High-dimensional Microarray Data Analysis

Download High-dimensional Microarray Data Analysis PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9811359989
Total Pages : 419 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (113 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis High-dimensional Microarray Data Analysis by : Shuichi Shinmura

Download or read book High-dimensional Microarray Data Analysis written by Shuichi Shinmura and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-05-14 with total page 419 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book shows how to decompose high-dimensional microarrays into small subspaces (Small Matryoshkas, SMs), statistically analyze them, and perform cancer gene diagnosis. The information is useful for genetic experts, anyone who analyzes genetic data, and students to use as practical textbooks. Discriminant analysis is the best approach for microarray consisting of normal and cancer classes. Microarrays are linearly separable data (LSD, Fact 3). However, because most linear discriminant function (LDF) cannot discriminate LSD theoretically and error rates are high, no one had discovered Fact 3 until now. Hard-margin SVM (H-SVM) and Revised IP-OLDF (RIP) can find Fact3 easily. LSD has the Matryoshka structure and is easily decomposed into many SMs (Fact 4). Because all SMs are small samples and LSD, statistical methods analyze SMs easily. However, useful results cannot be obtained. On the other hand, H-SVM and RIP can discriminate two classes in SM entirely. RatioSV is the ratio of SV distance and discriminant range. The maximum RatioSVs of six microarrays is over 11.67%. This fact shows that SV separates two classes by window width (11.67%). Such easy discrimination has been unresolved since 1970. The reason is revealed by facts presented here, so this book can be read and enjoyed like a mystery novel. Many studies point out that it is difficult to separate signal and noise in a high-dimensional gene space. However, the definition of the signal is not clear. Convincing evidence is presented that LSD is a signal. Statistical analysis of the genes contained in the SM cannot provide useful information, but it shows that the discriminant score (DS) discriminated by RIP or H-SVM is easily LSD. For example, the Alon microarray has 2,000 genes which can be divided into 66 SMs. If 66 DSs are used as variables, the result is a 66-dimensional data. These signal data can be analyzed to find malignancy indicators by principal component analysis and cluster analysis.

Exploration and Analysis of DNA Microarray and Other High-Dimensional Data

Download Exploration and Analysis of DNA Microarray and Other High-Dimensional Data PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 111836452X
Total Pages : 320 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (183 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Exploration and Analysis of DNA Microarray and Other High-Dimensional Data by : Dhammika Amaratunga

Download or read book Exploration and Analysis of DNA Microarray and Other High-Dimensional Data written by Dhammika Amaratunga and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2014-01-27 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Praise for the First Edition “...extremely well written...a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of this important field.” – Journal of Environmental Quality Exploration and Analysis of DNA Microarray and Other High-Dimensional Data, Second Edition provides comprehensive coverage of recent advancements in microarray data analysis. A cutting-edge guide, the Second Edition demonstrates various methodologies for analyzing data in biomedical research and offers an overview of the modern techniques used in microarray technology to study patterns of gene activity. The new edition answers the need for an efficient outline of all phases of this revolutionary analytical technique, from preprocessing to the analysis stage. Utilizing research and experience from highly-qualified authors in fields of data analysis, Exploration and Analysis of DNA Microarray and Other High-Dimensional Data, Second Edition features: A new chapter on the interpretation of findings that includes a discussion of signatures and material on gene set analysis, including network analysis New topics of coverage including ABC clustering, biclustering, partial least squares, penalized methods, ensemble methods, and enriched ensemble methods Updated exercises to deepen knowledge of the presented material and provide readers with resources for further study The book is an ideal reference for scientists in biomedical and genomics research fields who analyze DNA microarrays and protein array data, as well as statisticians and bioinformatics practitioners. Exploration and Analysis of DNA Microarray and Other High-Dimensional Data, Second Edition is also a useful text for graduate-level courses on statistics, computational biology, and bioinformatics.

High-Dimensional Data Analysis in Cancer Research

Download High-Dimensional Data Analysis in Cancer Research PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 0387697659
Total Pages : 164 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (876 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis High-Dimensional Data Analysis in Cancer Research by : Xiaochun Li

Download or read book High-Dimensional Data Analysis in Cancer Research written by Xiaochun Li and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-12-19 with total page 164 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Multivariate analysis is a mainstay of statistical tools in the analysis of biomedical data. It concerns with associating data matrices of n rows by p columns, with rows representing samples (or patients) and columns attributes of samples, to some response variables, e.g., patients outcome. Classically, the sample size n is much larger than p, the number of variables. The properties of statistical models have been mostly discussed under the assumption of fixed p and infinite n. The advance of biological sciences and technologies has revolutionized the process of investigations of cancer. The biomedical data collection has become more automatic and more extensive. We are in the era of p as a large fraction of n, and even much larger than n. Take proteomics as an example. Although proteomic techniques have been researched and developed for many decades to identify proteins or peptides uniquely associated with a given disease state, until recently this has been mostly a laborious process, carried out one protein at a time. The advent of high throughput proteome-wide technologies such as liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy make it possible to generate proteomic signatures that facilitate rapid development of new strategies for proteomics-based detection of disease. This poses new challenges and calls for scalable solutions to the analysis of such high dimensional data. In this volume, we will present the systematic and analytical approaches and strategies from both biostatistics and bioinformatics to the analysis of correlated and high-dimensional data.

Advanced Analysis Of Gene Expression Microarray Data

Download Advanced Analysis Of Gene Expression Microarray Data PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : World Scientific Publishing Company
ISBN 13 : 9813106646
Total Pages : 356 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (131 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Advanced Analysis Of Gene Expression Microarray Data by : Aidong Zhang

Download or read book Advanced Analysis Of Gene Expression Microarray Data written by Aidong Zhang and published by World Scientific Publishing Company. This book was released on 2006-06-27 with total page 356 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book focuses on the development and application of the latest advanced data mining, machine learning, and visualization techniques for the identification of interesting, significant, and novel patterns in gene expression microarray data.Biomedical researchers will find this book invaluable for learning the cutting-edge methods for analyzing gene expression microarray data. Specifically, the coverage includes the following state-of-the-art methods:• Gene-based analysis: the latest novel clustering algorithms to identify co-expressed genes and coherent patterns in gene expression microarray data sets• Sample-based analysis: supervised and unsupervised methods for the reduction of the gene dimensionality to select significant genes. A series of approaches to disease classification and discovery are also described• Pattern-based analysis: methods for ascertaining the relationship between (subsets of) genes and (subsets of) samples. Various novel pattern-based clustering algorithms to find the coherent patterns embedded in the sub-attribute spaces are discussed• Visualization tools: various methods for gene expression data visualization. The visualization process is intended to transform the gene expression data set from high-dimensional space into a more easily understood two- or three-dimensional space.

Statistical Analysis of Gene Expression Microarray Data

Download Statistical Analysis of Gene Expression Microarray Data PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 0203011236
Total Pages : 237 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (3 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Statistical Analysis of Gene Expression Microarray Data by : Terry Speed

Download or read book Statistical Analysis of Gene Expression Microarray Data written by Terry Speed and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2003-03-26 with total page 237 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Although less than a decade old, the field of microarray data analysis is now thriving and growing at a remarkable pace. Biologists, geneticists, and computer scientists as well as statisticians all need an accessible, systematic treatment of the techniques used for analyzing the vast amounts of data generated by large-scale gene expression studies

Exploration and Analysis of DNA Microarray and Protein Array Data

Download Exploration and Analysis of DNA Microarray and Protein Array Data PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 0470317965
Total Pages : 270 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (73 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Exploration and Analysis of DNA Microarray and Protein Array Data by : Dhammika Amaratunga

Download or read book Exploration and Analysis of DNA Microarray and Protein Array Data written by Dhammika Amaratunga and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2009-09-25 with total page 270 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A cutting-edge guide to the analysis of DNA microarray data Genomics is one of the major scientific revolutions of this century, and the use of microarrays to rapidly analyze numerous DNA samples has enabled scientists to make sense of mountains of genomic data through statistical analysis. Today, microarrays are being used in biomedical research to study such vital areas as a drug’s therapeutic value–or toxicity–and cancer-spreading patterns of gene activity. Exploration and Analysis of DNA Microarray and Protein Array Data answers the need for a comprehensive, cutting-edge overview of this important and emerging field. The authors, seasoned researchers with extensive experience in both industry and academia, effectively outline all phases of this revolutionary analytical technique, from the preprocessing to the analysis stage. Highlights of the text include: A review of basic molecular biology, followed by an introduction to microarrays and their preparation Chapters on processing scanned images and preprocessing microarray data Methods for identifying differentially expressed genes in comparative microarray experiments Discussions of gene and sample clustering and class prediction Extension of analysis methods to protein array data Numerous exercises for self-study as well as data sets and a useful collection of computational tools on the authors’ Web site make this important text a valuable resource for both students and professionals in the field.

DNA Microarrays and Related Genomics Techniques

Download DNA Microarrays and Related Genomics Techniques PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1420028790
Total Pages : 391 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (2 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis DNA Microarrays and Related Genomics Techniques by : David B. Allison

Download or read book DNA Microarrays and Related Genomics Techniques written by David B. Allison and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2005-11-14 with total page 391 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Considered highly exotic tools as recently as the late 1990s, microarrays are now ubiquitous in biological research. Traditional statistical approaches to design and analysis were not developed to handle the high-dimensional, small sample problems posed by microarrays. In just a few short years the number of statistical papers providing approaches

Statistical Methods for Microarray Data Analysis

Download Statistical Methods for Microarray Data Analysis PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Humana Press
ISBN 13 : 9781607619970
Total Pages : 212 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (199 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Statistical Methods for Microarray Data Analysis by : Andrei Y. Yakovlev

Download or read book Statistical Methods for Microarray Data Analysis written by Andrei Y. Yakovlev and published by Humana Press. This book was released on 2013-02-06 with total page 212 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Microarrays for simultaneous measurement of redundancy of RNA species are used in fundamental biology as well as in medical research. Statistically,a microarray may be considered as an observation of very high dimensionality equal to the number of expression levels measured on it. In Statistical Methods for Microarray Data Analysis: Methods and Protocols, expert researchers in the field detail many methods and techniques used to study microarrays, guiding the reader from microarray technology to statistical problems of specific multivariate data analysis. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular BiologyTM series format, the chapters include the kind of detailed description and implementation advice that is crucial for getting optimal results in the laboratory. Thorough and intuitive, Statistical Methods for Microarray Data Analysis: Methods and Protocols aids scientists in continuing to study microarrays and the most current statistical methods.

Microarray Image and Data Analysis

Download Microarray Image and Data Analysis PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1466586877
Total Pages : 520 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (665 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Microarray Image and Data Analysis by : Luis Rueda

Download or read book Microarray Image and Data Analysis written by Luis Rueda and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2018-09-03 with total page 520 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Microarray Image and Data Analysis: Theory and Practice is a compilation of the latest and greatest microarray image and data analysis methods from the multidisciplinary international research community. Delivering a detailed discussion of the biological aspects and applications of microarrays, the book: Describes the key stages of image processing, gridding, segmentation, compression, quantification, and normalization Features cutting-edge approaches to clustering, biclustering, and the reconstruction of regulatory networks Covers different types of microarrays such as DNA, protein, tissue, and low- and high-density oligonucleotide arrays Examines the current state of various microarray technologies, including their availability and affordability Explains how data generated by microarray experiments are analyzed to obtain meaningful biological conclusions An essential reference for academia and industry, Microarray Image and Data Analysis: Theory and Practice provides readers with valuable tools and techniques that extend to a wide range of biological studies and microarray platforms.

Methods of Microarray Data Analysis

Download Methods of Microarray Data Analysis PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1461508738
Total Pages : 192 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (615 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Methods of Microarray Data Analysis by : Simon M. Lin

Download or read book Methods of Microarray Data Analysis written by Simon M. Lin and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 192 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Microarray technology is a major experimental tool for functional genomic explorations, and will continue to be a major tool throughout this decade and beyond. The recent explosion of this technology threatens to overwhelm the scientific community with massive quantities of data. Because microarray data analysis is an emerging field, very few analytical models currently exist. Methods of Microarray Data Analysis is one of the first books dedicated to this exciting new field. In a single reference, readers can learn about the most up-to-date methods ranging from data normalization, feature selection and discriminative analysis to machine learning techniques. Currently, there are no standard procedures for the design and analysis of microarray experiments. Methods of Microarray Data Analysis focuses on two well-known data sets, using a different method of analysis in each chapter. Real examples expose the strengths and weaknesses of each method for a given situation, aimed at helping readers choose appropriate protocols and utilize them for their own data set. In addition, web links are provided to the programs and tools discussed in several chapters. This book is an excellent reference not only for academic and industrial researchers, but also for core bioinformatics/genomics courses in undergraduate and graduate programs.

Data Mining and Bioinformatics

Download Data Mining and Bioinformatics PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3540689702
Total Pages : 204 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (46 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Data Mining and Bioinformatics by : Mehmet M Dalkilic

Download or read book Data Mining and Bioinformatics written by Mehmet M Dalkilic and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2006-12-21 with total page 204 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book constitutes the thoroughly refereed post-proceedings of the First VLDB 2006 International Workshop on Data Mining and Bioinformatics, VDMB 2006, held in Seoul, Korea in September 2006 in conjunction with VLDB 2006. The 15 revised full papers cover various topics in the areas of microarray data analysis, bioinformatics system and text retrieval, application of gene expression data, and sequence analysis.

High-dimensional Data Analysis

Download High-dimensional Data Analysis PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : World Scientific Publishing Company Incorporated
ISBN 13 : 9789814324854
Total Pages : 307 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (248 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis High-dimensional Data Analysis by : Tianwen Tony Cai

Download or read book High-dimensional Data Analysis written by Tianwen Tony Cai and published by World Scientific Publishing Company Incorporated. This book was released on 2011 with total page 307 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over the last few years, significant developments have been taking place in high-dimensional data analysis, driven primarily by a wide range of applications in many fields such as genomics and signal processing. In particular, substantial advances have been made in the areas of feature selection, covariance estimation, classification and regression. This book intends to examine important issues arising from high-dimensional data analysis to explore key ideas for statistical inference and prediction. It is structured around topics on multiple hypothesis testing, feature selection, regression, classification, dimension reduction, as well as applications in survival analysis and biomedical research. The book will appeal to graduate students and new researchers interested in the plethora of opportunities available in high-dimensional data analysis.

Methods of Microarray Data Analysis III

Download Methods of Microarray Data Analysis III PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1402075820
Total Pages : 247 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (2 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Methods of Microarray Data Analysis III by : Kimberly F. Johnson

Download or read book Methods of Microarray Data Analysis III written by Kimberly F. Johnson and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2003-09-30 with total page 247 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As microarray technology has matured, data analysis methods have advanced as well. Methods Of Microarray Data Analysis III is the third book in this pioneering series dedicated to the existing new field of microarrays. While initial techniques focused on classification exercises (volume I of this series), and later on pattern extraction (volume II of this series), this volume focuses on data quality issues. Problems such as background noise determination, analysis of variance, and errors in data handling are highlighted. Three tutorial papers are presented to assist with a basic understanding of underlying principles in microarray data analysis, and twelve new papers are highlighted analyzing the same CAMDA'02 datasets: the Project Normal data set or the Affymetrix Latin Square data set. A comparative study of these analytical methodologies brings to light problems, solutions and new ideas. This book is an excellent reference for academic and industrial researchers who want to keep abreast of the state of art of microarray data analysis.

Feature Selection for High-Dimensional Data

Download Feature Selection for High-Dimensional Data PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319218581
Total Pages : 147 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (192 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Feature Selection for High-Dimensional Data by : Verónica Bolón-Canedo

Download or read book Feature Selection for High-Dimensional Data written by Verónica Bolón-Canedo and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-10-05 with total page 147 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book offers a coherent and comprehensive approach to feature subset selection in the scope of classification problems, explaining the foundations, real application problems and the challenges of feature selection for high-dimensional data. The authors first focus on the analysis and synthesis of feature selection algorithms, presenting a comprehensive review of basic concepts and experimental results of the most well-known algorithms. They then address different real scenarios with high-dimensional data, showing the use of feature selection algorithms in different contexts with different requirements and information: microarray data, intrusion detection, tear film lipid layer classification and cost-based features. The book then delves into the scenario of big dimension, paying attention to important problems under high-dimensional spaces, such as scalability, distributed processing and real-time processing, scenarios that open up new and interesting challenges for researchers. The book is useful for practitioners, researchers and graduate students in the areas of machine learning and data mining.

Microarray Gene Expression Data Analysis

Download Microarray Gene Expression Data Analysis PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1444311565
Total Pages : 176 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (443 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Microarray Gene Expression Data Analysis by : Helen Causton

Download or read book Microarray Gene Expression Data Analysis written by Helen Causton and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2009-04-01 with total page 176 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This guide covers aspects of designing microarray experiments and analysing the data generated, including information on some of the tools that are available from non-commercial sources. Concepts and principles underpinning gene expression analysis are emphasised and wherever possible, the mathematics has been simplified. The guide is intended for use by graduates and researchers in bioinformatics and the life sciences and is also suitable for statisticians who are interested in the approaches currently used to study gene expression. Microarrays are an automated way of carrying out thousands of experiments at once, and allows scientists to obtain huge amounts of information very quickly Short, concise text on this difficult topic area Clear illustrations throughout Written by well-known teachers in the subject Provides insight into how to analyse the data produced from microarrays

Gene Expression Data Analysis

Download Gene Expression Data Analysis PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1000425754
Total Pages : 276 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (4 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Gene Expression Data Analysis by : Pankaj Barah

Download or read book Gene Expression Data Analysis written by Pankaj Barah and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2021-11-08 with total page 276 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Development of high-throughput technologies in molecular biology during the last two decades has contributed to the production of tremendous amounts of data. Microarray and RNA sequencing are two such widely used high-throughput technologies for simultaneously monitoring the expression patterns of thousands of genes. Data produced from such experiments are voluminous (both in dimensionality and numbers of instances) and evolving in nature. Analysis of huge amounts of data toward the identification of interesting patterns that are relevant for a given biological question requires high-performance computational infrastructure as well as efficient machine learning algorithms. Cross-communication of ideas between biologists and computer scientists remains a big challenge. Gene Expression Data Analysis: A Statistical and Machine Learning Perspective has been written with a multidisciplinary audience in mind. The book discusses gene expression data analysis from molecular biology, machine learning, and statistical perspectives. Readers will be able to acquire both theoretical and practical knowledge of methods for identifying novel patterns of high biological significance. To measure the effectiveness of such algorithms, we discuss statistical and biological performance metrics that can be used in real life or in a simulated environment. This book discusses a large number of benchmark algorithms, tools, systems, and repositories that are commonly used in analyzing gene expression data and validating results. This book will benefit students, researchers, and practitioners in biology, medicine, and computer science by enabling them to acquire in-depth knowledge in statistical and machine-learning-based methods for analyzing gene expression data. Key Features: An introduction to the Central Dogma of molecular biology and information flow in biological systems A systematic overview of the methods for generating gene expression data Background knowledge on statistical modeling and machine learning techniques Detailed methodology of analyzing gene expression data with an example case study Clustering methods for finding co-expression patterns from microarray, bulkRNA, and scRNA data A large number of practical tools, systems, and repositories that are useful for computational biologists to create, analyze, and validate biologically relevant gene expression patterns Suitable for multidisciplinary researchers and practitioners in computer science and the biological sciences

Analyzing High-dimensional Microarray Data Using Variational-SOM [microform]

Download Analyzing High-dimensional Microarray Data Using Variational-SOM [microform] PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Library and Archives Canada = Bibliothèque et Archives Canada
ISBN 13 : 9780494021828
Total Pages : 130 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (218 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Analyzing High-dimensional Microarray Data Using Variational-SOM [microform] by : Zhang, Linghai

Download or read book Analyzing High-dimensional Microarray Data Using Variational-SOM [microform] written by Zhang, Linghai and published by Library and Archives Canada = Bibliothèque et Archives Canada. This book was released on 2005 with total page 130 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This thesis focuses on analyzing high-dimensional microarray data using the proposed algorithm, Variational-SOM. The original Self-Organizing Map (SOM) algorithm is an unsupervised neural network method and can be used to reduce the dimensionality of microarray data. The main disadvantage of SOM is that the topology of the map must be fixed from the beginning. In order to solve the problem, the Variational-SOM, of which the map's topology is determined dynamically, is proposed. The DNA microarray technology makes it possible to monitor expression levels of thousands of genes simultaneously. However, these data are of little use unless we are able to analyze them. Experimental results show that the Variational-SOM can reduce the dimensionality of data according to the information that the data contains and help to extract biological significance from the data. The analysis using Variational-SOM can produce more well-separated clusters with respect to clinical information than using the original SOM.