Heterogeneous Multicore Processor Technologies For Embedded Systems

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Heterogeneous Multicore Processor Technologies for Embedded Systems

Author : Kunio Uchiyama
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1461402840
Total Pages : 234 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (614 download)

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Book Synopsis Heterogeneous Multicore Processor Technologies for Embedded Systems by : Kunio Uchiyama

Download or read book Heterogeneous Multicore Processor Technologies for Embedded Systems written by Kunio Uchiyama and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-04-23 with total page 234 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: To satisfy the higher requirements of digitally converged embedded systems, this book describes heterogeneous multicore technology that uses various kinds of low-power embedded processor cores on a single chip. With this technology, heterogeneous parallelism can be implemented on an SoC, and greater flexibility and superior performance per watt can then be achieved. This book defines the heterogeneous multicore architecture and explains in detail several embedded processor cores including CPU cores and special-purpose processor cores that achieve highly arithmetic-level parallelism. The authors developed three multicore chips (called RP-1, RP-2, and RP-X) according to the defined architecture with the introduced processor cores. The chip implementations, software environments, and applications running on the chips are also explained in the book. Provides readers an overview and practical discussion of heterogeneous multicore technologies from both a hardware and software point of view; Discusses a new, high-performance and energy efficient approach to designing SoCs for digitally converged, embedded systems; Covers hardware issues such as architecture and chip implementation, as well as software issues such as compilers, operating systems, and application programs; Describes three chips developed according to the defined heterogeneous multicore architecture, including chip implementations, software environments, and working applications.

Multi-Core Embedded Systems

Author : Georgios Kornaros
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1351834088
Total Pages : 421 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (518 download)

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Book Synopsis Multi-Core Embedded Systems by : Georgios Kornaros

Download or read book Multi-Core Embedded Systems written by Georgios Kornaros and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2018-10-08 with total page 421 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Details a real-world product that applies a cutting-edge multi-core architecture Increasingly demanding modern applications—such as those used in telecommunications networking and real-time processing of audio, video, and multimedia streams—require multiple processors to achieve computational performance at the rate of a few giga-operations per second. This necessity for speed and manageable power consumption makes it likely that the next generation of embedded processing systems will include hundreds of cores, while being increasingly programmable, blending processors and configurable hardware in a power-efficient manner. Multi-Core Embedded Systems presents a variety of perspectives that elucidate the technical challenges associated with such increased integration of homogeneous (processors) and heterogeneous multiple cores. It offers an analysis that industry engineers and professionals will need to understand the physical details of both software and hardware in embedded architectures, as well as their limitations and potential for future growth. Discusses the available programming models spread across different abstraction levels The book begins with an overview of the evolution of multiprocessor architectures for embedded applications and discusses techniques for autonomous power management of system-level parameters. It addresses the use of existing open-source (and free) tools originating from several application domains—such as traffic modeling, graph theory, parallel computing and network simulation. In addition, the authors cover other important topics associated with multi-core embedded systems, such as: Architectures and interconnects Embedded design methodologies Mapping of applications

Software Development for Embedded Multi-core Systems

Author : Max Domeika
Publisher : Newnes
ISBN 13 : 9780080558585
Total Pages : 440 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (585 download)

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Book Synopsis Software Development for Embedded Multi-core Systems by : Max Domeika

Download or read book Software Development for Embedded Multi-core Systems written by Max Domeika and published by Newnes. This book was released on 2011-04-08 with total page 440 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The multicore revolution has reached the deployment stage in embedded systems ranging from small ultramobile devices to large telecommunication servers. The transition from single to multicore processors, motivated by the need to increase performance while conserving power, has placed great responsibility on the shoulders of software engineers. In this new embedded multicore era, the toughest task is the development of code to support more sophisticated systems. This book provides embedded engineers with solid grounding in the skills required to develop software targeting multicore processors. Within the text, the author undertakes an in-depth exploration of performance analysis, and a close-up look at the tools of the trade. Both general multicore design principles and processor-specific optimization techniques are revealed. Detailed coverage of critical issues for multicore employment within embedded systems is provided, including the Threading Development Cycle, with discussions of analysis, design, development, debugging, and performance tuning of threaded applications. Software development techniques engendering optimal mobility and energy efficiency are highlighted through multiple case studies, which provide practical “how-to advice on implementing the latest multicore processors. Finally, future trends are discussed, including terascale, speculative multithreading, transactional memory, interconnects, and the software-specific implications of these looming architectural developments. Table of Contents Chapter 1 - Introduction Chapter 2 – Basic System and Processor Architecture Chapter 3 – Multi-core Processors & Embedded Chapter 4 –Moving To Multi-core Intel Architecture Chapter 5 – Scalar Optimization & Usability Chapter 6 – Parallel Optimization Using Threads Chapter 7 - Case Study: Data Decomposition Chapter 8 - Case Study: Functional Decomposition Chapter 9 – Virtualization & Partitioning Chapter 10 – Getting Ready For Low Power Intel Architecture Chapter 11 - Summary, Trends, and Conclusions Appendix I Glossary References *This is the only book to explain software optimization for embedded multi-core systems *Helpful tips, tricks and design secrets from an Intel programming expert, with detailed examples using the popular X86 architecture *Covers hot topics, including ultramobile devices, low-power designs, Pthreads vs. OpenMP, and heterogeneous cores

Multi-Core Embedded Systems

Author : Georgios Kornaros
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1439811628
Total Pages : 502 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (398 download)

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Book Synopsis Multi-Core Embedded Systems by : Georgios Kornaros

Download or read book Multi-Core Embedded Systems written by Georgios Kornaros and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2018-10-08 with total page 502 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Details a real-world product that applies a cutting-edge multi-core architecture Increasingly demanding modern applications—such as those used in telecommunications networking and real-time processing of audio, video, and multimedia streams—require multiple processors to achieve computational performance at the rate of a few giga-operations per second. This necessity for speed and manageable power consumption makes it likely that the next generation of embedded processing systems will include hundreds of cores, while being increasingly programmable, blending processors and configurable hardware in a power-efficient manner. Multi-Core Embedded Systems presents a variety of perspectives that elucidate the technical challenges associated with such increased integration of homogeneous (processors) and heterogeneous multiple cores. It offers an analysis that industry engineers and professionals will need to understand the physical details of both software and hardware in embedded architectures, as well as their limitations and potential for future growth. Discusses the available programming models spread across different abstraction levels The book begins with an overview of the evolution of multiprocessor architectures for embedded applications and discusses techniques for autonomous power management of system-level parameters. It addresses the use of existing open-source (and free) tools originating from several application domains—such as traffic modeling, graph theory, parallel computing and network simulation. In addition, the authors cover other important topics associated with multi-core embedded systems, such as: Architectures and interconnects Embedded design methodologies Mapping of applications

Multicore Systems On-Chip: Practical Software/Hardware Design

Author : Abderazek Ben Abdallah
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9491216929
Total Pages : 291 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (912 download)

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Book Synopsis Multicore Systems On-Chip: Practical Software/Hardware Design by : Abderazek Ben Abdallah

Download or read book Multicore Systems On-Chip: Practical Software/Hardware Design written by Abderazek Ben Abdallah and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-07-20 with total page 291 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: System on chips designs have evolved from fairly simple unicore, single memory designs to complex heterogeneous multicore SoC architectures consisting of a large number of IP blocks on the same silicon. To meet high computational demands posed by latest consumer electronic devices, most current systems are based on such paradigm, which represents a real revolution in many aspects in computing. The attraction of multicore processing for power reduction is compelling. By splitting a set of tasks among multiple processor cores, the operating frequency necessary for each core can be reduced, allowing to reduce the voltage on each core. Because dynamic power is proportional to the frequency and to the square of the voltage, we get a big gain, even though we may have more cores running. As more and more cores are integrated into these designs to share the ever increasing processing load, the main challenges lie in efficient memory hierarchy, scalable system interconnect, new programming paradigms, and efficient integration methodology for connecting such heterogeneous cores into a single system capable of leveraging their individual flexibility. Current design methods tend toward mixed HW/SW co-designs targeting multicore systems on-chip for specific applications. To decide on the lowest cost mix of cores, designers must iteratively map the device’s functionality to a particular HW/SW partition and target architectures. In addition, to connect the heterogeneous cores, the architecture requires high performance complex communication architectures and efficient communication protocols, such as hierarchical bus, point-to-point connection, or Network-on-Chip. Software development also becomes far more complex due to the difficulties in breaking a single processing task into multiple parts that can be processed separately and then reassembled later. This reflects the fact that certain processor jobs cannot be easily parallelized to run concurrently on multiple processing cores and that load balancing between processing cores – especially heterogeneous cores – is very difficult.

Multicore Technology

Author : Muhammad Yasir Qadri
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1439880646
Total Pages : 492 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (398 download)

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Book Synopsis Multicore Technology by : Muhammad Yasir Qadri

Download or read book Multicore Technology written by Muhammad Yasir Qadri and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2013-07-26 with total page 492 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The saturation of design complexity and clock frequencies for single-core processors has resulted in the emergence of multicore architectures as an alternative design paradigm. Nowadays, multicore/multithreaded computing systems are not only a de-facto standard for high-end applications, they are also gaining popularity in the field of embedded computing. The start of the multicore era has altered the concepts relating to almost all of the areas of computer architecture design, including core design, memory management, thread scheduling, application support, inter-processor communication, debugging, and power management. This book gives readers a holistic overview of the field and guides them to further avenues of research by covering the state of the art in this area. It includes contributions from industry as well as academia.

Harnessing Performance Variability in Embedded and High-performance Many/Multi-core Platforms

Author : William Fornaciari
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319919628
Total Pages : 325 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (199 download)

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Book Synopsis Harnessing Performance Variability in Embedded and High-performance Many/Multi-core Platforms by : William Fornaciari

Download or read book Harnessing Performance Variability in Embedded and High-performance Many/Multi-core Platforms written by William Fornaciari and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-10-23 with total page 325 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book describes the state-of-the art of industrial and academic research in the architectural design of heterogeneous, multi/many-core processors. The authors describe methods and tools to enable next-generation embedded and high-performance heterogeneous processors to confront cost-effectively the inevitable variations by providing Dependable-Performance: correct functionality and timing guarantees throughout the expected lifetime of a platform under thermal, power, and energy constraints. Various aspects of the reliability problem are discussed, at both the circuit and architecture level, the intelligent selection of knobs and monitors in multicore platforms, and systematic design methodologies. The authors demonstrate how new techniques have been applied in real case studies from different applications domain and report on results and conclusions of those experiments. Enables readers to develop performance-dependable heterogeneous multi/many-core architectures Describes system software designs that support high performance dependability requirements Discusses and analyzes low level methodologies to tradeoff conflicting metrics, i.e. power, performance, reliability and thermal management Includes new application design guidelines to improve performance dependability

Real World Multicore Embedded Systems

Author : Frank Schirrmeister
Publisher : Elsevier Inc. Chapters
ISBN 13 : 0128073373
Total Pages : 648 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (28 download)

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Book Synopsis Real World Multicore Embedded Systems by : Frank Schirrmeister

Download or read book Real World Multicore Embedded Systems written by Frank Schirrmeister and published by Elsevier Inc. Chapters. This book was released on 2013-02-27 with total page 648 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This chapter will introduce the concepts of multicore related issues, while the subsequent chapters will go into further details. We will start with a general analysis of how electronic design trends lead to multicore hardware-software architectures as the only viable solution addressing consumer requirements on cost, performance and power. We will then categorize multicore architecture concepts by processing and communication requirements and show how different processing techniques combine to form multicore architectures that address the specific needs of different application domains. Special attention will be given to the programmability of the different hardware architectures and the impact that hardware has on software. We will close the chapter with a brief review of existing hardware architectures available on the market, as well as a brief discussion about programming models capable of expressing parallel functionality, which can then be mapped into multiple processor cores.

Real World Multicore Embedded Systems

Author : Bryon Moyer
Publisher : Newnes
ISBN 13 : 0123914612
Total Pages : 646 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (239 download)

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Book Synopsis Real World Multicore Embedded Systems by : Bryon Moyer

Download or read book Real World Multicore Embedded Systems written by Bryon Moyer and published by Newnes. This book was released on 2013-02-27 with total page 646 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Expert Guide gives you the techniques and technologies in embedded multicore to optimally design and implement your embedded system. Written by experts with a solutions focus, this encyclopedic reference gives you an indispensable aid to tackling the day-to-day problems when building and managing multicore embedded systems. Following an embedded system design path from start to finish, our team of experts takes you from architecture, through hardware implementation to software programming and debug. With this book you will learn: • What motivates multicore • The architectural options and tradeoffs; when to use what • How to deal with the unique hardware challenges that multicore presents • How to manage the software infrastructure in a multicore environment • How to write effective multicore programs • How to port legacy code into a multicore system and partition legacy software • How to optimize both the system and software • The particular challenges of debugging multicore hardware and software Examples demonstrating timeless implementation details Proven and practical techniques reflecting the authors’ expertise built from years of experience and key advice on tackling critical issues

Hardware/Software Co-design for Heterogeneous Multi-core Platforms

Author : Koen Bertels
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9400714068
Total Pages : 245 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (7 download)

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Book Synopsis Hardware/Software Co-design for Heterogeneous Multi-core Platforms by : Koen Bertels

Download or read book Hardware/Software Co-design for Heterogeneous Multi-core Platforms written by Koen Bertels and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-02-02 with total page 245 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: HW/SW Co-Design for Heterogeneous Multi-Core Platforms describes the results and outcome of the FP6 project which focuses on the development of an integrated tool chain targeting a heterogeneous multi core platform comprising of a general purpose processor (ARM or powerPC), a DSP (the diopsis) and an FPGA. The tool chain takes existing source code and proposes transformations and mappings such that legacy code can easily be ported to a modern, multi-core platform. Downloadable software will be provided for simulation purposes.

Software Development for Embedded Multi-core Systems

Author : Max Domeika
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 440 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (11 download)

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Book Synopsis Software Development for Embedded Multi-core Systems by : Max Domeika

Download or read book Software Development for Embedded Multi-core Systems written by Max Domeika and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 440 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The multicore revolution has reached the deployment stage in embedded systems ranging from small ultramobile devices to large telecommunication servers. The transition from single to multicore processors, motivated by the need to increase performance while conserving power, has placed great responsibility on the shoulders of software engineers. In this new embedded multicore era, the toughest task is the development of code to support more sophisticated systems. This book provides embedded engineers with solid grounding in the skills required to develop software targeting multicore processors. Within the text, the author undertakes an in-depth exploration of performance analysis, and a close-up look at the tools of the trade. Both general multicore design principles and processor-specific optimization techniques are revealed. Detailed coverage of critical issues for multicore employment within embedded systems is provided, including the Threading Development Cycle, with discussions of analysis, design, development, debugging, and performance tuning of threaded applications. Software development techniques engendering optimal mobility and energy efficiency are highlighted through multiple case studies, which provide practical 'how-to' advice on implementing the latest multicore processors. Finally, future trends are discussed, including terascale, speculative multithreading, transactional memory, interconnects, and the software-specific implications of these looming architectural developments. Table of Contents Chapter 1 - Introduction Chapter 2 - Basic System and Processor Architecture Chapter 3 - Multi-core Processors & Embedded Chapter 4 -Moving To Multi-core Intel Architecture Chapter 5 - Scalar Optimization & Usability Chapter 6 - Parallel Optimization Using Threads Chapter 7 - Case Study: Data Decomposition Chapter 8 - Case Study: Functional Decomposition Chapter 9 - Virtualization & Partitioning Chapter 10 - Getting Ready For Low Power Intel Architecture Chapter 11 - Summary, Trends, and Conclusions Appendix I Glossary References *This is the only book to explain software optimization for embedded multi-core systems *Helpful tips, tricks and design secrets from an Intel programming expert, with detailed examples using the popular X86 architecture *Covers hot topics, including ultramobile devices, low-power designs, Pthreads vs. OpenMP, and heterogeneous cores.

Advanced Parallel Processing Technologies

Author : Chao Li
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9819978726
Total Pages : 454 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (199 download)

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Book Synopsis Advanced Parallel Processing Technologies by : Chao Li

Download or read book Advanced Parallel Processing Technologies written by Chao Li and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-11-07 with total page 454 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 15th International Symposium on Advanced Parallel Processing Technologies, APPT 2023, held in Nanchang, China, during August 4–6, 2023. The 23 full papers and 1 short papers included in this book were carefully reviewed and selected from 49 submissions. They were organized in topical sections as follows: High Performance Computing and Parallelized Computing, Storage Systems and File Management, Networking and Cloud Computing, Computer Architecture and Hardware Acceleration, Machine Learning and Data Analysis, Distinguished Work from Student Competition.

Electronic System-Level HW

Author : Luigi Pomante
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9788793379374
Total Pages : 272 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (793 download)

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Book Synopsis Electronic System-Level HW by : Luigi Pomante

Download or read book Electronic System-Level HW written by Luigi Pomante and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Multicore Processors and Systems

Author : Stephen W. Keckler
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1441902635
Total Pages : 310 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (419 download)

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Book Synopsis Multicore Processors and Systems by : Stephen W. Keckler

Download or read book Multicore Processors and Systems written by Stephen W. Keckler and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2009-08-29 with total page 310 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Multicore Processors and Systems provides a comprehensive overview of emerging multicore processors and systems. It covers technology trends affecting multicores, multicore architecture innovations, multicore software innovations, and case studies of state-of-the-art commercial multicore systems. A cross-cutting theme of the book is the challenges associated with scaling up multicore systems to hundreds of cores. The book provides an overview of significant developments in the architectures for multicore processors and systems. It includes chapters on fundamental requirements for multicore systems, including processing, memory systems, and interconnect. It also includes several case studies on commercial multicore systems that have recently been developed and deployed across multiple application domains. The architecture chapters focus on innovative multicore execution models as well as infrastructure for multicores, including memory systems and on-chip interconnections. The case studies examine multicore implementations across different application domains, including general purpose, server, media/broadband, network processing, and signal processing. Multicore Processors and Systems is the first book that focuses solely on multicore processors and systems, and in particular on the unique technology implications, architectures, and implementations. The book has contributing authors that are from both the academic and industrial communities.

Real-Time Systems Development with RTEMS and Multicore Processors

Author : Gedare Bloom
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1351255770
Total Pages : 535 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (512 download)

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Book Synopsis Real-Time Systems Development with RTEMS and Multicore Processors by : Gedare Bloom

Download or read book Real-Time Systems Development with RTEMS and Multicore Processors written by Gedare Bloom and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2020-11-23 with total page 535 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The proliferation of multicore processors in the embedded market for Internet-of-Things (IoT) and Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) makes developing real-time embedded applications increasingly difficult. What is the underlying theory that makes multicore real-time possible? How does theory influence application design? When is a real-time operating system (RTOS) useful? What RTOS features do applications need? How does a mature RTOS help manage the complexity of multicore hardware? Real-Time Systems Development with RTEMS and Multicore Processors answers these questions and more with exemplar Real-Time Executive for Multiprocessor Systems (RTEMS) RTOS to provide concrete advice and examples for constructing useful, feature-rich applications. RTEMS is free, open-source software that supports multi-processor systems for over a dozen CPU architectures and over 150 specific system boards in applications spanning the range of IoT and CPS domains such as satellites, particle accelerators, robots, racing motorcycles, building controls, medical devices, and more. The focus of this book is on enabling real-time embedded software engineering while providing sufficient theoretical foundations and hardware background to understand the rationale for key decisions in RTOS and application design and implementation. The topics covered in this book include: Cross-compilation for embedded systems development Concurrent programming models used in real-time embedded software Real-time scheduling theory and algorithms used in wide practice Usage and comparison of two application programmer interfaces (APIs) in real-time embedded software: POSIX and the RTEMS Classic APIs Design and implementation in RTEMS of commonly found RTOS features for schedulers, task management, time-keeping, inter-task synchronization, inter-task communication, and networking The challenges introduced by multicore hardware, advances in multicore real-time theory, and software engineering multicore real-time systems with RTEMS All the authors of this book are experts in the academic field of real-time embedded systems. Two of the authors are primary open-source maintainers of the RTEMS software project.

Multicore Hardware-software Design and Verification Techniques

Author : Pao-Ann Hsiung
Publisher : Bentham Science Publishers
ISBN 13 : 1608052257
Total Pages : 105 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (8 download)

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Book Synopsis Multicore Hardware-software Design and Verification Techniques by : Pao-Ann Hsiung

Download or read book Multicore Hardware-software Design and Verification Techniques written by Pao-Ann Hsiung and published by Bentham Science Publishers. This book was released on 2011 with total page 105 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The surge of multicore processors coming into the market and on users' desktops has made parallel computing the focus of attention once again. This time, however, it is led by the industry, which ensures that multicore computing is here to stay. Neverthel"

MULTICORE SYSTEMS ON-CHIP

Author : Ben Abadallah Abderazek
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9491216333
Total Pages : 196 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (912 download)

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Book Synopsis MULTICORE SYSTEMS ON-CHIP by : Ben Abadallah Abderazek

Download or read book MULTICORE SYSTEMS ON-CHIP written by Ben Abadallah Abderazek and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-08-01 with total page 196 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Conventional on-chip communication design mostly use ad-hoc approaches that fail to meet the challenges posed by the next-generation MultiCore Systems on-chip (MCSoC) designs. These major challenges include wiring delay, predictability, diverse interconnection architectures, and power dissipation. A Network-on-Chip (NoC) paradigm is emerging as the solution for the problems of interconnecting dozens of cores into a single system on-chip. However, there are many problems associated with the design of such systems. These problems arise from non-scalable global wire delays, failure to achieve global synchronization, and difficulties associated with non-scalable bus-based functional interconnects. The book consists of three parts, with each part being subdivided into four chapters. The first part deals with design and methodology issues. The architectures used in conventional methods of MCSoCs design and custom multiprocessor architectures are not flexible enough to meet the requirements of different application domains and not scalable enough to meet different computation needs and different complexities of various applications. Several chapters of the first part will emphasize on the design techniques and methodologies. The second part covers the most critical part of MCSoCs design — the interconnections. One approach to addressing the design methodologies is to adopt the so-called reusability feature to boost design productivity. In the past years, the primitive design units evolved from transistors to gates, finite state machines, and processor cores. The network-on-chip paradigm offers this attractive property for the future and will be able to close the productivity gap. The last part of this book delves into MCSoCs validations and optimizations. A more qualitative approach of system validation is based on the use of formal techniques for hardware design. The main advantage of formal methods is the possibility to prove the validity of essential design requirements. As formal languages have a mathematical foundation, it is possible to formally extract and verify these desired properties of the complete abstract state space. Online testing techniques for identifying faults that can lead to system failure are also surveyed. Emphasis is given to analytical redundancy-based techniques that have been developed for fault detection and isolation in the automatic control area.