Credit Risk: Modeling, Valuation and Hedging

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Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9783540675938
Total Pages : 524 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (759 download)

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Book Synopsis Credit Risk: Modeling, Valuation and Hedging by : Tomasz R. Bielecki

Download or read book Credit Risk: Modeling, Valuation and Hedging written by Tomasz R. Bielecki and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2004-01-22 with total page 524 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The motivation for the mathematical modeling studied in this text on developments in credit risk research is the bridging of the gap between mathematical theory of credit risk and the financial practice. Mathematical developments are covered thoroughly and give the structural and reduced-form approaches to credit risk modeling. Included is a detailed study of various arbitrage-free models of default term structures with several rating grades.

Credit Risk Frontiers

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Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 157660358X
Total Pages : 770 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (766 download)

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Book Synopsis Credit Risk Frontiers by : Tomasz Bielecki

Download or read book Credit Risk Frontiers written by Tomasz Bielecki and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2011-02-08 with total page 770 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A timely guide to understanding and implementing credit derivatives Credit derivatives are here to stay and will continue to play a role in finance in the future. But what will that role be? What issues and challenges should be addressed? And what lessons can be learned from the credit mess? Credit Risk Frontiers offers answers to these and other questions by presenting the latest research in this field and addressing important issues exposed by the financial crisis. It covers this subject from a real world perspective, tackling issues such as liquidity, poor data, and credit spreads, as well as the latest innovations in portfolio products and hedging and risk management techniques. Provides a coherent presentation of recent advances in the theory and practice of credit derivatives Takes into account the new products and risk requirements of a post financial crisis world Contains information regarding various aspects of the credit derivative market as well as cutting edge research regarding those aspects If you want to gain a better understanding of how credit derivatives can help your trading or investing endeavors, then Credit Risk Frontiers is a book you need to read.

International Convergence of Capital Measurement and Capital Standards

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Author :
Publisher : Lulu.com
ISBN 13 : 9291316695
Total Pages : 294 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (913 download)

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Book Synopsis International Convergence of Capital Measurement and Capital Standards by :

Download or read book International Convergence of Capital Measurement and Capital Standards written by and published by Lulu.com. This book was released on 2004 with total page 294 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Quantitative Analysis, Derivatives Modeling, and Trading Strategies

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Publisher : World Scientific
ISBN 13 : 9812706658
Total Pages : 523 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (127 download)

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Book Synopsis Quantitative Analysis, Derivatives Modeling, and Trading Strategies by : Yi Tang

Download or read book Quantitative Analysis, Derivatives Modeling, and Trading Strategies written by Yi Tang and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2007 with total page 523 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book addresses selected practical applications and recent developments in the areas of quantitative financial modeling in derivatives instruments, some of which are from the authorsOCO own research and practice. While the primary scope of this book is the fixed-income market (with further focus on the interest rate market), many of the methodologies presented also apply to other financial markets, such as the credit, equity, and foreign exchange markets. This book, which assumes that the reader is familiar with the basics of stochastic calculus and derivatives modeling, is written from the point of view of financial engineers or practitioners, and, as such, it puts more emphasis on the practical applications of financial mathematics in the real market than the mathematics itself with precise (and tedious) technical conditions. It attempts to combine economic insights with mathematics and modeling so as to help the reader develop intuitions. In addition, the book addresses the counterparty credit risk modeling, pricing, and arbitraging strategies, which are relatively recent developments and are of increasing importance. It also discusses various trading structuring strategies and touches upon some popular credit/IR/FX hybrid products, such as PRDC, TARN, Snowballs, Snowbears, CCDS, credit extinguishers."

Derivatives Analytics with Python

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Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119037999
Total Pages : 390 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (19 download)

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Book Synopsis Derivatives Analytics with Python by : Yves Hilpisch

Download or read book Derivatives Analytics with Python written by Yves Hilpisch and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2015-08-03 with total page 390 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Supercharge options analytics and hedging using the power of Python Derivatives Analytics with Python shows you how to implement market-consistent valuation and hedging approaches using advanced financial models, efficient numerical techniques, and the powerful capabilities of the Python programming language. This unique guide offers detailed explanations of all theory, methods, and processes, giving you the background and tools necessary to value stock index options from a sound foundation. You'll find and use self-contained Python scripts and modules and learn how to apply Python to advanced data and derivatives analytics as you benefit from the 5,000+ lines of code that are provided to help you reproduce the results and graphics presented. Coverage includes market data analysis, risk-neutral valuation, Monte Carlo simulation, model calibration, valuation, and dynamic hedging, with models that exhibit stochastic volatility, jump components, stochastic short rates, and more. The companion website features all code and IPython Notebooks for immediate execution and automation. Python is gaining ground in the derivatives analytics space, allowing institutions to quickly and efficiently deliver portfolio, trading, and risk management results. This book is the finance professional's guide to exploiting Python's capabilities for efficient and performing derivatives analytics. Reproduce major stylized facts of equity and options markets yourself Apply Fourier transform techniques and advanced Monte Carlo pricing Calibrate advanced option pricing models to market data Integrate advanced models and numeric methods to dynamically hedge options Recent developments in the Python ecosystem enable analysts to implement analytics tasks as performing as with C or C++, but using only about one-tenth of the code or even less. Derivatives Analytics with Python — Data Analysis, Models, Simulation, Calibration and Hedging shows you what you need to know to supercharge your derivatives and risk analytics efforts.

XVA

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Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118556755
Total Pages : 536 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (185 download)

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Book Synopsis XVA by : Andrew Green

Download or read book XVA written by Andrew Green and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2015-10-23 with total page 536 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Thorough, accessible coverage of the key issues inXVA XVA – Credit, Funding and Capital ValuationAdjustments provides specialists and non-specialists alikewith an up-to-date and comprehensive treatment of Credit, Debit,Funding, Capital and Margin Valuation Adjustment (CVA, DVA, FVA,KVA and MVA), including modelling frameworks as well as broader ITengineering challenges. Written by an industry expert, this booknavigates you through the complexities of XVA, discussing in detailthe very latest developments in valuation adjustments including theimpact of regulatory capital and margin requirements arising fromCCPs and bilateral initial margin. The book presents a unified approach to modelling valuationadjustments including credit risk, funding and regulatory effects.The practical implementation of XVA models using Monte Carlotechniques is also central to the book. You'll also find thoroughcoverage of how XVA sensitivities can be accurately measured, thetechnological challenges presented by XVA, the use of gridcomputing on CPU and GPU platforms, the management of data, and howthe regulatory framework introduced under Basel III presentsmassive implications for the finance industry. Explores how XVA models have developed in the aftermath of thecredit crisis The only text to focus on the XVA adjustments rather than thebroader topic of counterparty risk. Covers regulatory change since the credit crisis includingBasel III and the impact regulation has had on the pricing ofderivatives. Covers the very latest valuation adjustments, KVA and MVA. The author is a regular speaker and trainer at industry events,including WBS training, Marcus Evans, ICBI, Infoline and RISK If you're a quantitative analyst, trader, banking manager, riskmanager, finance and audit professional, academic or studentlooking to expand your knowledge of XVA, this book has youcovered.

Parameter Estimation in Stochastic Volatility Models

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Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3031038614
Total Pages : 634 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (31 download)

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Book Synopsis Parameter Estimation in Stochastic Volatility Models by : Jaya P. N. Bishwal

Download or read book Parameter Estimation in Stochastic Volatility Models written by Jaya P. N. Bishwal and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-08-06 with total page 634 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book develops alternative methods to estimate the unknown parameters in stochastic volatility models, offering a new approach to test model accuracy. While there is ample research to document stochastic differential equation models driven by Brownian motion based on discrete observations of the underlying diffusion process, these traditional methods often fail to estimate the unknown parameters in the unobserved volatility processes. This text studies the second order rate of weak convergence to normality to obtain refined inference results like confidence interval, as well as nontraditional continuous time stochastic volatility models driven by fractional Levy processes. By incorporating jumps and long memory into the volatility process, these new methods will help better predict option pricing and stock market crash risk. Some simulation algorithms for numerical experiments are provided.

Frontiers in Quantitative Finance

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Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 0470456809
Total Pages : 312 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (74 download)

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Book Synopsis Frontiers in Quantitative Finance by : Rama Cont

Download or read book Frontiers in Quantitative Finance written by Rama Cont and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2009-03-09 with total page 312 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Petit D'euner de la Finance–which author Rama Cont has been co-organizing in Paris since 1998–is a well-known quantitative finance seminar that has progressively become a platform for the exchange of ideas between the academic and practitioner communities in quantitative finance. Frontiers in Quantitative Finance is a selection of recent presentations in the Petit D'euner de la Finance. In this book, leading quants and academic researchers cover the most important emerging issues in quantitative finance and focus on portfolio credit risk and volatility modeling.

Understanding and Managing Model Risk

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Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 0470977612
Total Pages : 452 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (79 download)

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Book Synopsis Understanding and Managing Model Risk by : Massimo Morini

Download or read book Understanding and Managing Model Risk written by Massimo Morini and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2011-11-07 with total page 452 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A guide to the validation and risk management of quantitative models used for pricing and hedging Whereas the majority of quantitative finance books focus on mathematics and risk management books focus on regulatory aspects, this book addresses the elements missed by this literature--the risks of the models themselves. This book starts from regulatory issues, but translates them into practical suggestions to reduce the likelihood of model losses, basing model risk and validation on market experience and on a wide range of real-world examples, with a high level of detail and precise operative indications.

Recent Developments in Mathematical, Statistical and Computational Sciences

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Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9783030635930
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (359 download)

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Book Synopsis Recent Developments in Mathematical, Statistical and Computational Sciences by : D. Marc Kilgour

Download or read book Recent Developments in Mathematical, Statistical and Computational Sciences written by D. Marc Kilgour and published by Springer. This book was released on 2022-08-31 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book constitutes an up-to-date account of principles, methods, and tools for mathematical and statistical modelling in a wide range of research fields, including medicine, health sciences, biology, environmental science, engineering, physics, chemistry, computation, finance, economics, and social sciences. It presents original solutions to real-world problems, emphasizes the coordinated development of theories and applications, and promotes interdisciplinary collaboration among mathematicians, statisticians, and researchers in other disciplines. Based on a highly successful meeting, the International Conference on Applied Mathematics, Modeling and Computational Science, AMMCS 2019, held from August 18 to 23, 2019, on the main campus of Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Canada, the contributions are the results of submissions from the conference participants. They provide readers with a broader view of the methods, ideas and tools used in mathematical, statistical and computational sciences.

Modelling, Pricing, and Hedging Counterparty Credit Exposure

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Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3642044549
Total Pages : 257 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (42 download)

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Book Synopsis Modelling, Pricing, and Hedging Counterparty Credit Exposure by : Giovanni Cesari

Download or read book Modelling, Pricing, and Hedging Counterparty Credit Exposure written by Giovanni Cesari and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2009-12-06 with total page 257 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It was the end of 2005 when our employer, a major European Investment Bank, gave our team the mandate to compute in an accurate way the counterparty credit exposure arising from exotic derivatives traded by the ?rm. As often happens, - posure of products such as, for example, exotic interest-rate, or credit derivatives were modelled under conservative assumptions and credit of?cers were struggling to assess the real risk. We started with a few models written on spreadsheets, t- lored to very speci?c instruments, and soon it became clear that a more systematic approach was needed. So we wrote some tools that could be used for some classes of relatively simple products. A couple of years later we are now in the process of building a system that will be used to trade and hedge counterparty credit ex- sure in an accurate way, for all types of derivative products in all asset classes. We had to overcome problems ranging from modelling in a consistent manner different products booked in different systems and building the appropriate architecture that would allow the computation and pricing of credit exposure for all types of pr- ucts, to ?nding the appropriate management structure across Business, Risk, and IT divisions of the ?rm. In this book we describe some of our experience in modelling counterparty credit exposure, computing credit valuation adjustments, determining appropriate hedges, and building a reliable system.

Credit Risk

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Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1584889950
Total Pages : 600 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (848 download)

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Book Synopsis Credit Risk by : Niklas Wagner

Download or read book Credit Risk written by Niklas Wagner and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2008-05-28 with total page 600 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Featuring contributions from leading international academics and practitioners, Credit Risk: Models, Derivatives, and Management illustrates how a risk management system can be implemented through an understanding of portfolio credit risks, a set of suitable models, and the derivation of reliable empirical results. Divided into six sectio

The SABR/LIBOR Market Model

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Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119995639
Total Pages : 308 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (199 download)

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Book Synopsis The SABR/LIBOR Market Model by : Riccardo Rebonato

Download or read book The SABR/LIBOR Market Model written by Riccardo Rebonato and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2011-03-01 with total page 308 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents a major innovation in the interest rate space. It explains a financially motivated extension of the LIBOR Market model which accurately reproduces the prices for plain vanilla hedging instruments (swaptions and caplets) of all strikes and maturities produced by the SABR model. The authors show how to accurately recover the whole of the SABR smile surface using their extension of the LIBOR market model. This is not just a new model, this is a new way of option pricing that takes into account the need to calibrate as accurately as possible to the plain vanilla reference hedging instruments and the need to obtain prices and hedges in reasonable time whilst reproducing a realistic future evolution of the smile surface. It removes the hard choice between accuracy and time because the framework that the authors provide reproduces today's market prices of plain vanilla options almost exactly and simultaneously gives a reasonable future evolution for the smile surface. The authors take the SABR model as the starting point for their extension of the LMM because it is a good model for European options. The problem, however with SABR is that it treats each European option in isolation and the processes for the various underlyings (forward and swap rates) do not talk to each other so it isn't obvious how to relate these processes into the dynamics of the whole yield curve. With this new model, the authors bring the dynamics of the various forward rates and stochastic volatilities under a single umbrella. To ensure the absence of arbitrage they derive drift adjustments to be applied to both the forward rates and their volatilities. When this is completed, complex derivatives that depend on the joint realisation of all relevant forward rates can now be priced. Contents THE THEORETICAL SET-UP The Libor Market model The SABR Model The LMM-SABR Model IMPLEMENTATION AND CALIBRATION Calibrating the LMM-SABR model to Market Caplet prices Calibrating the LMM/SABR model to Market Swaption Prices Calibrating the Correlation Structure EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE The Empirical problem Estimating the volatility of the forward rates Estimating the correlation structure Estimating the volatility of the volatility HEDGING Hedging the Volatility Structure Hedging the Correlation Structure Hedging in conditions of market stress

Risk Management and Financial Institutions

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Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118955951
Total Pages : 740 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (189 download)

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Book Synopsis Risk Management and Financial Institutions by : John C. Hull

Download or read book Risk Management and Financial Institutions written by John C. Hull and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2015-03-05 with total page 740 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The most complete, up to date guide to risk management in finance Risk Management and Financial Institutions explains all aspects of financial risk and financial institution regulation, helping readers better understand the financial markets and potential dangers. This new fourth edition has been updated to reflect the major developments in the industry, including the finalization of Basel III, the fundamental review of the trading book, SEFs, CCPs, and the new rules affecting derivatives markets. There are new chapters on enterprise risk management and scenario analysis. Readers learn the different types of risk, how and where they appear in different types of institutions, and how the regulatory structure of each institution affects risk management practices. Comprehensive ancillary materials include software, practice questions, and all necessary teaching supplements, facilitating more complete understanding and providing an ultimate learning resource. All financial professionals need a thorough background in risk and the interlacing connections between financial institutions to better understand the market, defend against systemic dangers, and perform their jobs. This book provides a complete picture of the risk management industry and practice, with the most up to date information. Understand how risk affects different types of financial institutions Learn the different types of risk and how they are managed Study the most current regulatory issues that deal with risk Risk management is paramount with the dangers inherent in the financial system, and a deep understanding is essential for anyone working in the finance industry; today, risk management is part of everyone's job. For complete information and comprehensive coverage of the latest industry issues and practices, Risk Management and Financial Institutions is an informative, authoritative guide.

Risk Management and Financial Institutions, + Web Site

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Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118269039
Total Pages : 674 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (182 download)

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Book Synopsis Risk Management and Financial Institutions, + Web Site by : John Hull

Download or read book Risk Management and Financial Institutions, + Web Site written by John Hull and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2012-05-08 with total page 674 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This text takes risk management theory and explains it in a 'this is how you do it' manner for practical application in today's financial world.

Handbook on Systemic Risk

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Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1107276578
Total Pages : 993 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (72 download)

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Book Synopsis Handbook on Systemic Risk by : Jean-Pierre Fouque

Download or read book Handbook on Systemic Risk written by Jean-Pierre Fouque and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2013-05-23 with total page 993 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Handbook on Systemic Risk, written by experts in the field, provides researchers with an introduction to the multifaceted aspects of systemic risks facing the global financial markets. The Handbook explores the multidisciplinary approaches to analyzing this risk, the data requirements for further research, and the recommendations being made to avert financial crisis. The Handbook is designed to encourage new researchers to investigate a topic with immense societal implications as well as to provide, for those already actively involved within their own academic discipline, an introduction to the research being undertaken in other disciplines. Each chapter in the Handbook will provide researchers with a superior introduction to the field and with references to more advanced research articles. It is the hope of the editors that this Handbook will stimulate greater interdisciplinary academic research on the critically important topic of systemic risk in the global financial markets.

Optimization-Based Models for Measuring and Hedging Risk in Fixed Income Markets

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Publisher : Linköping University Electronic Press
ISBN 13 : 917929927X
Total Pages : 156 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (792 download)

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Book Synopsis Optimization-Based Models for Measuring and Hedging Risk in Fixed Income Markets by : Johan Hagenbjörk

Download or read book Optimization-Based Models for Measuring and Hedging Risk in Fixed Income Markets written by Johan Hagenbjörk and published by Linköping University Electronic Press. This book was released on 2019-12-09 with total page 156 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The global fixed income market is an enormous financial market whose value by far exceeds that of the public stock markets. The interbank market consists of interest rate derivatives, whose primary purpose is to manage interest rate risk. The credit market primarily consists of the bond market, which links investors to companies, institutions, and governments with borrowing needs. This dissertation takes an optimization perspective upon modeling both these areas of the fixed-income market. Legislators on the national markets require financial actors to value their financial assets in accordance with market prices. Thus, prices of many assets, which are not publicly traded, must be determined mathematically. The financial quantities needed for pricing are not directly observable but must be measured through solving inverse optimization problems. These measurements are based on the available market prices, which are observed with various degrees of measurement noise. For the interbank market, the relevant financial quantities consist of term structures of interest rates, which are curves displaying the market rates for different maturities. For the bond market, credit risk is an additional factor that can be modeled through default intensity curves and term structures of recovery rates in case of default. By formulating suitable optimization models, the different underlying financial quantities can be measured in accordance with observable market prices, while conditions for economic realism are imposed. Measuring and managing risk is closely connected to the measurement of the underlying financial quantities. Through a data-driven method, we can show that six systematic risk factors can be used to explain almost all variance in the interest rate curves. By modeling the dynamics of these six risk factors, possible outcomes can be simulated in the form of term structure scenarios. For short-term simulation horizons, this results in a representation of the portfolio value distribution that is consistent with the realized outcomes from historically observed term structures. This enables more accurate measurements of interest rate risk, where our proposed method exhibits both lower risk and lower pricing errors compared to traditional models. We propose a method for decomposing changes in portfolio values for an arbitrary portfolio into the risk factors that affect the value of each instrument. By demonstrating the method for the six systematic risk factors identified for the interbank market, we show that almost all changes in portfolio value and portfolio variance can be attributed to these risk factors. Additional risk factors and approximation errors are gathered into two terms, which can be studied to ensure the quality of the performance attribution, and possibly improve it. To eliminate undesired risk within trading books, banks use hedging. Traditional methods do not take transaction costs into account. We, therefore, propose a method for managing the risks in the interbank market through a stochastic optimization model that considers transaction costs. This method is based on a scenario approximation of the optimization problem where the six systematic risk factors are simulated, and the portfolio variance is weighted against the transaction costs. This results in a method that is preferred over the traditional methods for all risk-averse investors. For the credit market, we use data from the bond market in combination with the interbank market to make accurate measurements of the financial quantities. We address the notoriously difficult problem of separating default risk from recovery risk. In addition to the previous identified six systematic risk factors for risk-free interests, we identify four risk factors that explain almost all variance in default intensities, while a single risk factor seems sufficient to model the recovery risk. Overall, this is a higher number of risk factors than is usually found in the literature. Through a simple model, we can measure the variance in bond prices in terms of these systematic risk factors, and through performance attribution, we relate these values to the empirically realized variances from the quoted bond prices. De globala ränte- och kreditmarknaderna är enorma finansiella marknader vars sammanlagda värden vida överstiger de publika aktiemarknadernas. Räntemarknaden består av räntederivat vars främsta användningsområde är hantering av ränterisker. Kreditmarknaden utgörs i första hand av obligationsmarknaden som syftar till att förmedla pengar från investerare till företag, institutioner och stater med upplåningsbehov. Denna avhandling fokuserar på att utifrån ett optimeringsperspektiv modellera både ränte- och obligationsmarknaden. Lagstiftarna på de nationella marknaderna kräver att de finansiella aktörerna värderar sina finansiella tillgångar i enlighet med marknadspriser. Därmed måste priserna på många instrument, som inte handlas publikt, beräknas matematiskt. De finansiella storheter som krävs för denna prissättning är inte direkt observerbara, utan måste mätas genom att lösa inversa optimeringsproblem. Dessa mätningar görs utifrån tillgängliga marknadspriser, som observeras med varierande grad av mätbrus. För räntemarknaden utgörs de relevanta finansiella storheterna av räntekurvor som åskådliggör marknadsräntorna för olika löptider. För obligationsmarknaden utgör kreditrisken en ytterligare faktor som modelleras via fallissemangsintensitetskurvor och kurvor kopplade till förväntat återvunnet kapital vid eventuellt fallissemang. Genom att formulera lämpliga optimeringsmodeller kan de olika underliggande finansiella storheterna mätas i enlighet med observerbara marknadspriser samtidigt som ekonomisk realism eftersträvas. Mätning och hantering av risker är nära kopplat till mätningen av de underliggande finansiella storheterna. Genom en datadriven metod kan vi visa att sex systematiska riskfaktorer kan användas för att förklara nästan all varians i räntekurvorna. Genom att modellera dynamiken i dessa sex riskfaktorer kan tänkbara utfall för räntekurvor simuleras. För kortsiktiga simuleringshorisonter resulterar detta i en representation av fördelningen av portföljvärden som väl överensstämmer med de realiserade utfallen från historiskt observerade räntekurvor. Detta möjliggör noggrannare mätningar av ränterisk där vår föreslagna metod uppvisar såväl lägre risk som mindre prissättningsfel jämfört med traditionella modeller. Vi föreslår en metod för att dekomponera portföljutvecklingen för en godtycklig portfölj till de riskfaktorer som påverkar värdet för respektive instrument. Genom att demonstrera metoden för de sex systematiska riskfaktorerna som identifierats för räntemarknaden visar vi att nästan all portföljutveckling och portföljvarians kan härledas till dessa riskfaktorer. Övriga riskfaktorer och approximationsfel samlas i två termer, vilka kan användas för att säkerställa och eventuellt förbättra kvaliteten i prestationshärledningen. För att eliminera oönskad risk i sina tradingböcker använder banker sig av hedging. Traditionella metoder tar ingen hänsyn till transaktionskostnader. Vi föreslår därför en metod för att hantera riskerna på räntemarknaden genom en stokastisk optimeringsmodell som också tar hänsyn till transaktionskostnader. Denna metod bygger på en scenarioapproximation av optimeringsproblemet där de sex systematiska riskfaktorerna simuleras och portföljvariansen vägs mot transaktionskostnaderna. Detta resulterar i en metod som, för alla riskaverta investerare, är att föredra framför de traditionella metoderna. På kreditmarknaden använder vi data från obligationsmarknaden i kombination räntemarknaden för att göra noggranna mätningar av de finansiella storheterna. Vi angriper det erkänt svåra problemet att separera fallissemangsrisk från återvinningsrisk. Förutom de tidigare sex systematiska riskfaktorerna för riskfri ränta, identifierar vi fyra riskfaktorer som förklarar nästan all varians i fallissemangsintensiteter, medan en enda riskfaktor tycks räcka för att modellera återvinningsrisken. Sammanlagt är detta ett större antal riskfaktorer än vad som brukar användas i litteraturen. Via en enkel modell kan vi mäta variansen i obligationspriser i termer av dessa systematiska riskfaktorer och genom prestationshärledningen relatera dessa värden till de empiriskt realiserade varianserna från kvoterade obligationspriser.