur diesel fuel. A linear mixed model was used to control for multiple sources of variability in real-world particle measurements, and identified significant factors influencing particle number emissions. Subsequently, link-level particle number emission models were developed for the DOC-equipped conventional buses, using different sets of available predictive data. Principle component analysis was used to reduce the variability of engine parameters to three interpretable parameters: percent engine load, engine speed and exhaust temperature. Time-resolved particle emissions from the diesel transit buses were evaluated in detail to understand the relationship of particle emissions, operating modes, and the relationship among multiple pollutants. Particle number and mass emissions are generally well-correlated during real-world behavior, however number are emissions are more influenced by the storage and subsequent release of particles evident during high engine speeds, while particle mass emission are more consistent with fuel events. Acceleration events on a stop-and-go urban route caused the maximum particle emission rates at resolved spatial scales, while over large spatial scales the highest emission rates occurred on the freeway. The concept of emission modes was introduced to understand the variability of gaseous and particle pollution during transient operation of the transit bus. Six repeatable emission modes were identified as being capable of explaining more than 75% of the total variability in emissions. Functional data analysis was introduced to analyze particle size distributions collected on a flex-fuel vehicle. A non-parametric smoothing technique can optimally smooth particle size distribution data without imposing prior distributional assumptions. The relationship among particle concentrations, operation conditions, and fuel type was estimated as a function of particle size using a functional linear model. Future paths of research are identified which take into account the smoothness of particle-size distributions. In summary, this dissertation contributes data, understanding, and quantitative concepts and methods to advance both research and practice-oriented particle emission models.

Procedure to Determine Emission Reductions

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (932 download)

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Book Synopsis Procedure to Determine Emission Reductions by :

Download or read book Procedure to Determine Emission Reductions written by and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

St. Louis Metro Biodiesel (B20) Transit Bus Evaluation

Author : Robb Barnitt
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 30 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (979 download)

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Book Synopsis St. Louis Metro Biodiesel (B20) Transit Bus Evaluation by : Robb Barnitt

Download or read book St. Louis Metro Biodiesel (B20) Transit Bus Evaluation written by Robb Barnitt and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 30 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The St. Louis Metro Biodiesel Transit Bus Evaluation project is being conducted under a Cooperative Research and Development Agreement (CRADA) between NREL and the National Biodiesel Board to evaluate the extended in-use performance of buses operating on B20 fuel. The objective of this research project is to compare B20 and ultra-low sulfur diesel buses in terms of fuel economy, vehicles maintenance, engine performance, component wear, and lube oil performance.

Biodiesel

Author : Meisam Tabatabaei
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3030009858
Total Pages : 244 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (3 download)

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Book Synopsis Biodiesel by : Meisam Tabatabaei

Download or read book Biodiesel written by Meisam Tabatabaei and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-11-02 with total page 244 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents in-depth information on the state of the art of global biodiesel production and investigates its impact on climate change. Subsequently, it comprehensively discusses biodiesel production in terms of production systems (reactor technologies) as well as biodiesel purification and upgrading technologies. Moreover, the book reviews essential parameters in biodiesel production systems as well as major principles of operation, process control, and trouble-shooting in these systems. Conventional and emerging applications of biodiesel by-products with a view to further economize biodiesel production are also scrutinized. Separate chapters are dedicated to economic risk analysis and critical comparison of biodiesel production systems as well as techno-economical aspects of biodiesel plants. The book also thoroughly investigates the important aspects of biodiesel production and combustion by taking advantage of advanced sustainability analysis tools including life cycle assessment (LCA) and exergy techniques. In closing, the application of Omics technologies in biodiesel production is presented and discussed. This book is relevant to anyone with an interest in renewable, more sustainable fuel and energy solutions.

Sustainable Airport Construction Practices

Author : Ricondo & Associates
Publisher : Transportation Research Board
ISBN 13 : 0309155258
Total Pages : 221 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Sustainable Airport Construction Practices by : Ricondo & Associates

Download or read book Sustainable Airport Construction Practices written by Ricondo & Associates and published by Transportation Research Board. This book was released on 2011 with total page 221 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: At head of title: Airport Cooperative Research Program.

Annual Energy Outlook 2012, with Projections To 2035

Author : Energy Information Administration (U S )
Publisher : Government Printing Office
ISBN 13 : 9780160912672
Total Pages : 256 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (126 download)

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Book Synopsis Annual Energy Outlook 2012, with Projections To 2035 by : Energy Information Administration (U S )

Download or read book Annual Energy Outlook 2012, with Projections To 2035 written by Energy Information Administration (U S ) and published by Government Printing Office. This book was released on 2012-10-04 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The projections in the U.S. Energy Information Administration's (EIA's) Annual Energy Outlook 2012 (AEO2012) focus on the factors that shape the U.S. energy system over the long term. Under the assumption that current laws and regulations remain unchanged throughout the projections, the AEO2012 Reference case provides the basis for examination and discussion of energy production, consumption, technology, and market trends and the direction they may take in the future. It also serves as a starting point for analysis of potential changes in energy policies. But AEO2012 is not limited to the Reference case. It also includes 29 alternative cases (see Appendix E, Table E1), which explore important areas of uncertainty for markets, technologies, and policies in the U.S. energy economy. Many of the implications of the alternative cases are discussed in the 'Issues in focus' section of this report. / Key results highlighted in AEO2012 include continued modest growth in demand for energy over the next 25 years and increased domestic crude oil and natural gas production, largely driven by rising production from tight oil and shale resources. As a result, U.S. reliance on imported oil is reduced; domestic production of natural gas exceeds consumption, allowing for net exports; a growing share of U.S. electric power generation is met with natural gas and renewables; and energy-related carbon dioxide emissions remain below their 2005 level from 2010 to 2035, even in the absence of new Federal policies designed to mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions."--Executive Summary (p. 2).

Synthetic Fuels Handbook

Author : James Speight
Publisher : McGraw Hill Professional
ISBN 13 : 0071640894
Total Pages : 434 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (716 download)

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Book Synopsis Synthetic Fuels Handbook by : James Speight

Download or read book Synthetic Fuels Handbook written by James Speight and published by McGraw Hill Professional. This book was released on 2008-06-22 with total page 434 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Capitalize on the Vast Potential of Alternative Energy Sources Such as Fuel Cells and Biofuels Synthetic Fuels Handbook is a comprehensive guide to the benefits and trade-offs of numerous alternative fuels, presenting expert analyses of the different properties, processes, and performance characteristics of each fuel. It discusses the concept systems and technology involved in the production of fuels on both industrial and individual scales. Written by internationally renowned fuels expert James G. Speight, this vital resource describes the production and properties of fuels from natural gas and natural gas hydrates...tar sand bitumen...coal...oil shale...synthesis gas...crops...wood sources...biomass...industrial and domestic waste...landfill gas...and much more. Using both U.S. and SI units, Synthetic Fuels Handbook features: Information on conventional and nonconventional fuel sources Discussion of the production of alternative fuels on both industrial and individual scales Analyses of properties and uses of gaseous, liquid, and solid fuels from different sources Comparison of properties of alternative fuels with petroleum-based fuels Discover All the Benefits and Trade-Offs of Synthetic Fuels • Fuel sources: conventional and nonconventional • Natural gas and natural gas hydrates • Petroleum and heavy oil • Tar sand bitumen • Coal • Oil shale • Synthesis gas • Crops • Wood sources • Biomass • Industrial and domestic waste • Landfill gas • Comparison of the properties and uses of gaseous fuels from different sources • Comparison of the properties and uses of liquid fuels from different sources • Comparison of the properties and uses of solid fuels from different sources

CO2: A Valuable Source of Carbon

Author : Marcello De De Falco
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1447151194
Total Pages : 202 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (471 download)

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Book Synopsis CO2: A Valuable Source of Carbon by : Marcello De De Falco

Download or read book CO2: A Valuable Source of Carbon written by Marcello De De Falco and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-07-30 with total page 202 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As the annual production of carbon Dioxide (CO2) reaches 30 billion tones, the growing issue of the greenhouse effect has triggered the development of technologies for CO2 sequestration, storage and use as a reactant. Collecting together the reports of the Congress at University of Rome (Campus Bio-medico) held 16th April 2012, CO2: A Valuable Source of Carbon presents and discusses promising technologies for the industrial exploitation of CO2. Divided into two parts, the current technology is evaluated and summarized before European and national projects are presented. The focus on CO2 recovery, particularly in value-added production, proposes applicable methods to develop sustainable practices and even to mitigate greenhouse gas emission from large-scale fossil fuels usage. Including current data and real-world examples, CO2: A valuable source of carbon provides students, engineers, researchers and industry professional with up-to-date material and potential areas for development and research.

Electrochemical Methods for Hydrogen Production

Author : Keith Scott
Publisher : Royal Society of Chemistry
ISBN 13 : 1788013786
Total Pages : 430 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (88 download)

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Book Synopsis Electrochemical Methods for Hydrogen Production by : Keith Scott

Download or read book Electrochemical Methods for Hydrogen Production written by Keith Scott and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2019-11-25 with total page 430 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Increased hydrogen supplies using cleaner methods are seen as essential for potential hydrogen based power systems for transportation and renewable energy conversion into fuel. This book provides a comprehensive picture of the various routes to use electricity to produce hydrogen using electrochemical science and technology. Edited by an expert in the field, this title will be of interest to graduate students and researchers in academia and industry working in energy, electrochemistry, physical chemistry and chemical engineering.