Heroes Of The American Reconstruction

Download Heroes Of The American Reconstruction full books in PDF, epub, and Kindle. Read online Heroes Of The American Reconstruction ebook anywhere anytime directly on your device. Fast Download speed and no annoying ads. We cannot guarantee that every ebooks is available!

Heroes of the American Reconstruction

Author : Stanley Turkel
Publisher : McFarland
ISBN 13 : 0786442506
Total Pages : 193 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (864 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Heroes of the American Reconstruction by : Stanley Turkel

Download or read book Heroes of the American Reconstruction written by Stanley Turkel and published by McFarland. This book was released on 2009-04-17 with total page 193 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The history of post-Civil War Reconstruction wasn't written by the winners. Congress forced Reconstruction on an unrepentant South steeped in resentment and hatred, where the old guard and old attitudes still held sway, murder and depredations against freed slaves and sympathizers were rampant, and "black laws" swapped the physical bonds of slavery for legislative ones. During Reconstruction, talented black leaders rose to serve in Congress and in state and local governments. Blacks and whites struggled together to secure the rights of millions of freed slaves, now citizens, and to heal the wounds of a shattered nation. Many Reconstruction figures have been misrepresented, dismissed, or simply forgotten. These biographical sketches profile 16 diverse men and women whose Reconstruction efforts should not be overlooked.

After the Civil War

Author : James Robertson
Publisher : National Geographic Books
ISBN 13 : 1426215711
Total Pages : 404 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (262 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis After the Civil War by : James Robertson

Download or read book After the Civil War written by James Robertson and published by National Geographic Books. This book was released on 2015-10-27 with total page 404 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Returning to the turbulent days of a nation divided, best-selling author and acclaimed historian James Robertson explores 70 fascinating figures who shaped America during Reconstruction and beyond. Relentless politicians, intrepid fighters, cunning innovators—the times called for bold moves, and this resilient generation would not disappoint. From William Tecumseh Sherman, a fierce leader who would revolutionize modern warfare, to Thomas Nast, whose undefeatable weapon was his stirring cartoons, these are the people who weathered the turmoil to see a nation reborn. Following these extraordinary legends from the battle lines to the White House, from budding metropolises to the wooly west, we re-discover the foundation of this great country.

The Wars of Reconstruction

Author : Douglas R. Egerton
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing USA
ISBN 13 : 1608195740
Total Pages : 552 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (81 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Wars of Reconstruction by : Douglas R. Egerton

Download or read book The Wars of Reconstruction written by Douglas R. Egerton and published by Bloomsbury Publishing USA. This book was released on 2014-01-21 with total page 552 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A groundbreaking new history, telling the stories of hundreds of African-American activists and officeholders who risked their lives for equality-in the face of murderous violence-in the years after the Civil War. By 1870, just five years after Confederate surrender and thirteen years after the Dred Scott decision ruled blacks ineligible for citizenship, Congressional action had ended slavery and given the vote to black men. That same year, Hiram Revels and Joseph Hayne Rainey became the first African-American U.S. senator and congressman respectively. In South Carolina, only twenty years after the death of arch-secessionist John C. Calhoun, a black man, Jasper J. Wright, took a seat on the state's Supreme Court. Not even the most optimistic abolitionists thought such milestones would occur in their lifetimes. The brief years of Reconstruction marked the United States' most progressive moment prior to the civil rights movement. Previous histories of Reconstruction have focused on Washington politics. But in this sweeping, prodigiously researched narrative, Douglas Egerton brings a much bigger, even more dramatic story into view, exploring state and local politics and tracing the struggles of some fifteen hundred African-American officeholders, in both the North and South, who fought entrenched white resistance. Tragically, their movement was met by ruthless violence-not just riotous mobs, but also targeted assassination. With stark evidence, Egerton shows that Reconstruction, often cast as a “failure” or a doomed experiment, was rolled back by murderous force. The Wars of Reconstruction is a major and provocative contribution to American history.

Fateful Lightning

Author : Allen C. Guelzo
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0199843295
Total Pages : 587 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (998 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Fateful Lightning by : Allen C. Guelzo

Download or read book Fateful Lightning written by Allen C. Guelzo and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2012-05-18 with total page 587 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Civil War is the greatest trauma ever experienced by the American nation, a four-year paroxysm of violence that left in its wake more than 600,000 dead, more than 2 million refugees, and the destruction (in modern dollars) of more than $700 billion in property. The war also sparked some of the most heroic moments in American history and enshrined a galaxy of American heroes. Above all, it permanently ended the practice of slavery and proved, in an age of resurgent monarchies, that a liberal democracy could survive the most frightful of challenges. In Fateful Lightning, two-time Lincoln Prize-winning historian Allen C. Guelzo offers a marvelous portrait of the Civil War and its era, covering not only the major figures and epic battles, but also politics, religion, gender, race, diplomacy, and technology. And unlike other surveys of the Civil War era, it extends the reader's vista to include the postwar Reconstruction period and discusses the modern-day legacy of the Civil War in American literature and popular culture. Guelzo also puts the conflict in a global perspective, underscoring Americans' acute sense of the vulnerability of their republic in a world of monarchies. He examines the strategy, the tactics, and especially the logistics of the Civil War and brings the most recent historical thinking to bear on emancipation, the presidency and the war powers, the blockade and international law, and the role of intellectuals, North and South. Written by a leading authority on our nation's most searing crisis, Fateful Lightning offers a vivid and original account of an event whose echoes continue with Americans to this day.

Reconstruction

Author : Eric Foner
Publisher : Harper Collins
ISBN 13 : 006203586X
Total Pages : 742 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (62 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Reconstruction by : Eric Foner

Download or read book Reconstruction written by Eric Foner and published by Harper Collins. This book was released on 2011-12-13 with total page 742 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From the "preeminent historian of Reconstruction" (New York Times Book Review), a newly updated edition of the prize-winning classic work on the post-Civil War period which shaped modern America, with a new introduction from the author. Eric Foner's "masterful treatment of one of the most complex periods of American history" (New Republic) redefined how the post-Civil War period was viewed. Reconstruction chronicles the way in which Americans—black and white—responded to the unprecedented changes unleashed by the war and the end of slavery. It addresses the ways in which the emancipated slaves' quest for economic autonomy and equal citizenship shaped the political agenda of Reconstruction; the remodeling of Southern society and the place of planters, merchants, and small farmers within it; the evolution of racial attitudes and patterns of race relations; and the emergence of a national state possessing vastly expanded authority and committed, for a time, to the principle of equal rights for all Americans. This "smart book of enormous strengths" (Boston Globe) remains the standard work on the wrenching post-Civil War period—an era whose legacy still reverberates in the United States today.

From Slavery to Freedom: Narrative Of The Life, Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, Up From Slavery, The Souls of Black Folk. Illustrated

Author : Frederick Douglass
Publisher : Strelbytskyy Multimedia Publishing
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 ( download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis From Slavery to Freedom: Narrative Of The Life, Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, Up From Slavery, The Souls of Black Folk. Illustrated by : Frederick Douglass

Download or read book From Slavery to Freedom: Narrative Of The Life, Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, Up From Slavery, The Souls of Black Folk. Illustrated written by Frederick Douglass and published by Strelbytskyy Multimedia Publishing. This book was released on 2021-01-08 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: African American history is the part of American history that looks at the past of African Americans or Black Americans. Of the 10.7 million Africans who were brought to the Americas until the 1860s, 450 thousand were shipped to what is now the United States. Most African Americans are descended from Africans who were brought directly from Africa to America and became slaves. The future slaves were originally captured in African wars or raids and transported in the Atlantic slave trade. Our collection includes the following works: Narrative Of The Life by Frederick Douglass. The impassioned abolitionist and eloquent orator provides graphic descriptions of his childhood and horrifying experiences as a slave as well as a harrowing record of his dramatic escape to the North and eventual freedom. Incidents In The Life Of A Slave Girl by Harriet Jacobs. Powerful by portrayal of the brutality of slave life through the inspiring tale of one woman's dauntless spirit and faith. Up From Slavery by Booker T. Washington. Washington rose to become the most influential spokesman for African Americans of his day. He describes events in a remarkable life that began in slavery and culminated in worldwide recognition. The Souls of Black Folk by W. E. B. Du Bois. W. E. B. Du Bois was an American sociologist, socialist, historian, civil rights activist, Pan-Africanist, author, writer and editor. Contents: 1. Frederick Douglass: Narrative Of The Life 2. Harriet Ann Jacobs: Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl 3. Booker Taliaferro Washington: Up From Slavery 4. W. E. B. Du Bois: The Souls of Black Folk

Heroes of the Civil War (Robert Smalls)

Author : Sarah McNaughton
Publisher : Independently Published
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (958 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Heroes of the Civil War (Robert Smalls) by : Sarah McNaughton

Download or read book Heroes of the Civil War (Robert Smalls) written by Sarah McNaughton and published by Independently Published. This book was released on 2023-05-24 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Revised Format! Robert was a brave young boy born into slavery. He went through many trials and tribulations, but still made a way to freedom helping himself and others. This book is for adults and children of all ages wanting to learn more about Robert Smalls during the American Civil War and the Reconstruction era. Historical images suitable for adults and children. Black history Demonstrates courage, resilience, determination and success. True story. Rags to riches story.

The Trial of Andrew Johnson: A Biography of the Reconstruction Era President

Author : Noel B. Gerson
Publisher : Sapere Books
ISBN 13 : 9781800551015
Total Pages : 140 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (51 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Trial of Andrew Johnson: A Biography of the Reconstruction Era President by : Noel B. Gerson

Download or read book The Trial of Andrew Johnson: A Biography of the Reconstruction Era President written by Noel B. Gerson and published by Sapere Books. This book was released on 2021-03-08 with total page 140 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How do you remove an unpopular president from office? On February 24, 1868, members of the United States House of Representatives voted to impeach President Andrew Johnson on thirteen separate charges of having committed high crimes and misdemeanors against the government and the people. In this impressive biography, Noel B. Gerson examines how these extraordinary events came about, the circumstances leading up to it, and the aftermath of a trial that was unique in the history of the country. Born into poverty and with no formal education, Johnson rose to prominence through perseverance and hard work. Entering politics, he became an adept stump speaker, championing the common man and vilifying the plantation aristocracy. Nominally a Democrat, who advocated free homesteads and education for all, he was soon to discover that not all agreed with his desire to see the nation reunited under the Constitution, as it had been before the Civil War. Sworn in as seventeenth President of the United States following the assassination of Abraham Lincoln in 1865, Johnson faced the enormous task of presiding over the tumultuous first years of Reconstruction, a task made harder by his enemies, notably radical Republicans Thaddeus Stevens, Charles Sumner and Edwin Stanton, who turned the tide of support against him and were instrumental in the campaign to disgrace Johnson and drive him from office. By utilizing a wealth of primary sources, including quoted speeches, letters and press articles, Gerson masterfully portrays a sympathetic national figure devoted to his country and the Constitution, who escaped conviction by a single vote and went on to achieve a level of popularity he had never before known. The Trial of Andrew Johnson is an ideal read for those who wish to find out more about the impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson and his fight for vindication against the radical Republicans in the United States Congress.

Sick from Freedom

Author : Jim Downs
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0199908788
Total Pages : 279 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (999 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Sick from Freedom by : Jim Downs

Download or read book Sick from Freedom written by Jim Downs and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2012-05-01 with total page 279 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bondspeople who fled from slavery during and after the Civil War did not expect that their flight toward freedom would lead to sickness, disease, suffering, and death. But the war produced the largest biological crisis of the nineteenth century, and as historian Jim Downs reveals in this groundbreaking volume, it had deadly consequences for hundreds of thousands of freed people. In Sick from Freedom, Downs recovers the untold story of one of the bitterest ironies in American history--that the emancipation of the slaves, seen as one of the great turning points in U.S. history, had devastating consequences for innumerable freed people. Drawing on massive new research into the records of the Medical Division of the Freedmen's Bureau-a nascent national health system that cared for more than one million freed slaves-he shows how the collapse of the plantation economy released a plague of lethal diseases. With emancipation, African Americans seized the chance to move, migrating as never before. But in their journey to freedom, they also encountered yellow fever, smallpox, cholera, dysentery, malnutrition, and exposure. To address this crisis, the Medical Division hired more than 120 physicians, establishing some forty underfinanced and understaffed hospitals scattered throughout the South, largely in response to medical emergencies. Downs shows that the goal of the Medical Division was to promote a healthy workforce, an aim which often excluded a wide range of freedpeople, including women, the elderly, the physically disabled, and children. Downs concludes by tracing how the Reconstruction policy was then implemented in the American West, where it was disastrously applied to Native Americans. The widespread medical calamity sparked by emancipation is an overlooked episode of the Civil War and its aftermath, poignantly revealed in Sick from Freedom.

Let Us Have Peace

Author : Brooks D. Simpson
Publisher : UNC Press Books
ISBN 13 : 1469617463
Total Pages : 360 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (696 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Let Us Have Peace by : Brooks D. Simpson

Download or read book Let Us Have Peace written by Brooks D. Simpson and published by UNC Press Books. This book was released on 2014-06-30 with total page 360 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Historians have traditionally drawn distinctions between Ulysses S. Grant's military and political careers. In Let Us Have Peace, Brooks Simpson questions such distinctions and offers a new understanding of this often enigmatic leader. He argues that during the 1860s Grant was both soldier and politician, for military and civil policy were inevitably intertwined during the Civil War and Reconstruction era. According to Simpson, Grant instinctively understood that war was 'politics by other means.' Moreover, he realized that civil wars presented special challenges: reconciliation, not conquest, was the Union's ultimate goal. And in peace, Grant sought to secure what had been won in war, stepping in to assume a more active role in policymaking when the intransigence of white Southerners and the obstructionist behavior of President Andrew Johnson threatened to spoil the fruits of Northern victory.

The Civil War and Reconstruction in Indian Territory

Author : Bradley R. Clampitt
Publisher : U of Nebraska Press
ISBN 13 : 080327887X
Total Pages : 213 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (32 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Civil War and Reconstruction in Indian Territory by : Bradley R. Clampitt

Download or read book The Civil War and Reconstruction in Indian Territory written by Bradley R. Clampitt and published by U of Nebraska Press. This book was released on 2015-12 with total page 213 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In Indian Territory the Civil War is a story best told through shades of gray rather than black and white or heroes and villains. Since neutrality appeared virtually impossible, the vast majority of territory residents chose a side, doing so for myriad reasons and not necessarily out of affection for either the Union or the Confederacy. Indigenous residents found themselves fighting to protect their unusual dual status as communities distinct from the American citizenry yet legal wards of the federal government. The Civil War and Reconstruction in Indian Territory is a nuanced and authoritative examination of the layers of conflicts both on and off the Civil War battlefield. It examines the military front and the home front; the experiences of the Five Nations and those of the agency tribes in the western portion of the territory; the severe conflicts between Native Americans and the federal government and between Indian nations and their former slaves during and beyond the Reconstruction years; and the concept of memory as viewed through the lenses of Native American oral traditions and the modern evolution of public history. These carefully crafted essays by leading scholars such as Amanda Cobb-Greetham, Clarissa Confer, Richard B. McCaslin, Linda W. Reese, and F. Todd Smith will help teachers and students better understand the Civil War, Native American history, and Oklahoma history.

The Legacy of the Civil War

Author : Robert Penn Warren
Publisher : U of Nebraska Press
ISBN 13 : 0803299273
Total Pages : 83 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (32 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Legacy of the Civil War by : Robert Penn Warren

Download or read book The Legacy of the Civil War written by Robert Penn Warren and published by U of Nebraska Press. This book was released on 2015-11 with total page 83 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this elegant book, the Pulitzer Prize-winning writer explores the manifold ways in which the Civil War changed the United States forever. He confronts its costs, not only human (six hundred thousand men killed) and economic (beyond reckoning) but social and psychological. He touches on popular misconceptions, including some concerning Abraham Lincoln and the issue of slavery. The war in all its facets "grows in our consciousness," arousing complex emotions and leaving "a gallery of great human images for our contemplation."

Searching for Black Confederates

Author : Kevin M. Levin
Publisher : UNC Press Books
ISBN 13 : 1469653273
Total Pages : 241 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (696 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Searching for Black Confederates by : Kevin M. Levin

Download or read book Searching for Black Confederates written by Kevin M. Levin and published by UNC Press Books. This book was released on 2019-08-09 with total page 241 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: More than 150 years after the end of the Civil War, scores of websites, articles, and organizations repeat claims that anywhere between 500 and 100,000 free and enslaved African Americans fought willingly as soldiers in the Confederate army. But as Kevin M. Levin argues in this carefully researched book, such claims would have shocked anyone who served in the army during the war itself. Levin explains that imprecise contemporary accounts, poorly understood primary-source material, and other misrepresentations helped fuel the rise of the black Confederate myth. Moreover, Levin shows that belief in the existence of black Confederate soldiers largely originated in the 1970s, a period that witnessed both a significant shift in how Americans remembered the Civil War and a rising backlash against African Americans' gains in civil rights and other realms. Levin also investigates the roles that African Americans actually performed in the Confederate army, including personal body servants and forced laborers. He demonstrates that regardless of the dangers these men faced in camp, on the march, and on the battlefield, their legal status remained unchanged. Even long after the guns fell silent, Confederate veterans and other writers remembered these men as former slaves and not as soldiers, an important reminder that how the war is remembered often runs counter to history.

U. S. Grant

Author : Waugh
Publisher : ReadHowYouWant.com
ISBN 13 : 1458781437
Total Pages : 694 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (587 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis U. S. Grant by : Waugh

Download or read book U. S. Grant written by Waugh and published by ReadHowYouWant.com. This book was released on 2010-07-09 with total page 694 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Grant was the most famous person in America, considered by most citizens to be equal in stature to George Washington and Abraham Lincoln. Yet today his monuments are rarely visited, his military reputation is overshadowed by that of Robert E. Lee, and his presidency is permanently mired at the bottom of historical rankings. In an insightful blen...

Black Reconstruction in America (The Oxford W. E. B. Du Bois)

Author : W. E. B. Du Bois
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 019938567X
Total Pages : 1134 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (993 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Black Reconstruction in America (The Oxford W. E. B. Du Bois) by : W. E. B. Du Bois

Download or read book Black Reconstruction in America (The Oxford W. E. B. Du Bois) written by W. E. B. Du Bois and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2014-02-01 with total page 1134 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: W. E. B. Du Bois was a public intellectual, sociologist, and activist on behalf of the African American community. He profoundly shaped black political culture in the United States through his founding role in the NAACP, as well as internationally through the Pan-African movement. Du Bois's sociological and historical research on African-American communities and culture broke ground in many areas, including the history of the post-Civil War Reconstruction period. Du Bois was also a prolific author of novels, autobiographical accounts, innumerable editorials and journalistic pieces, and several works of history. Black Reconstruction in America tells and interprets the story of the twenty years of Reconstruction from the point of view of newly liberated African Americans. Though lambasted by critics at the time of its publication in 1935, Black Reconstruction has only grown in historical and literary importance. In the 1960s it joined the canon of the most influential revisionist historical works. Its greatest achievement is weaving a credible, lyrical historical narrative of the hostile and politically fraught years of 1860-1880 with a powerful critical analysis of the harmful effects of democracy, including Jim Crow laws and other injustices. With a series introduction by editor Henry Louis Gates, Jr., and an introduction by David Levering Lewis, this edition is essential for anyone interested in African American history.

The First Reconstruction

Author : Van Gosse
Publisher : UNC Press Books
ISBN 13 : 1469660113
Total Pages : 759 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (696 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The First Reconstruction by : Van Gosse

Download or read book The First Reconstruction written by Van Gosse and published by UNC Press Books. This book was released on 2021-01-05 with total page 759 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It may be difficult to imagine that a consequential black electoral politics evolved in the United States before the Civil War, for as of 1860, the overwhelming majority of African Americans remained in bondage. Yet free black men, many of them escaped slaves, steadily increased their influence in electoral politics over the course of the early American republic. Despite efforts to disfranchise them, black men voted across much of the North, sometimes in numbers sufficient to swing elections. In this meticulously-researched book, Van Gosse offers a sweeping reappraisal of the formative era of American democracy from the Constitution's ratification through Abraham Lincoln's election, chronicling the rise of an organized, visible black politics focused on the quest for citizenship, the vote, and power within the free states. Full of untold stories and thorough examinations of political battles, this book traces a First Reconstruction of black political activism following emancipation in the North. From Portland, Maine and New Bedford, Massachusetts to Brooklyn and Cleveland, black men operated as voting blocs, denouncing the notion that skin color could define citizenship.

The Dunning School

Author : John David Smith
Publisher : University Press of Kentucky
ISBN 13 : 0813142733
Total Pages : 339 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (131 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Dunning School by : John David Smith

Download or read book The Dunning School written by John David Smith and published by University Press of Kentucky. This book was released on 2013-10-14 with total page 339 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From the late nineteenth century until World War I, a group of Columbia University students gathered under the mentorship of the renowned historian William Archibald Dunning (1857--1922). Known as the Dunning School, these students wrote the first generation of state studies on the Reconstruction -- volumes that generally sympathized with white southerners, interpreted radical Reconstruction as a mean-spirited usurpation of federal power, and cast the Republican Party as a coalition of carpetbaggers, freedmen, scalawags, and former Unionists. Edited by the award-winning historian John David Smith and J. Vincent Lowery, The Dunning School focuses on this controversial group of historians and its scholarly output. Despite their methodological limitations and racial bias, the Dunning historians' writings prefigured the sources and questions that later historians of the Reconstruction would utilize and address. Many of their pioneering dissertations remain important to ongoing debates on the broad meaning of the Civil War and Reconstruction and the evolution of American historical scholarship. This groundbreaking collection of original essays offers a fair and critical assessment of the Dunning School that focuses on the group's purpose, the strengths and weaknesses of its constituents, and its legacy. Squaring the past with the present, this important book also explores the evolution of historical interpretations over time and illuminates the ways in which contemporary political, racial, and social questions shape historical analyses.