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Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 8 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (656 download)
Download or read book Diamonds and Toads written by and published by . This book was released on 1900 with total page 8 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Susan Amy Garner
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 556 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (182 download)
Download or read book Hydrogen-mediated Carbon-carbon Bond Formations written by Susan Amy Garner and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 556 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Hydrogen gas is the cleanest and most cost-effective reductant available to mankind, and the use of hydrogen gas in catalytic hydrogenation reactions is one of the oldest and most utilized organic reactions. Although catalytic hydrogenation has been practiced in industry on enormous scale, the use of hydrogen gas as a terminal reductant in C-C bond forming reactions has been limited to processes involving the migratory insertion of carbon monoxide such as: alkene hydroformylation and the Fischer-Tropsch reaction. A significant advance to the field of synthetic organic chemistry would be the expansion of C-C bond forming reactions beyond reductive coupling via carbon monoxide insertion. Herein, related metal catalyzed reductive couplings to [alpha], [beta]-unsaturated compounds in the presence of reducing agents such as: silane, borane, and hydrogen are reviewed. The following chapters discuss the development of hydrogen-mediated reductive aldol and Mannich reactions. The results from this body of work clearly demonstrate that hydrogen-mediated C-C bond forming reactions are emerging as a powerful tool for synthetic chemists.
Author : Wai Wing Chan
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 548 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (881 download)
Download or read book Catalytic Carbon-hydrogen Bond Cross Coupling Reactions for Carbon-carbon Bond Formations written by Wai Wing Chan and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 548 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : G. Pattenden
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 008091246X
Total Pages : 1209 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (89 download)
Download or read book Carbon-Carbon ?-Bond Formation written by G. Pattenden and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 1992-09-08 with total page 1209 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Volume 3 covers carbon-to-carbon single bond forming reactions involving sp3, sp2 and sp carbon centers, but only those which do not involve additions to C-X &pgr;-bonds. The volume first compares and contrasts the alkylation reactions of all types of sp3 carbon nucleophiles and also covers vinyl and alkynyl carbanions. Following on from Volume 2, a separate section covers Friedel-Crafts alkylation reactions, which is complemented by discussions of polyene cyclizations and electrophilic transannular cyclizations in synthesis. Coupling reactions leading to &agr;-bond formation, and involving all types of combinations ofsp3, sp2 and sp carbon centers are next covered, including those reactions based on pinacol, acyloin and phenol oxidative coupling reactions, and also the Kolbe reaction. Rearrangement reactions, leading to carbon-to-carbon &agr;-bond formation, are often used in a clever manner in synthesis. The volume includes all those rearrangement reactions based on intermediate carbonium ions and carbanions, and also includes the benzil-benzilic acid and the Wolff rearrangements. The volume closes with coverage of carbonylation reactions, and the use of carbene insertion reactions into the C-H bond in synthesis.
Author : Jongrock Kong
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 764 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (174 download)
Download or read book Rh-catalyzed Reductive Coupling Under Hydrogenation Conditions and Nucleophilic Catalysis Via Phosphine Conjugate Addition written by Jongrock Kong and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 764 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: At the threshold of the 21st centry, a new set of challenges is defined by the need to develop sustainable means of preparing chemical commodities demanded by society. Hence, such concepts as atom economy, step economy, and 'green chemistry' have become the requirements for the development of synthetic reactions. Hydrogenation is one of the most powerful catalytic methods which successfully satisfy the stated requirements of modern chemistry. Accordingly, catalytic hydrogenation has been tremendously utilized in industrial settings. The profound impact of hydrogenation portended a powerful approach to reductive carbon-carbon bond formation under hydrogenation conditions, resulting in the discovery of the Fischer-Tropsch process and hydroformylation. However, since this discovery, processes have restricted to the incorporation of a single carbon monoxide unit. Even though there are a few seminal contributions, systematic efforts toward the development of hydrogen-mediated carboncarbon bond forming processes beyond hydroformylation have been absent from the literature. In an exciting advance, the Krische group has shown that it is possible to reductively couple two or more organic molecules simply through their exposure to gaseous hydrogen in the presence of a metal catalyst. This finding has led to the development of a broad, new family of hydrogen-mediated C-C bond formation. Herein, related to hydrogen-mediated C-C bond formation, the overview of metal catalyzed intermolecular reductive coupling in the presence of reducing agents such as borane, silane, alane, metal, and hydrogen is presented. Chapter 2 describes systematic approaches to the development of hydrogen-mediated C-C bond formation and successful preliminary results achieved by our research group. Chapters 3 and 4 will describe the further extension of these hydrogen-mediated C-C bond formations including (1) hydrogen-mediated reductive couplings of conjugated alkynes with iminoacetates, (2) hydrogen-mediated reductive couplings of 1,3-enynes with [alpha]-ketoesters, and (3) hydrogen-mediated multicomponent reductive couplings. The development of catalytic systems for the nucleophilic activation of enones using phosphine catalysts has received attractive attention. Recently, an intramolecular variant of the Rauhut-Currier reaction was developed in our lab. To further extend nucleophilic phosphine catalysis, we have sought to develop new catalytic methodology via phosphine conjugate addition. Chapter 5 describes two new methodologies related to their area: (1) catalytic cycloallylation via nucleophilic phosphine catalysis and (2) allylic amination of Morita-Baylis-Hillman acetates.
Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 123 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (911 download)
Download or read book Catalytic Hydrogen-hydrogen and Carbon-carbon Bond Formation written by and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 123 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Activation of Carbon-Hydrogen Bonds Mediated by Ru(II) Complexes written by and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The RuII complex TpRu(CO)(NCMe)Me (Tp = hydridotris(pyrazolyl)borate) initiates carbon-hydrogen bond activation at the 2-position of furan and thiophene to produce methane and TpRu(CO)(NCMe)Ar (Ar = 2-furyl or 2-thienyl). Solid-state structures have been determined for TpRu(CO)(NCMe)(2-thienyl) and [TpRu(CO)(m-C, S-thienyl)]2. The complex TpRu(CO)(NCMe)(2-furyl) serves as a catalyst for the formation of 2-ethylfuran from ethylene and furan. Similar catalytic reactivity was observed with TpRu(CO)(NCMe)(2-thienyl) for the production of 2-ethylthiophene. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations of the C-H activation of furan by {(TAB)Ru(CO)Me} (TAB = tris(azo)borate) indicate that the C-H activation sequence does not proceed through a RuIV oxidative addition intermediate. The reaction of TpRu(CO)(NCMe)Me and pyrrole forms TpRu(CO){k 2-N, N-(H)N=C(Me)(NC4H3)}. The formation of complex TpRu(CO){k2-N, N-(H)N=C(Me)(NC4H3)} involves the cleavage of the N-H bond and 2-position C-H bond of pyrrole as well as a C-C bond forming step between pyrrole and the acetonitrile ligand of {TpRu(CO)(NCMe)}. Mechanistic studies indicate that the most likely reaction pathway involves initial metal-mediated N-H activation of pyrrole to produce TpRu(CO)(NCMe)(N-pyrrolyl) followed by C-C bond formation and proton transfer. Complex TpRu(CO)(NCMe)(N-pyrrolyl) has been independently prepared. At elevated temperatures, TpRu(CO)(NCMe)(N-pyrrolyl) converts to TpRu(CO){k2-N, N-(H)N=C(Me)(NC4H3)}. Single crystal X-ray analysis has been achieved for TpRu(CO)(NCMe)(N-pyrrolyl), [TpRu(CO)(NCMe)(h1-O-OC4H8) and TpRu(CO){k2-N, N-(H)N=C(Me)(NC4H3)}. Computational studies support the suggested selectivity for initial N-H bond cleavage in preference to C-H bond activation. Rational design for a more electron-poor hydroarylation catalyst was discussed. Synthesis of Mp (Mp = tris(pyrazolyl)methane) complexes of the type [MpRu(PPh3)(CO)H]BAr'4, [MpRu(PPh3)(CO)Cl]BAr'4].
Author : Timothy Patrick Montgomery
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 1092 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (919 download)
Download or read book Transition Metal-catalyzed Carbon-carbon Bond Formation Utilizing Transfer Hydrogenation written by Timothy Patrick Montgomery and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 1092 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A central tenant of organic synthesis is the construction of carbon-carbon bonds. One of the traditional methods for carrying out such transformations is that of carbonyl addition. Unfortunately, traditional carbonyl addition chemistry suffers various drawbacks: preactivation, moisture sensitivity, and the generation of stoichiometric organometallic waste. The research presented in this dissertation focuses on the development of methods that make use of nucleophile-electrophile pairs generated in situ via transfer hydrogenation, which allow the formation of carbonyl or imine addition products from the alcohol or amine oxidation level; streamlining the construction of complex molecules from simple, readily available starting materials. Additionally, studies toward the total synthesis of the fibrinogen receptor inhibitor tetrafibricin, utilizing the methods developed in catalytic carbon-carbon bond formation through the addition, transfer or removal of hydrogen, are presented.
Author : Nam Van Hoai Truong
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 185 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (133 download)
Download or read book Boron-mediated Methodologies for Carbon-oxygen, Carbon-hydrogen Bond Breaking and Carbon-nitrogen, Carbon-carbon Bond Formation written by Nam Van Hoai Truong and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 185 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Boron Lewis acids are a class of reagent that has been widely studied and utilized in organic chemistry for over sixty years. The popularity of these reagents comes from their diverse reactivity, functional group tolerance, and non-toxic nature. For these reasons, the continued development of chemistries involving boron reagents still receives much attention. This thesis examines the development of new methodologies for the functionalization of organic molecules based on boron reagents. Chapter 1 briefly describes general methodologies to synthesize azide compounds. Later, the mechanisms of photochemical decomposition of various azides will be discussed. Borontribromide-mediated dissociation of carbon-oxygen bonds has been extensively used to cleave aryl ethers. However, the regioselectivity is low when applying this method to unsymmetrical dialkyl ethers. The second chapter of this thesis describes the cleavage of unsymmetrical dialkyl ethers employing mixed boron trihalides. The selectivity profile of this new methodology is evaluated on various ether substrates, including benzyl, allyl, and propargyl ethers. Nitrenes are a high energy, reactive specie generated from thermolysis or photolysis of an azide precursor. Recently, it has been demonstrated that boryl nitrenes can insert into C−H bonds of unreactive substrates such as alkanes. The third chapter describes a one-pot three-step procedure to generate amino alcohols from simple or complex alcohols utilizing a boryl azide precursor. Using mixed boron halides, as described in chapter 2, many dialkoxyboryl chlorides were prepared and subsequently converted to the dialkoxyboryl azide. Chapter 3 describes the investigation of the photochemical decomposition of these azides. The Suzuki-Miyaura reaction is a versatile and powerful synthetic method to construct C−C bonds using aryl boronic acids. However, the application of this method in modification of biomolecule substrates is limited due to the instability of many biological molecules such as proteins in the presence of bases and high temperature. Chapter 4 will discuss the synthesis of new N-heterocyclic carbenes ligands to facilitate the Suzuki cross-coupling reaction in aqueous media in the absence of bases and elevated temperature.
Author : Michael J. Krische
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3540728783
Total Pages : 272 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (47 download)
Download or read book Metal Catalyzed Reductive C-C Bond Formation written by Michael J. Krische and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-07-20 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: TheprototypicalcatalyticreductiveC-Cbondformations,theFischer-Tropsch reaction [1] and alkene hydroformylation [2], were discovered in 1922 and 1938, respectively [3,4]. These processes, which involve reductive coupling to carbon monoxide, have long been applied to the industrial manufacture of commodity chemicals [5]. Notably, alkene hydroformylation, also known as the oxo-synthesis, has emerged as the largest volume application of homo- neous metal catalysis, accounting for the production of over 7 million metric tons of aldehyde annually. Despite the impact of these prototypical reductive C-C bond formations, this ?eld of research lay fallow for several decades. Eventually, the increased availability of mild terminal reductants, in part- ular silanes, led to a renaissance in the area of catalytic reductive C-C bond formation.Forexample,the'rstcatalyticreductiveC-Ccouplingsbeyond- droformylation, which involve the hydrosilylative dimerization of conjugated dienes [6-12], appeared in 1969 - approximately 16 years after the ?rst - ported metal-catalyzed alkene hydrosilylation [13]. Following these seminal studies, the ?eld of catalytic reductive C-C bond formation underwent exp- sivegrowth,culminatingintheemergenceofanevergrowingbodyofresearch encompassing a powerful set of transformations. To our knowledge, no thematic volumes devoted solely to metal-catalyzed reductive C-C bond formationhave been assembled. For the ?rst time, in this issue of Topics in Current Chemistry,wepresent acompilation ofmonographs from several leaders in this burgeoning area of research. This collection of reviews serves to capture the diversity of catalytic reductive C-C couplings presently available and, in turn, the remarkable range of reactivity embodied by such transformations. There is no indication that this ?eld has reached its zenithanditisthehopeofthepresentauthorthatthisvolumewillfuelfurther progress.
Author : Robert L. Augustine
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 9780824767877
Total Pages : 480 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (678 download)
Download or read book Carbon-carbon Bond Formation written by Robert L. Augustine and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 1979-04-01 with total page 480 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Brannon Sam
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 1026 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (919 download)
Download or read book Transition Metal Catalyzed Regioselective Carbon-carbon Bond Formation Mediated by Transfer Hydrogenation written by Brannon Sam and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 1026 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Kurt Faber
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3642974236
Total Pages : 329 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (429 download)
Download or read book Biotransformations in Organic Chemistry written by Kurt Faber and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 329 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The use of natural catalysts - enzymes - for the transformation of non-natural is not at all new: they have been used for more man-made organic compounds than one hundred years, employed either as whole cells, cell organelles or isolated enzymes [1]. Certainly, the object of most of the early research was totally different from that of the present day. Thus the elucidation of biochemical pathways and enzyme mechanisms was in the foreground of the reasearch some decades ago. It was mainly during the 1980s that the enormous potential of applying natural catalysts to transform non-natural organic compounds was recognized. What started as a trend in the late 1970s could almost be called a fashion in synthetic organic chemistry in the 1990s. Although the early euphoria during the 'gold rush' in this field seems to have eased somewhat, there is still no limit to be seen for the future development of such methods. As a result of this extensive, recent research, there have been an estimated 5000 papers published on the subject [2]. To collate these data as a kind of 'super-review' would clearly be an impossible task and, furthermore, such a hypothetical book would be unpalatable for the non-expert.
Author : Aiwen Lei
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 3527681019
Total Pages : 240 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (276 download)
Download or read book Oxidative Cross-Coupling Reactions written by Aiwen Lei and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2016-08-12 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first handbook on this emerging field provides a comprehensive overview of transition metal-catalyzed coupling reactions in the presence of an oxidant. Following an introduction to the general concept and mechanism of this reaction class, the team of authors presents chapters on C-C cross-coupling reactions using organometallic partners, C-Heteroatom bond forming reactions via oxidative couplings, and C-H couplings via C-H activation. The text also covers such groundbreaking topics as recent achievements in the fields of C-C and C-X bond formation reactions as well as C-H activation involving oxidative couplings. With its novel and concise approach towards important building blocks in organic chemistry and its focus on synthetic applications, this handbook is of great interest to all synthetic chemists in academia and industry alike.
Author : Hongwang Wang
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (74 download)
Download or read book Meeting the Challenges written by Hongwang Wang and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: My thesis is divided into two parts. The first part is focused on studies of N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) palladium(IV) intermediates, which are involved in oxidative addition mediated C-C, and C-O bond formation processes as well as in C-Cl bond forming reactions via a reductive elimination process. Bis-NHC-Pd(II) complexes have been reported as effective catalysts to mediate direct conversion of methane into methanol. However, a H-D exchange study revealed that the bis-NHC-Pd(II) complexes are not the active species responsible for the C-H bond activation reaction. This unexpected result implies that the high oxidation state bis- NHC-Pd(IV) species may be the real catalyst! The oxidative addition of methyl iodide to the bis- NHC-Pd(II)-Me2 complex led to the successful observation of the formation of a transient trimethyl bis-NHC-Pd(IV) intermediate by both 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR spectroscopy. Different oxidants such as O2, PhI(OAc)2, PhI(OTFA)2 and Cl2 reacted with the bis-NHC-Pd(II)-Me2 complex, and competitive C-C and C-O bond formations, as well as C-C and C-Cl bond formations were observed. Dioxygen triggered C-C bond formation under dry condition and both C-C and C-O bond formation in the presence of H2O gave strong indications that the bis-NHCPd(II)-Me2 complex can be oxidized to a bis-NHC-Pd(IV) intermediate by dioxygen. The reaction between the hypervalent iodine regents PhI(OAc)2 and PhI(OTFA)2 and the bis-NHCPd(II)-Me2 complex gave only reductive elimination products. Therefore, this system can act as a model system, which is able to providing valuable information of the product forming (functionalization) step of the C-H bond activation system. The reaction between chlorine and the bis-NHC-Pd(II)-Me2 complex resulted in a relatively stable bis-NHC-Pd(IV)-Cl4 complex, which was characterized by 1H-NMR spectroscopy and mass spectroscopy. The structure of bis- NHC-Pd(IV)-Cl4 was unambiguously established by X-ray crystallography. The second part of this thesis describes the synthesis of functionalized bimagnetic core/shell iron/iron oxide nanoparticles for the treatment of cancer. Biocompatible dopamineoligoethylene glycol functionalized bimagnetic core/shell Fe/Fe3O4 nanoparticles were prepared via ligand exchange, and purified by repeated dispersion/magneto-precipitation cycles. A porphyrin (TCPP) has been tethered to the stealth nanoparticles to enhance their uptake by tumor cells and (neural) stem cells. The stealth nanoparticles have been delivered in a mouse model to tumor sites intravenously by using the EPR (enhanced permeation and retention) effect. Magnetic hyperthermia proved to be very effective against B16-F10 mouse melanomas in Charles River black mice. After hyperthermia, the nanoparticles have shown a significant effect on the growth of tumor (up to 78% growth inhibition).
Author : Jun-Ichi Yoshida
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 352734487X
Total Pages : 260 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (273 download)
Download or read book Organic Redox Chemistry written by Jun-Ichi Yoshida and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2022-03-07 with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Organic Redox Chemistry Explore the most recent advancements and synthesis applications in redox chemistry Redox chemistry has emerged as a crucial research topic in synthetic method development. In Organic Redox Chemistry: Chemical, Photochemical and Electrochemical Syntheses, some key researchers in this field, including editors Dr. Frédéric W. Patureau and the late Dr. Jun-Ichi Yoshida, deliver an insightful exploration of this rapidly developing topic. This book highlights electron transfer processes in synthesis by using different techniques to initiate them, allowing for a multi-directional perspective in organic redox chemistry. Covering a wide array of the important and recent developments in the field, Organic Redox Chemistry will earn a place in the libraries of chemists seeking a one-stop resource that compares chemical, photochemical, and electrochemical methods in organic synthesis.
Author : Paul Fredrich Seidler
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 384 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (29 download)
Download or read book Transition-metal Mediated Formation and Cleavage of Carbon-hydrogen Bonds written by Paul Fredrich Seidler and published by . This book was released on 1985 with total page 384 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
