Read Books Online and Download eBooks, EPub, PDF, Mobi, Kindle, Text Full Free.
Helium Nano Bubble Formation In Tungsten
Download Helium Nano Bubble Formation In Tungsten full books in PDF, epub, and Kindle. Read online Helium Nano Bubble Formation In Tungsten ebook anywhere anytime directly on your device. Fast Download speed and no annoying ads. We cannot guarantee that every ebooks is available!
Book Synopsis Helium Nano-bubble Formation in Tungsten by : Matt Thompson
Download or read book Helium Nano-bubble Formation in Tungsten written by Matt Thompson and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-08-01 with total page 112 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This PhD thesis characterises the damage that occurs in tungsten when it is exposed to a fusion-like environment. The book presents pioneering work on the use of grazing-incidence small-angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS) to measure nano-bubble formation in tungsten exposed to helium plasma. The phenomenon of nanoscale bubble formation within metals during helium plasma exposure can lead to undesirable changes in the material properties, such as complex nanoscale surface modification or a reduction in thermal conductivity. As a result of this work, it is now possible to quantify how nanobubble behaviour changes within different materials, and under different plasma conditions. In 2015 the author published the first GISAXS study of helium-induced nanobubble formation in tungsten, demonstrating the viability of using GISAXS for this work. This paper has generated significant interest from the international fusion community and was selected as one of the highlights for the journal Nuclear Fusion.
Book Synopsis Measuring Helium Nano-bubble Formation in Tungsten with Grazing-incidence Small Angle X-ray Scattering by : Matt Andrew Trevor Thompson
Download or read book Measuring Helium Nano-bubble Formation in Tungsten with Grazing-incidence Small Angle X-ray Scattering written by Matt Andrew Trevor Thompson and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Helium Bubble Formation in Ultrafine and Nanocrystalline Tungsten Under Different Extreme Conditions by :
Download or read book Helium Bubble Formation in Ultrafine and Nanocrystalline Tungsten Under Different Extreme Conditions written by and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 8 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We investigated the effects of helium ion irradiation energy and sample temperature on the performance of grain boundaries as helium sinks in ultrafine grained and nanocrystalline tungsten. Irradiations were performed at displacement and non-displacement energies and at temperatures above and below that required for vacancy migration. Microstructural investigations were performed using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) combined with either in-situ or ex-situ ion irradiation. Under helium irradiation at an energy which does not cause atomic displacements in tungsten (70 eV), regardless of temperature and thus vacancy migration conditions, bubbles were uniformly distributed with no preferential bubble formation on grain boundaries. Moreover, at energies that can cause displacements, bubbles were observed to be preferentially formed on the grain boundaries only at high temperatures where vacancy migration occurs. Under these conditions, the decoration of grain boundaries with large facetted bubbles occurred on nanocrystalline grains with dimensions less than 60 nm. Finally, we discuss the importance of vacancy supply and the formation and migration of radiation-induced defects on the performance of grain boundaries as helium sinks and the resulting irradiation tolerance of ultrafine grained and nanocrystalline tungsten to bubble formation.
Book Synopsis Helium-induced Bubble Formation in Ultrafine and Nanocrystalline Tungsten Under Different Extreme Conditions by :
Download or read book Helium-induced Bubble Formation in Ultrafine and Nanocrystalline Tungsten Under Different Extreme Conditions written by and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 20 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Surface Response of Tungsten to Helium and Hydrogen Plasma Flux as a Function of Temperature and Incident Kinetic Energy by : Faiza Sefta
Download or read book Surface Response of Tungsten to Helium and Hydrogen Plasma Flux as a Function of Temperature and Incident Kinetic Energy written by Faiza Sefta and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 128 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Tungsten is a leading candidate material for the diverter in future nuclear fusion reactors. Previous experiments have demonstrated that surface defects and bubbles form in tungsten when ex- posed to helium and hydrogen plasmas, even at modest ion energies. In some regimes, between 1000K and 2000K, and for He energies below 100eV, "fuzz" like features form. The mechanisms leading to these surfaces comprised of nanometer sized tungsten tendrils which include visible helium bubbles are not currently known. The role of helium bubble formation in tendril morphology could very likely be the starting point of these mechanisms. Using Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, the role of helium and hydrogen exposure in the initial formation mechanisms of tungsten "fuzz" are investigated. Molecular dynamics simulations are well suited to describe the time and length scales associated with initial formation of helium clusters that eventually grow to nano-meter sized helium bubbles. MD simulations also easily enable the modeling of a variety of surfaces such as single crystals, grain boundaries or "tendrils". While the sputtering yield of tungsten is generally low, previous observations of surface modification due to plasma exposure raise questions about the effects of surface morphology and sub-surface helium bubble populations on the sputtering behavior. Results of computational molecular dynamics are reported that investigate the influence of sub-surface helium bubble distributions on the sputtering yield of tungsten (100) and (110) surfaces induced by helium ion exposure in the range of 300 eV to 1 keV. The calculated sputtering yields are in reasonable agreement with a wide range of experimental data; but do not show any significant variation as a result of the pre-existing helium bubbles. Molecular dynamics simulations reveal a number of sub-surface mechanisms leading to nanometer- sized "fuzz" in tungsten exposed to low-energy helium plasmas. We find that during the bubble formation process, helium clusters create self-interstitial defect clusters in tungsten by a trap mutation process, followed by the migration of these defects to the surface that leads to the formation of layers of adatom islands on the tungsten surface. As the helium clusters grow into nanometer sized bubbles, their proximity to the surface and extremely high gas pressures can cause them to rupture the surface thus enabling helium release. Helium bubble bursting induces additional surface damage and tungsten mass loss which varies depending on the nature of the surface. We then show tendril-like geometries have surfaces that are more resilient to helium clustering and bubble formation and rupture. Finally, the study includes hydrogen to reveal the effect of a mixed 90%H-10%He plasma mix on the tungsten surface. We find that hydrogen greatly affects the tungsten surface, with a near surface hydrogen saturation layer, and that helium clusters still form and are attractive trapping sites for hydrogen. Molecular dynamics simulations have also investigated the effect of sub-surface helium bubble evolution on tungsten surface morphology. The helium bubble/tungsten surface interaction has been systematically studied to determine how parameters such as bubble shape and size, temperature, tungsten surface orientation and ligament thickness above the bubble impact bubble stability and surface evolution. The tungsten surface is roughened by a combination of adatom islands, craters and pinholes. The study provides insight into the mechanisms and conditions leading to various tungsten topology changes, most notably the formation of nanoscale fuzz. An atomistic study of the mechanisms behind initial phases of tungsten nano-fuzz growth has determined that tungsten surfaces are affected by sub-displacement energy helium and hydrogen fluxes through a series of mechanisms. Sub-surface helium atom clustering, bubble nucleation, growth and rupture lead to tungsten surface deformation. Helium clustering processes vary near grain boundaries or in tendril-like surface geometries. In the presence of hydrogen, these mechanisms are coupled with hydrogen surface saturation. Finally, further investigation to connect these atomistic mechanisms to nano-size tungsten fuzz growth is needed to get a comprehensive under- standing of the effects of low energy helium and hydrogen on tungsten.
Book Synopsis On the Edge of Magnetic Fusion Devices by : Sergei Krasheninnikov
Download or read book On the Edge of Magnetic Fusion Devices written by Sergei Krasheninnikov and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-09-07 with total page 269 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book reviews the current state of understanding concerning edge plasma, which bridges hot fusion plasma, with a temperature of roughly one million degrees Kelvin with plasma-facing materials, which have melting points of only a few thousand degrees Kelvin. In a fact, edge plasma is one of the keys to solution for harnessing fusion energy in magnetic fusion devices. The physics governing the processes at work in the edge plasma involves classical and anomalous transport of multispecies plasma, neutral gas dynamics, atomic physics effects, radiation transport, plasma-material interactions, and even the transport of plasma species within the plasma-facing materials. The book starts with simple physical models, then moves on to rigorous theoretical considerations and state-of-the-art simulation tools that are capable of capturing the most important features of the edge plasma phenomena. The authors compare the conclusions arising from the theoretical and computational analysis with the available experimental data. They also discuss the remaining gaps in their models and make projections for phenomena related to edge plasma in magnetic fusion reactors.
Book Synopsis Hydrogen and Helium Recycling at Plasma Facing Materials by : Ahmed Hassanein
Download or read book Hydrogen and Helium Recycling at Plasma Facing Materials written by Ahmed Hassanein and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2002-03-31 with total page 252 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Hydrogen Isotope Recycling at Plasma Facing Materials in Fusion Reactors, Argonne, Illinois, USA from 22-24 August 2001
Book Synopsis Characterization of the Dynamic Formation of Nano-tendril Surface Morphology on Tungsten While Exposed to Helium Plasma by : Kevin Benjamin Woller
Download or read book Characterization of the Dynamic Formation of Nano-tendril Surface Morphology on Tungsten While Exposed to Helium Plasma written by Kevin Benjamin Woller and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 140 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Tungsten undergoes surface morphology changes on the nanometer scale when subjected to low energy helium ion bombardment. This is due in part to the ion bombardment causing tungsten atoms to move on the surface, but also because of helium implantation and bubble development in the near surface at a depth 30 nm. At high enough surface temperatures, T/TM /~ 0.2, where TM is the melting temperature, nanoscale tendrils form on the surface and grow longer with additional bombardment by helium, but will decompose at the same temperature without helium bombardment. A tungsten surface that develops a densely packed layer of nano-tendrils over macroscopic areas greater than the grain size is referred to as tungsten fuzz, and is under intense study in fusion energy research, both for better understanding of how tungsten fuzz forms and of how tungsten fuzz affects the performance of plasma-facing components. The necessity of helium irradiation of the surface to induce nano-tendril growth motivates investigation into the dynamic process of helium implantation and accumulation in the surface. In this thesis, in situ elastic recoil detection is developed and used to measure the dynamic concentration of helium within a tungsten surface during the active growth of tungsten fuzz. During the development of in situ elastic recoil detection analysis, a variant of tungsten nano-tendril growth was discovered featuring drastically isolated bundles of nano-tendrils that grow at a higher rate than tungsten fuzz. The variation in nano-tendril morphology is correlated with incident helium ion energy modulation. The dependence on ion energy modulation and isolated nature of the nano-tendril bundles reveals clearly that nano-tendril growth is sensitive to surface kinetic effects. In this thesis, the structure and parameter space of the newly discovered nano-tendril bundle growth is analyzed with a suite of electron-based surface science techniques.
Book Synopsis Comprehensive Nuclear Materials by :
Download or read book Comprehensive Nuclear Materials written by and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2020-07-22 with total page 4871 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Materials in a nuclear environment are exposed to extreme conditions of radiation, temperature and/or corrosion, and in many cases the combination of these makes the material behavior very different from conventional materials. This is evident for the four major technological challenges the nuclear technology domain is facing currently: (i) long-term operation of existing Generation II nuclear power plants, (ii) the design of the next generation reactors (Generation IV), (iii) the construction of the ITER fusion reactor in Cadarache (France), (iv) and the intermediate and final disposal of nuclear waste. In order to address these challenges, engineers and designers need to know the properties of a wide variety of materials under these conditions and to understand the underlying processes affecting changes in their behavior, in order to assess their performance and to determine the limits of operation. Comprehensive Nuclear Materials, Second Edition, Seven Volume Set provides broad ranging, validated summaries of all the major topics in the field of nuclear material research for fission as well as fusion reactor systems. Attention is given to the fundamental scientific aspects of nuclear materials: fuel and structural materials for fission reactors, waste materials, and materials for fusion reactors. The articles are written at a level that allows undergraduate students to understand the material, while providing active researchers with a ready reference resource of information. Most of the chapters from the first Edition have been revised and updated and a significant number of new topics are covered in completely new material. During the ten years between the two editions, the challenge for applications of nuclear materials has been significantly impacted by world events, public awareness, and technological innovation. Materials play a key role as enablers of new technologies, and we trust that this new edition of Comprehensive Nuclear Materials has captured the key recent developments. Critically reviews the major classes and functions of materials, supporting the selection, assessment, validation and engineering of materials in extreme nuclear environments Comprehensive resource for up-to-date and authoritative information which is not always available elsewhere, even in journals Provides an in-depth treatment of materials modeling and simulation, with a specific focus on nuclear issues Serves as an excellent entry point for students and researchers new to the field
Book Synopsis Helium Bubble Formation and Swelling in Metals by : B. B. Glasgow
Download or read book Helium Bubble Formation and Swelling in Metals written by B. B. Glasgow and published by . This book was released on 1981 with total page 6 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Radiation Damage in Materials by : Yongqiang Wang
Download or read book Radiation Damage in Materials written by Yongqiang Wang and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2020-12-28 with total page 196 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The complexity of radiation damage effects in materials that are used in various irradiation environments stems from the fundamental particle–solid interactions and the subsequent damage recovery dynamics after the collision cascades, which involves multiple length and time scales. Adding to this complexity are the transmuted impurities that are unavoidable from accompanying nuclear processes. Helium is one such impurity that plays an important and unique role in controlling the microstructure and properties of materials used in fast fission reactors, plasma-facing and structural materials in fusion devices, spallation neutron target designs, actinides, tritium-containing materials, and nuclear waste. Their ultra-low solubility in virtually all solids forces He atoms to self-precipitate into small bubbles that become nucleation sites for further void growth under radiation-induced vacancy supersaturations, resulting in material swelling and high-temperature He embrittlement, as well as surface blistering under low-energy and high-flux He bombardment. This Special Issue, “Radiation Damage in Materials—Helium Effects”, contains review articles and full-length papers on new irradiation material research activities and novel material ideas using experimental and/or modeling approaches. These studies elucidate the interactions of helium with various extreme environments and tailored nanostructures, as well as their impact on microstructural evolution and material properties.
Book Synopsis Molecular Dynamics Study of Hydrogen Trapping and Helium Clustering in Tungsten by : Ashok Gurung
Download or read book Molecular Dynamics Study of Hydrogen Trapping and Helium Clustering in Tungsten written by Ashok Gurung and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 83 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The field of plasma confinement and path toward achieving thermonuclear fusion started with experimental devices like tokamak and has evolved into other more complex variants of magnetic plasma confinement such as stellarator and spherical-tokamaks. As the plasma confinement machines advance towards higher temperature and plasma density (thermonuclear fusion conditions) the role and nature of plasma-wall interaction such as possible edge plasma regimes, particle recycling at the walls and its consequence for erosion, migration and re-deposition of wall material and impurity generation, transport and radiation as well as issues of particle exhaust continues to be a dominant limiting factor due to the close proximity of the wall. The selection of optimal wall-material for the plasma-wall components is a complex process, and till date, it continues to be an important and challenging area in the field of study of plasma-wall interaction. Various metals, ceramics or graphites with desirable response to severe thermal loads and varying mechanical properties towards elastic deformation, plastic deformation, fatigue, and toughness have been proposed. Sputtering and wall-erosion which results in plasma contamination is an important determining factor for wall-material selection. Tungsten is considered as a possible candidate for plasma facing material because of its high thermal conductivity, low hydrogen retention, high atomic mass (high-Z), and, high melting point. In both, limiter and divertor configurations there is substantial recycling of particles on the wall due to continuous bombardment of wall material by both charged and neutral particles. Experimental studies have shown that the light particle species such as hydrogen and helium are able to penetrate into the tungsten wall and substantial trapping of helium in tungsten has been observed. Among other issues, blistering, fuzz formation, tritium retention, surface roughening, and intergranular embrittlement are major issues to be addressed. Considerable effort is invested towards developing a better understanding of the interactions of hydrogen, helium in tungsten matrix. In the present study we use classical molecular dynamics (MD) approach to study (a) hydrogen retention, (b) helium bubble formation in tungsten, and, (c) study the effect of the presence of helium bubbles in tungsten matrix on hydrogen retention. The hydrogen bombardment simulations span an energy range from 30 eV to 100 eV at three different substrate temperatures - 500K, 1200K and 2000K. The variation of hydrogen trapping on tungsten matrix surface orientation is examined by performing MD simulation for 100 and 111 surface orientations. The growth of helium clusters in tungsten matrix as a function of temperature and a varying number of helium atoms at the start of the simulation is performed to study solute saturation effects. The trapping of hydrogen in the presence of helium is studied through molecular dynamics study of the bombardment of hydrogen atoms on tungsten substrate with helium cluster distributed throughout the tungsten matrix.The results of this study show that the hydrogen trapping fraction grows almost linearly over the intermediate bombarding energy range with the exception of low incident energy for which higher hydrogen trapping is observed. The effect of substrate temperature for low energy hydrogen bombardment is found to be different from the high-energy incidence indicating a complex dynamics of atomic diffusion within the tungsten matrix. The surface orientation of the substrate also affects the trapping percentage of hydrogen. The formation and growth of helium cluster are found to be dependent on the temperature and the number of helium atoms per unit cell. In the presence of helium cluster, the trapping percentage of hydrogen is significantly affected, especially at low energy
Book Synopsis Characterization of Helium Bubble Growth in Tungsten Exposed to Low-flux Plasmas by :
Download or read book Characterization of Helium Bubble Growth in Tungsten Exposed to Low-flux Plasmas written by and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 19 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Discovering Key Unknowns for Tungsten-hydrogen-helium Plasma Material Interactions Using Molecular Dynamics by : Mary Alice Cusentino
Download or read book Discovering Key Unknowns for Tungsten-hydrogen-helium Plasma Material Interactions Using Molecular Dynamics written by Mary Alice Cusentino and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 155 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Molecular dynamics simulations have been used to study plasma material interactions to better understand the performance of a tungsten divertor. A tendril-like geometry was modeled to study the diffusion of helium in nanotendrils and its relation to fuzz growth. The tendrils remain stable throughout the simulation and a modified helium release mechanism is found that allows the helium retention to reach a steady state within the tendril. The helium retention within the tendril inversely depends on the surface to volume ratio. There is limited diffusion deep into the tendril and extrapolating the flux calculated to experimentally relevant time scales indicates that helium diffusion is not sufficient to drive fuzz growth. Helium implantation near a grain boundary, but not directly on the grain boudary itself, was performed. Helium behavior within the implantation zone is consistent with previous simulations of helium in defect-free tungsten. Some helium diffuses to the grain boundary where it forms small helium clusters but virtually no helium atoms diffuse over the grain boundary. The sink strength of the grain boundary and helium bubbles are calculated and the values are comparable, indicating that the grain boundary sink strength only matters at the beginning of the simulation before the helium bubbles form. Simulations of hydrogen and helium were performed to assess the interaction between the two gas atom species in tungsten. Simulations of small subsurface mixed hydrogen-helium bubbles indicate that hydrogen diffuses to the helium bubble periphery region and becomes trapped there. A binding energy of 2 eV is calculated. Modeling of hydrogen implantation in helium pre-implanted tungsten were performed and the presence of helium modifies the depth distribution and blocks the deeper diffusion of hydrogen when compared with hydrogen implantation in pure tungsten. This could potentially have a significant impact on tritium retention and material performance.
Book Synopsis Atomic Defects in Metals / Atomare Fehlstellen in Metallen by : H. Ullmaier
Download or read book Atomic Defects in Metals / Atomare Fehlstellen in Metallen written by H. Ullmaier and published by Springer. This book was released on 1991-09-30 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Atomic or point defects are disturbances of the periodicity of the crystal lattice extending over only a few atomic distances. Many physical and mechanical properties of solids are sensitive to their presence. Furthermore other defects which are crucial to material behaviour are influenced by their interaction with atomic defects. A detailed knowledge of production mechanisms and properties of point defects is therefore essential for assessing and for understanding the atomistic as well as the macroscopic behaviour of materials. As a result of the use of new research methods in recent years, such information is now available for almost all pure metals, for many dilute alloys and for some concentrated alloys. However, a critical and comprehensive collection of these data has so far been missing. The aim of the present volume is to close this gap by sifting, evaluating and compiling data on vacancies and self-interstitial atoms in solid metals. A chapter on the element helium is included because of the exeptional position of He as an "alloying" element and its role in radiation damage phenomena.
Book Synopsis Fundamentals of Radiation Materials Science by : GARY S. WAS
Download or read book Fundamentals of Radiation Materials Science written by GARY S. WAS and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-07-08 with total page 1014 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The revised second edition of this established text offers readers a significantly expanded introduction to the effects of radiation on metals and alloys. It describes the various processes that occur when energetic particles strike a solid, inducing changes to the physical and mechanical properties of the material. Specifically it covers particle interaction with the metals and alloys used in nuclear reactor cores and hence subject to intense radiation fields. It describes the basics of particle-atom interaction for a range of particle types, the amount and spatial extent of the resulting radiation damage, the physical effects of irradiation and the changes in mechanical behavior of irradiated metals and alloys. Updated throughout, some major enhancements for the new edition include improved treatment of low- and intermediate-energy elastic collisions and stopping power, expanded sections on molecular dynamics and kinetic Monte Carlo methodologies describing collision cascade evolution, new treatment of the multi-frequency model of diffusion, numerous examples of RIS in austenitic and ferritic-martensitic alloys, expanded treatment of in-cascade defect clustering, cluster evolution, and cluster mobility, new discussion of void behavior near grain boundaries, a new section on ion beam assisted deposition, and reorganization of hardening, creep and fracture of irradiated materials (Chaps 12-14) to provide a smoother and more integrated transition between the topics. The book also contains two new chapters. Chapter 15 focuses on the fundamentals of corrosion and stress corrosion cracking, covering forms of corrosion, corrosion thermodynamics, corrosion kinetics, polarization theory, passivity, crevice corrosion, and stress corrosion cracking. Chapter 16 extends this treatment and considers the effects of irradiation on corrosion and environmentally assisted corrosion, including the effects of irradiation on water chemistry and the mechanisms of irradiation-induced stress corrosion cracking. The book maintains the previous style, concepts are developed systematically and quantitatively, supported by worked examples, references for further reading and end-of-chapter problem sets. Aimed primarily at students of materials sciences and nuclear engineering, the book will also provide a valuable resource for academic and industrial research professionals. Reviews of the first edition: "...nomenclature, problems and separate bibliography at the end of each chapter allow to the reader to reach a straightforward understanding of the subject, part by part. ... this book is very pleasant to read, well documented and can be seen as a very good introduction to the effects of irradiation on matter, or as a good references compilation for experimented readers." - Pauly Nicolas, Physicalia Magazine, Vol. 30 (1), 2008 “The text provides enough fundamental material to explain the science and theory behind radiation effects in solids, but is also written at a high enough level to be useful for professional scientists. Its organization suits a graduate level materials or nuclear science course... the text was written by a noted expert and active researcher in the field of radiation effects in metals, the selection and organization of the material is excellent... may well become a necessary reference for graduate students and researchers in radiation materials science.” - L.M. Dougherty, 07/11/2008, JOM, the Member Journal of The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society.
Book Synopsis Molecular Aggregation by : Angelo Gavezzotti
Download or read book Molecular Aggregation written by Angelo Gavezzotti and published by OUP Oxford. This book was released on 2007 with total page 446 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This title provides a brief but accurate summary of all the basic ideas, theories, methods, and conspicuous results of structure analysis and molecular modelling of the condensed phases of organic compounds.
