Hysteria Complicated By Ecstasy

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Hysteria Complicated by Ecstasy

Author : Jan Goldstein
Publisher : Princeton University Press
ISBN 13 : 140083371X
Total Pages : 260 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (8 download)

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Book Synopsis Hysteria Complicated by Ecstasy by : Jan Goldstein

Download or read book Hysteria Complicated by Ecstasy written by Jan Goldstein and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2011-10-31 with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A unique account of a peasant girl's mental illness in nineteenth-century France Hysteria Complicated by Ecstasy offers a rare window into the inner life of a person ordinarily inaccessible to historians: a semiliterate peasant girl who lived almost two centuries ago, in the aftermath of the French Revolution. Eighteen-year-old Nanette Leroux fell ill in 1822 with a variety of incapacitating nervous symptoms. Living near the spa at Aix-les-Bains, she became the charity patient of its medical director, Antoine Despine, who treated her with hydrotherapy and animal magnetism, as hypnosis was then called. Jan Goldstein translates, and provides a substantial introduction to, the previously unpublished manuscript recounting Nanette's strange illness—a manuscript coauthored by Despine and Alexandre Bertrand, the Paris physician who memorably diagnosed Nanette as suffering from "hysteria complicated by ecstasy." While hysteria would become a fashionable disease among urban women by the end of the nineteenth century, the case of Nanette Leroux differs sharply from this pattern in its early date and rural setting. Filled with intimate details about Nanette's behavior and extensive quotations of her utterances, the case is noteworthy for the sexual references that contemporaries did not recognize as such; for its focus on the difference between biological and social time; and for Nanette's fascination with the commodities available in the region's nascent marketplace. Goldstein's introduction brilliantly situates the text in its multiple contexts, examines it from the standpoint of early nineteenth-century medicine, and uses the insights of Foucault and Freud to craft a twenty-first-century interpretation. A compelling, multilayered account of one young woman's mental afflictions, Hysteria Complicated by Ecstasy is an extraordinary addition to the cultural and social history of psychiatry and medicine.

Hysteria Complicated by Ecstasy

Author : Jan Goldstein
Publisher : Princeton University Press
ISBN 13 : 0691152373
Total Pages : 258 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (911 download)

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Book Synopsis Hysteria Complicated by Ecstasy by : Jan Goldstein

Download or read book Hysteria Complicated by Ecstasy written by Jan Goldstein and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2011-11-20 with total page 258 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Hysteria Complicated by Ecstasy offers a rare window into the inner life of a person ordinarily inaccessible to historians: a semiliterate peasant girl who lived almost two centuries ago, in the aftermath of the French Revolution. Eighteen-year-old Nanette Leroux fell ill in 1822 with a variety of incapacitating nervous symptoms. Living near the spa at Aix-les-Bains, she became the charity patient of its medical director, Antoine Despine, who treated her with hydrotherapy and animal magnetism, as hypnosis was then called. Jan Goldstein translates, and provides a substantial introduction to, the previously unpublished manuscript recounting Nanette's strange illness--a manuscript coauthored by Despine and Alexandre Bertrand, the Paris physician who memorably diagnosed Nanette as suffering from "hysteria complicated by ecstasy." While hysteria would become a fashionable disease among urban women by the end of the nineteenth century, the case of Nanette Leroux differs sharply from this pattern in its early date and rural setting. Filled with intimate details about Nanette's behavior and extensive quotations of her utterances, the case is noteworthy for the sexual references that contemporaries did not recognize as such; for its focus on the difference between biological and social time; and for Nanette's fascination with the commodities available in the region's nascent marketplace. Goldstein's introduction brilliantly situates the text in its multiple contexts, examines it from the standpoint of early nineteenth-century medicine, and uses the insights of Foucault and Freud to craft a twenty-first-century interpretation. A compelling, multilayered account of one young woman's mental afflictions, Hysteria Complicated by Ecstasy is an extraordinary addition to the cultural and social history of psychiatry and medicine.

Storms in Her Head

Author : Muriel Dimen
Publisher : Other Press, LLC
ISBN 13 : 1635421489
Total Pages : 448 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (354 download)

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Book Synopsis Storms in Her Head by : Muriel Dimen

Download or read book Storms in Her Head written by Muriel Dimen and published by Other Press, LLC. This book was released on 2021-04-28 with total page 448 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A century after it was written, Breuer and Freudís Studies on Hysteria continues to challenge. In Storms in Her Head, many of todayís most renowned psychoanalysts and cultural theorists revisit the cases it contains, reflecting on how six suffering women continue to engage us with problems of theory and practice. Each author offers a major contribution to current psychoanalytic thinking about culture and its influence on the mind, the body and clinical process. Storms in Her Head offers an eclectic and lively set of opinions on Freud, his hysterical patients, and the psychoanalytic journey they began together.

Crisis of Authority

Author : Nancy Luxon
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1107434866
Total Pages : 379 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (74 download)

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Book Synopsis Crisis of Authority by : Nancy Luxon

Download or read book Crisis of Authority written by Nancy Luxon and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2013-09-23 with total page 379 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Contemporary social and political theory has reached an impasse about a problem that had once seemed straightforward: how can individuals make ethical judgments about power and politics? Crisis of Authority analyzes the practices that bind authority, trust and truthfulness in contemporary theory and politics. Drawing on newly available archival materials, Nancy Luxon locates two models for such practices in Sigmund Freud's writings on psychoanalytic technique and Michel Foucault's unpublished lectures on the ancient ethical practices of 'fearless speech', or parrhesia. Luxon argues that the dynamics provoked by the figures of psychoanalyst and truth-teller are central to this process. Her account offers a more supple understanding of the modern ethical subject and new insights into political authority and authorship.

Institutionalizing Gender

Author : Jessie Hewitt
Publisher : Cornell University Press
ISBN 13 : 1501753436
Total Pages : 235 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (17 download)

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Book Synopsis Institutionalizing Gender by : Jessie Hewitt

Download or read book Institutionalizing Gender written by Jessie Hewitt and published by Cornell University Press. This book was released on 2020-06-15 with total page 235 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Institutionalizing Gender analyzes the relationship between class, gender, and psychiatry in France from 1789 to 1900, an era noteworthy for the creation of the psychiatric profession, the development of a national asylum system, and the spread of bourgeois gender values. Asylum doctors in nineteenth-century France promoted the notion that manliness was synonymous with rationality, using this "fact" to pathologize non-normative behaviors and confine people who did not embody mainstream gender expectations to asylums. And yet, this gendering of rationality also had the power to upset prevailing dynamics between men and women. Jessie Hewitt argues that the ways that doctors used dominant gender values to find "cures" for madness inadvertently undermined both medical and masculine power—in large part because the performance of gender, as a pathway to health, had to be taught; it was not inherent. Institutionalizing Gender examines a series of controversies and clinical contexts where doctors' ideas about gender and class simultaneously legitimated authority and revealed unexpected opportunities for resistance. Thanks to generous funding from the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, through The Sustainable History Monograph Pilot, the ebook editions of this book are available as Open Access volumes from Cornell Open (cornellopen.org) and other repositories.

The Human Body in the Age of Catastrophe

Author : Stefanos Geroulanos
Publisher : University of Chicago Press
ISBN 13 : 022655662X
Total Pages : 432 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (265 download)

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Book Synopsis The Human Body in the Age of Catastrophe by : Stefanos Geroulanos

Download or read book The Human Body in the Age of Catastrophe written by Stefanos Geroulanos and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2018-08-13 with total page 432 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The injuries suffered by soldiers during WWI were as varied as they were brutal. How could the human body suffer and often absorb such disparate traumas? Why might the same wound lead one soldier to die but allow another to recover? In The Human Body in the Age of Catastrophe, Stefanos Geroulanos and Todd Meyers uncover a fascinating story of how medical scientists came to conceptualize the body as an integrated yet brittle whole. Responding to the harrowing experience of the Great War, the medical community sought conceptual frameworks to understand bodily shock, brain injury, and the vast differences in patient responses they occasioned. Geroulanos and Meyers carefully trace how this emerging constellation of ideas became essential for thinking about integration, individuality, fragility, and collapse far beyond medicine: in fields as diverse as anthropology, political economy, psychoanalysis, and cybernetics. Moving effortlessly between the history of medicine and intellectual history, The Human Body in the Age of Catastrophe is an intriguing look into the conceptual underpinnings of the world the Great War ushered in.

Dancing with Ophelia

Author : Jeanne Ellen Petrolle
Publisher : SUNY Press
ISBN 13 : 1438468784
Total Pages : 202 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (384 download)

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Book Synopsis Dancing with Ophelia by : Jeanne Ellen Petrolle

Download or read book Dancing with Ophelia written by Jeanne Ellen Petrolle and published by SUNY Press. This book was released on 2017-11-21 with total page 202 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A personal narrative that explores madness through the use of literature, art, and philosophy to achieve lasting mental health without drugs. Twenty-two years ago, I lost my mind. So begins Jeanne Ellen Petrolles fascinating personal narrative about her mental illness and recovery. Drawing on literature, art, and philosophy, Petrolle explores a unique understanding of madness that allowed her to achieve lasting mental health without using long-term psychiatric drugs. Traditionally, Western literature, art, and philosophy have portrayed madness through six concepts created from mythEscape into the Wild, Flight from a Scene of Terror, Visit to the Underworld, Dark Night of the Soul, Spiritual Passion, and Fire in the Mind. Rather than conceptualizing madness as illness, a mythopoetic concept assumes that madness contains symbolic meaning and offers valuable insight into human concerns like love, desire, sex, adventure, work, fate, spirituality, and God. Madness becomes an experience that unleashes extraordinary creativity by generating the spiritual insight that fuels artistic productivity and personal transformation. By weaving her personal experiences with the life stories and work of surrealist painter Leonora Carrington and modernist novelist Djuna Barnes, Petrolle shows how poetic thinking about severe mental distress can complement strategies for managing mental illness. This approach allowed her, and hopefully others, to produce better long-term treatment outcomes. This is an extraordinary book that combines meticulous literary scholarship with memoir. It bravely challenges us to reconsider and reframe mental illness, defined here as an ultimate adventure in selfhood that connects to beauty, creativity, and the sublime. As it traces how skepticism of prevailing attitudes and treatments can save lives, Dancing with Ophelia is also, at its root, a deeply spiritual book that grapples with love, courage, ambition, and the idea of God. Aviya Kushner, author of The Grammar of God: A Journey into the Words and Worlds of the Bible This book offers an interesting and engagingly written exploration of mental distress that draws on a range of literary and scholarly sources in combination with personal experience. It sits within the small, but growing, body of work that interweaves personal narrative with an academic analysis of illness or disruption. Deborah Bowman, coauthor of Informed Consent: A Primer for Clinical Practice

The Evangelical Counter-Enlightenment

Author : William R. Everdell
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030697622
Total Pages : 449 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (36 download)

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Book Synopsis The Evangelical Counter-Enlightenment by : William R. Everdell

Download or read book The Evangelical Counter-Enlightenment written by William R. Everdell and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-05-21 with total page 449 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This contribution to the global history of ideas uses biographical profiles of 18th-century contemporaries to find what Salafist and Sufi Islam, Evangelical Protestant and Jansenist Catholic Christianity, and Hasidic Judaism have in common. Such figures include Muḥammad Ibn abd al-Waḥhab, Count Nikolaus Zinzendorf, Jonathan Edwards, John Wesley, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and Israel Ba’al Shem Tov. The book is a unique and comprehensive study of the conflicted relationship between the “evangelical” movements in all three Abrahamic religions and the ideas of the Enlightenment and Counter-Enlightenment. Centered on the 18th century, the book reaches back to the third century for precedents and context, and forward to the 21st for the legacy of these movements. This text appeals to students and researchers in many fields, including Philosophy and Religion, their histories, and World History, while also appealing to the interested lay reader.

On Hysteria

Author : Sabine Arnaud
Publisher : University of Chicago Press
ISBN 13 : 022627568X
Total Pages : 364 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (262 download)

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Book Synopsis On Hysteria by : Sabine Arnaud

Download or read book On Hysteria written by Sabine Arnaud and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2015-10-14 with total page 364 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: These days, hysteria is known as a discredited diagnosis that was used to group and pathologize a wide range of conditions and behaviors in women. But for a long time, it was seen as a legitimate category of medical problem—and one that, originally, was applied to men as often as to women. In On Hysteria, Sabine Arnaud traces the creation and rise of hysteria, from its invention in the eighteenth century through nineteenth-century therapeutic practice. Hysteria took shape, she shows, as a predominantly aristocratic malady, only beginning to cross class boundaries (and be limited to women) during the French Revolution. Unlike most studies of the role and status of medicine and its categories in this period, On Hysteria focuses not on institutions but on narrative strategies and writing—the ways that texts in a wide range of genres helped to build knowledge through misinterpretation and recontextualized citation. Powerfully interdisciplinary, and offering access to rare historical material for the first time in English, On Hysteria will speak to scholars in a wide range of fields, including the history of science, French studies, and comparative literature.

Measuring difference, numbering normal

Author : Coreen McGuire
Publisher : Manchester University Press
ISBN 13 : 1526143186
Total Pages : 327 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (261 download)

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Book Synopsis Measuring difference, numbering normal by : Coreen McGuire

Download or read book Measuring difference, numbering normal written by Coreen McGuire and published by Manchester University Press. This book was released on 2020-08-11 with total page 327 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This electronic version has been made available under a Creative Commons (BY) open access license. This book is available as an open access ebook under a CC-BY licence. Measurements, and their manipulation, have been underestimated as crucial historical forces motivating and guiding the way we think about disability. Using measurement technology as a lens, and examining in particular the measurement of hearing and breathing, this book draws together several existing discussions on disability, phenomenology, healthcare, medical practice, big data, embodiment, and emerging medical and scientific technologies around the turn of the twentieth century. These are popular topics of scholarly attention but have not, until now, been considered as interconnected topics within a single book. As such, this work connects several important, and usually separate academic subject areas and historical specialisms. The standards embedded in instrumentation created strict, but, ultimately arbitrary thresholds of what is categorised as normal and abnormal. Considering these standards from a long historical perspective reveals how these dividing lines shifted when pushed.

What Nostalgia Was

Author : Thomas Dodman
Publisher : University of Chicago Press
ISBN 13 : 022649294X
Total Pages : 288 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (264 download)

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Book Synopsis What Nostalgia Was by : Thomas Dodman

Download or read book What Nostalgia Was written by Thomas Dodman and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2018-01-05 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In What Nostalgia Was, historian Thomas Dodman traces the history of clinical "nostalgia" from when it was first coined in 1688 to describe deadly homesickness until the late nineteenth century, when it morphed into the benign yearning for a lost past we are all familiar with today. Dodman explores how people, both doctors and sufferers, understood nostalgia in late seventeenth-century Swiss cantons (where the first cases were reported) to the Napoleonic wars and to the French colonization of North Africa in the latter 1800s. A work of transnational scope over the longue duree, the book is an intellectual biography of a "transient mental illness" that was successively reframed according to prevailing notions of medicine, romanticism, and climatic and racial determinism. At the same time, Dodman adopts an ethnographic sensitivity to understand the everyday experience of living with nostalgia. In so doing, he explains why nostalgia was such a compelling diagnosis for war neuroses and generalized socioemotional disembeddedness at the dawn of the capitalist era and how it can be understood as a powerful bellwether of the psychological effects of living in the modern age.

The Hysteric

Author : Eleanor Bowen
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1000862453
Total Pages : 195 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (8 download)

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Book Synopsis The Hysteric by : Eleanor Bowen

Download or read book The Hysteric written by Eleanor Bowen and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2023-04-01 with total page 195 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Examining historical, clinical and artistic material, in both written and visual form, this book traces the figure of the contemporary hysteric as she rebels against the impossible demands made upon her. Exploring five traits that commonly characterise the hysteric as an archetype – a specific body, mimetic abilities, a shroud of mystery, a propensity to disappear and a particular relationship to voice – the authors shed light on what it means to be hysterical, as a form of rebellion and resistance. This is important reading for scholars of sociology, gender studies, cultural studies and visual studies with interests in psychoanalysis, art and the characterisation of mental illness.

The Man Who Crucified Himself

Author : Maria Böhmer
Publisher : BRILL
ISBN 13 : 9004353607
Total Pages : 313 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (43 download)

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Book Synopsis The Man Who Crucified Himself by : Maria Böhmer

Download or read book The Man Who Crucified Himself written by Maria Böhmer and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2018-11-01 with total page 313 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Man Who Crucified Himself is the story of Mattio Lovat’s self-crucifixion in Venice in 1805. It shows how the narrative of this sensational medical case was popularised in nineteenth-century Europe and appropriated by readers in debates on madness, suicide and religion.

Body and Tradition in Nineteenth-Century France

Author : William G. Pooley
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0192586718
Total Pages : 208 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (925 download)

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Book Synopsis Body and Tradition in Nineteenth-Century France by : William G. Pooley

Download or read book Body and Tradition in Nineteenth-Century France written by William G. Pooley and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2019-12-05 with total page 208 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The moorlands of Gascony are often considered one of the most dramatic examples of top-down rural modernization in nineteenth-century Europe. From an area of open moors, they were transformed in one generation into the largest man-made forest in Europe. Body and Tradition in Nineteenth-Century France explores how these changes were experienced and negotiated by the people who lived there, drawing on the immense ethnographic archive of Félix Arnaudin (1844-1921). The study places the songs, stories, and everyday speech that Arnaudin collected, as well as the photographs he took, in the everyday lives of agricultural workers and artisans. It argues that the changes are were understood as a gradual revolution in bodily experiences, as men and women forged new working habits, new sexual relations, and new ways of conceiving of their own bodies. Rather than merely presenting a story of top-down reform, this is an account of the flexibility and creativity of the cultural traditions of the working population. William G. Pooley tells the story of the folklorist Arnaudin and the men and women whose cultural traditions he recorded, then uncovers the work carried out by Arnaudin to explore everyday speech about the body, stories of werewolves and shapeshifters, tales of animal cunning and exploitation, and songs about love and courtship. The volume focuses on the lives of a handful of the most talented storytellers and singers Arnaudin encountered, showing how their cultural choices reflect wider patterns of behaviour in the region, and across rural Europe.

Technology in Irish Literature and Culture

Author : Margaret Kelleher
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1009192450
Total Pages : 637 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Technology in Irish Literature and Culture by : Margaret Kelleher

Download or read book Technology in Irish Literature and Culture written by Margaret Kelleher and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2022-12-31 with total page 637 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Technology in Irish Literature and Culture shows how such significant technologies—typewriters, gramophones, print, radio, television, computers—have influenced Irish literary practices and cultural production, while also examining how technology has been embraced as a theme in Irish writing. Once a largely rural and agrarian society, contemporary Ireland has embraced the communicative, performative and consumptive habits of a culture utterly reliant on the digital. This text plumbs the origins of the present moment, examining the longer history of literature's interactions with the technological and exploring how the transformative capacity of modern technology has been mediated throughout a diverse national canon. Comprising essays from some of the major figures of Irish literary and cultural studies, this volume offers a wide-ranging, comprehensive account of how Irish literature and culture have interacted with technology.

Sigmund Freud and his Patient Margarethe Csonka

Author : Michal Shapira
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1000954242
Total Pages : 127 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (9 download)

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Book Synopsis Sigmund Freud and his Patient Margarethe Csonka by : Michal Shapira

Download or read book Sigmund Freud and his Patient Margarethe Csonka written by Michal Shapira and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2023-11-27 with total page 127 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a historical analysis of one of Sigmund Freud’s least-studied cases, published in 1920 as The Psychogenesis of a Case of Homosexuality in a Woman. Scholars of sexuality often focus on Freud’s writings on male homosexuality, disregarding his views on homosexual women. This book serves as a corrective, renewing and reinvigorating interest in Freud, and demonstrating that his views on sexuality are as relevant today as ever. Part I introduces the case and explores Freud’s attitudes towards lesbianism, radical among his medical colleagues in the early twentieth century. It also puts Margarethe Csonka, the patient, at its centre. Michal Shapira considers Freud’s only treatment of a "female homosexual" and assesses Csonka’s background life before and after the encounter. Part II expands the case beyond the scientific-medical purview of the times and looks at the new opportunities afforded to women and assimilated Jews through growing equality and the modernization of urban life in 1920s Vienna. This book places Csonka’s case within the broader context of medical and psychological texts, Freud’s own writings, Jewish and queer history, and modern Vienna’s urban and art history. Sigmund Freud and his Patient Margarethe Csonka will be of great interest to psychoanalysts in practice and in training, and to readers interested in the history of gender and sexuality, feminism, modern European and urban history, the history of psychoanalysis, science and medicine, and the history of ideas.

Archaeology of the Unconscious

Author : Alessandra Aloisi
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1000113558
Total Pages : 325 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (1 download)

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Book Synopsis Archaeology of the Unconscious by : Alessandra Aloisi

Download or read book Archaeology of the Unconscious written by Alessandra Aloisi and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2019-07-10 with total page 325 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In reconstructing the birth and development of the notion of ‘unconscious’, historians of ideas have heavily relied on the Freudian concept of Unbewussten, retroactively projecting the psychoanalytic unconscious over a constellation of diverse cultural experiences taking place in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries between France and Germany. Archaeology of the Unconscious aims to challenge this perspective by adopting an unusual and thought-provoking viewpoint as the one offered by the Italian case from the 1770s to the immediate aftermath of WWI, when Italo Svevo’s La coscienza di Zeno provides Italy with the first example of a ‘psychoanalytic novel’. Italy’s vibrant culture of the long nineteenth century, characterised by the sedimentation, circulation, intersection, and synergy of different cultural, philosophical, and literary traditions, proves itself to be a privileged object of inquiry for an archaeological study of the unconscious; a study whose object is not the alleged ‘origin’ of a pre-made theoretical construct, but rather the stratifications by which that specific construct was assembled. In line with Michel Foucault’s Archéologie du savoir (1969), this volume will analyze the formation and the circulation, across different authors and texts, of a network of ideas and discourses on interconnected themes, including dreams, memory, recollection, desire, imagination, fantasy, madness, creativity, inspiration, magnetism, and somnambulism. Alongside questioning pre-given narratives of the ‘history of the unconscious’, this book will employ the Italian ‘difference’ as a powerful perspective from whence to address the undeveloped potentialities of the pre-Freudian unconscious, beyond uniquely psychoanalytical viewpoints.