Harmonization of Approaches to Nutrient Reference Values

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Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309477727
Total Pages : 175 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (94 download)

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Book Synopsis Harmonization of Approaches to Nutrient Reference Values by : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine

Download or read book Harmonization of Approaches to Nutrient Reference Values written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2018-08-23 with total page 175 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recommended intake levels for nutrients and other dietary components were designed initially to prevent nutrient deficiency diseases in a given population, and the original methodological approach used to derive intake values did not include consideration for other applications. However, with the increasing globalization of information and the identification of a variety of factors specific to different population subgroups (e.g., young children and women of reproductive age) that influence their nutritional needs, there has been increasing recognition of the need to consider methodological approaches to deriving nutrient reference values (NRVs) that are applicable across countries and that take into account the varying needs of different population subgroups. There is a need for guidance and recommendations about methodological approaches, as well as their potential for application to an international process for the development of NRVs, and particularly for young children and women of reproductive age. Harmonization of Approaches to Nutrient Reference Values: Applications to Young Children and Women of Reproductive Age examines these issues and makes recommendations for a unified approach to developing NRVs that would be acceptable globally.

Harmonizing the Process for Establishing Nutrient Reference Values

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Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309685028
Total Pages : 49 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (96 download)

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Book Synopsis Harmonizing the Process for Establishing Nutrient Reference Values by : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine

Download or read book Harmonizing the Process for Establishing Nutrient Reference Values written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2020-11-09 with total page 49 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Harmonized approaches to setting recommendations for safe and appropriate dietary intakes and nutritional interventions are critical to support the resolution of differences across countries in setting national and international nutrition standards; promote consistency in public and clinical health objectives; provide a mechanism for designing national and international food and nutrition policies; and enhance the transparency of national standards for trade and other regulatory actions that have economic, health, and safety implications. Consistent dietary intake recommendations cannot be made without first establishing a consistent approach to derive reference values for population-level nutrient intakes. This tool kit is designed to help global stakeholders, including those in low- and middle-income countries, participate more easily in the process of implementing, disseminating, and evaluating a consistent and homogeneous methodological approach to the nutrient reference value process.

Global Harmonization of Methodological Approaches to Nutrient Intake Recommendations

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Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309472032
Total Pages : 195 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (94 download)

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Book Synopsis Global Harmonization of Methodological Approaches to Nutrient Intake Recommendations by : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine

Download or read book Global Harmonization of Methodological Approaches to Nutrient Intake Recommendations written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2018-06-29 with total page 195 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a public workshop in September 2017 to explore the evidence for achieving global harmonization of methodological approaches to establishing nutrient intake recommendations. Participants reviewed current nutrient intake recommendations, discussed the feasibility of harmonizing approaches to setting such recommendations globally, examined the development of principles by which they may be applied in diverse contexts that relate to individuals or populations, or regulatory purposes, and examined perceptions and acceptance of nutrient intake recommendations by different stakeholders. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop.

Global Harmonization of Methodological Approaches to Nutrient Intake Recommendations

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Author :
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309472008
Total Pages : 195 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (94 download)

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Book Synopsis Global Harmonization of Methodological Approaches to Nutrient Intake Recommendations by : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine

Download or read book Global Harmonization of Methodological Approaches to Nutrient Intake Recommendations written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2018-07-29 with total page 195 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a public workshop in September 2017 to explore the evidence for achieving global harmonization of methodological approaches to establishing nutrient intake recommendations. Participants reviewed current nutrient intake recommendations, discussed the feasibility of harmonizing approaches to setting such recommendations globally, examined the development of principles by which they may be applied in diverse contexts that relate to individuals or populations, or regulatory purposes, and examined perceptions and acceptance of nutrient intake recommendations by different stakeholders. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop.

Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium

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Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309488346
Total Pages : 595 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (94 download)

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Book Synopsis Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium by : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine

Download or read book Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2019-08-26 with total page 595 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As essential nutrients, sodium and potassium contribute to the fundamentals of physiology and pathology of human health and disease. In clinical settings, these are two important blood electrolytes, are frequently measured and influence care decisions. Yet, blood electrolyte concentrations are usually not influenced by dietary intake, as kidney and hormone systems carefully regulate blood values. Over the years, increasing evidence suggests that sodium and potassium intake patterns of children and adults influence long-term population health mostly through complex relationships among dietary intake, blood pressure and cardiovascular health. The public health importance of understanding these relationships, based upon the best available evidence and establishing recommendations to support the development of population clinical practice guidelines and medical care of patients is clear. This report reviews evidence on the relationship between sodium and potassium intakes and indicators of adequacy, toxicity, and chronic disease. It updates the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) using an expanded DRI model that includes consideration of chronic disease endpoints, and outlines research gaps to address the uncertainties identified in the process of deriving the reference values and evaluating public health implications.

Codex nutrient reference values

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Publisher : Food & Agriculture Org.
ISBN 13 : 925131957X
Total Pages : 96 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (513 download)

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Book Synopsis Codex nutrient reference values by : Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

Download or read book Codex nutrient reference values written by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and published by Food & Agriculture Org.. This book was released on 2019-11-14 with total page 96 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This publication explains how Codex and the Committee for Nutrition and Foods for Special Dietary Uses worked over several years to develop the Codex nutrient reference values for protein, 13 vitamins and 6 minerals in the Codex guidelines for nutrition labelling. Nutrient reference values (NRVs) are a set of values used in nutrition labelling; they are derived from authoritative recommendations for daily nutrient intake. This publication documents the process and decisions involved in reviewing the Codex NRVs for protein, vitamins and minerals and provides a valuable record of many years of original and complex technical work. The Codex Alimentarius, or "Food Code" is a collection of standards, guidelines and codes of practice adopted by the Codex Alimentarius Commission. The Commission, also known as CAC, is the central part of the Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme and was established by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and World Health Organization (WHO), to protect consumer health and promote fair practices in food trade. Drawing from primary evidence from several countries and one region that historically managed their own healthy food data and reported on national nutrient intake values, the review, which ended in 2016, will play a role in informing the general population about healthy eating for the next 10-20 years and forms the basis for establishing a suite of required NRVs for more specific population groups, the first of which are older infants and young children.

Guiding Principles for Developing Dietary Reference Intakes Based on Chronic Disease

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Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309462568
Total Pages : 335 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (94 download)

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Book Synopsis Guiding Principles for Developing Dietary Reference Intakes Based on Chronic Disease by : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine

Download or read book Guiding Principles for Developing Dietary Reference Intakes Based on Chronic Disease written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2017-12-21 with total page 335 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since 1938 and 1941, nutrient intake recommendations have been issued to the public in Canada and the United States, respectively. Currently defined as the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs), these values are a set of standards established by consensus committees under the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and used for planning and assessing diets of apparently healthy individuals and groups. In 2015, a multidisciplinary working group sponsored by the Canadian and U.S. government DRI steering committees convened to identify key scientific challenges encountered in the use of chronic disease endpoints to establish DRI values. Their report, Options for Basing Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) on Chronic Disease: Report from a Joint US-/Canadian-Sponsored Working Group, outlined and proposed ways to address conceptual and methodological challenges related to the work of future DRI Committees. This report assesses the options presented in the previous report and determines guiding principles for including chronic disease endpoints for food substances that will be used by future National Academies committees in establishing DRIs.

Dietary Reference Intakes

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Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 030917161X
Total Pages : 305 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Dietary Reference Intakes by : Institute of Medicine

Download or read book Dietary Reference Intakes written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2001-04-30 with total page 305 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since 1994 the Institute of Medicine's Food and Nutrition Board has been involved in developing an expanded approach to developing dietary reference standards. This approach, the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs), provides a set of four nutrient-based reference values designed to replace the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) in the United States and the Recommended Nutrient Intakes (RNIs) in Canada. These reference values include Estimated Average Requirement (EAR), Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA), Adequate Intake (AI), and Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL). To date, several volumes in this series have been published. This new book, Applications in Dietary Assessment, provides guidance to nutrition and health research professionals on the application of the new DRIs. It represents both a "how to" manual and a "why" manual. Specific examples of both appropriate and inappropriate uses of the DRIs in assessing nutrient adequacy of groups and of individuals are provided, along with detailed statistical approaches for the methods described. In addition, a clear distinction is made between assessing individuals and assessing groups as the approaches used are quite different. Applications in Dietary Assessment will be an essential companion to any-or all-of the DRI volumes.

The Dual Risk Approach in Nutrition: Present and future perspectives and challenges

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Author :
Publisher : Nordic Council of Ministers
ISBN 13 : 9289357649
Total Pages : 56 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (893 download)

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Book Synopsis The Dual Risk Approach in Nutrition: Present and future perspectives and challenges by : Tetens, Inge

Download or read book The Dual Risk Approach in Nutrition: Present and future perspectives and challenges written by Tetens, Inge and published by Nordic Council of Ministers. This book was released on 2018-08-28 with total page 56 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report summarizes a Nordic symposium on the current use and challenges in applying a dual risk assessment approach in the setting of nutrition recommendations. The symposium is timed with respect to the forthcoming update of the Nordic Nutrition Recommendations (NNR). At the symposium invited experts addressed the methodological framework for the dual risk approach for setting nutrition recommendations, including the terminologies and the criteria for the assessment. Case studies were presented to underline some of the specific current Nordic challenges, including use of supplements. Especially, the lack of data for risk assessment in nutrition was addressed with examples on extrapolations to subgroups such as children and the elderly and to energy and protein. Also, the development of nutrition risk assessment using nutrient intakes and chronic disease endpoints was addressed.

Dietary Reference Intakes

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Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309091438
Total Pages : 225 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (9 download)

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Book Synopsis Dietary Reference Intakes by : Institute of Medicine

Download or read book Dietary Reference Intakes written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2004-05-12 with total page 225 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since 1997, the Institute of Medicine has issued a series of nutrient reference values that are collectively termed Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs). The DRIs offer quantitative estimates of nutrient intakes to be used for planning and assessing diets. Using the information from these reports, this newest volume in the DRI series focuses on how the DRIs, and the science for each nutrient in the DRI reports, can be used to develop current and appropriate reference values for nutrition labeling and food fortification. Focusing its analysis on the existing DRIs, the book examines the purpose of nutrition labeling, current labeling practices in the United States and Canada, food fortification practices and policies, and offers recommendations as a series of guiding principles to assist the regulatory agencies that oversee food labeling and fortification in the United States and Canada. The overarching goal of the information in this book is to provide updated nutrition labeling that consumers can use to compare products and make informed food choices. Diet-related chronic diseases are a leading cause of preventable deaths in the United States and Canada and helping customers make healthy food choices has never been more important.

Present Knowledge in Nutrition

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Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0128198427
Total Pages : 680 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (281 download)

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Book Synopsis Present Knowledge in Nutrition by : Bernadette P. Marriott

Download or read book Present Knowledge in Nutrition written by Bernadette P. Marriott and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2020-07-21 with total page 680 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Present Knowledge in Nutrition: Basic Nutrition and Metabolism, Eleventh Edition, provides an accessible, referenced source on the most current information in the broad field of nutrition. Now broken into two volumes and updated to reflect scientific advancements since the publication of the last edition, the book includes expanded coverage on basic nutrition, metabolism and clinical and applied topics. This volume provides coverage of macronutrients, vitamins, minerals and other dietary components and concludes with new approaches in nutrition science that apply to many, if not all, of the nutrients and dietary components presented throughout the reference. Advanced undergraduate, graduate and postgraduate students in nutrition, public health, medicine and related fields will find this resource useful. In addition, professionals in academia and medicine, including clinicians, dietitians, physicians, health professionals, academics and industrial and government researchers will find the content extremely useful. The book was produced in cooperation with the International Life Sciences Institute (https://ilsi.org/). Provides an accessible source of the most current, reliable and comprehensive information in the broad field of nutrition Features new chapters on topics of emerging importance, including the microbiome, eating disorders, nutrition in extreme environments, and the role of nutrition and cognition in mental status Covers topics of clinical relevance, including the role of nutrition in cancer support, ICU nutrition, supporting patients with burns, and wasting, deconditioning and hypermetabolic conditions

Dietary Reference Intakes Research Synthesis

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Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 9780309180115
Total Pages : 310 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (81 download)

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Book Synopsis Dietary Reference Intakes Research Synthesis by : Institute of Medicine

Download or read book Dietary Reference Intakes Research Synthesis written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2007-01-05 with total page 310 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: What information is available to inform the planning of a nutrition research agenda for the United States and Canada? This question provided the backdrop for the Dietary Reference Intakes Research Synthesis project undertaken by the Food and Nutrition Board of the Institute of Medicine (IOM) of the National Academies. The Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) are quantitative reference values for recommended intakes and tolerable upper intake levels for a range of nutrients. They are used widely by dietitians in individual counseling, by federal nutrition officials in program and policy development, and by the nutrition research and education communities in government, academia, and industry. Between 1997 and 2005, the IOM published a series of six DRI reports covering a total of 45 nutrients, energy, and other food components. The IOM also issued two reports describing ways to apply the DRIs in assessment and planning. Together, these eight reports contain more than 450 research recommendations and thus a wealth of information pertinent to a nutrition research agenda. To make the recommendations more accessible, the Food and Nutrition Board undertook a project with two major elements: (1) the development of a searchable database of all the DRI research recommendations, and (2) the Dietary Reference Intakes Research Synthesis Workshop, held June 7-8, 2006, which was designed to provide a venue for hearing and discussing experts' perspectives on the research recommendations identified in the DRI reports. Two members of the workshop planning group-Drs. John W. Suttie and Susan J. Whiting-moderated the DRI Research Synthesis Workshop. After an overview and demonstration of the DRI Research Synthesis Database, panels of experts addressed DRI research recommendations related to each of the six DRI nutrient reports, the two DRI applications reports, and three cross-cutting topics: (1) setting DRIs for children, (2) Tolerable Upper Intake Levels, and (3) relevant new and underutilized research techniques. This report is a summary of the workshop presentations and discussions.

Ensuring Global Food Safety

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Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0080889301
Total Pages : 475 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (88 download)

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Book Synopsis Ensuring Global Food Safety by : Christine Boisrobert

Download or read book Ensuring Global Food Safety written by Christine Boisrobert and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2009-11-11 with total page 475 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Taking into account toxicity levels at normal consumption levels, intake per kg bodyweight and other acknowledged considerations, each chapter in this book will be based on one or more proven examples. It is intended to provide specific examples and potential improvements to the safety of the world's food supply, while also increasing the amount of food available to those in undernourished countries. This book is designed to to provide science-based tools for improving legislation and regulation. Reduce amount of food destroyed due to difference in regulations between nations Positively impact the time-to-market of new food products by recognizing benefit of "one rule that applies to all" Use the comparison of regulations and resulting consequences to make appropriate, fully-informed decisions Employ proven science to obtain global consensus for regulations Understand how to harmonize test protocols and analytical methods for accurate measurement and evaluation Take advantage of using a risk/benefit based approach rather than risk/avoidance to maximize regulatory decisions

The Development of DRIs 1994-2004

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Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309115620
Total Pages : 198 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis The Development of DRIs 1994-2004 by : Institute of Medicine

Download or read book The Development of DRIs 1994-2004 written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2008-04-12 with total page 198 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In what ways can the process for developing Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) be enhanced? The workshop entitled "The Development of DRIs 1994-2004: Lessons Learned and New Challenges" offered a valuable window into the issues and challenges inherent in the development of nutrient reference values. The dialogue-carried out under the auspices of the Institute of Medicine (IOM), Food and Nutrition Board (hereafter referred to jointly as the IOM)-was enriched by the 10 years of experience in deriving the expanded set of values known as the DRIs, plus the decades of experience that grounded the earlier Recommended Dietary Allowances for the United States and the Recommended Nutrient Intakes for Canada. The lessons learned and the knowledge gained will guide decisions about the next phase of the DRIs. To paraphrase one participant, we are now asking better questions. In 2006, the IOM, with support from the United States and Canadian governments, undertook an effort to synthesize the research needs identified during the 10 years of DRI development. While the workshop summarized here was predicated on the fact that the development of DRIs is improved by better data, its focus was different. Its goals were to examine the framework and conceptual underpinnings for developing DRIs and to identify issues important for enhancing the process of DRI development. The workshop was designed to use the existing framework for DRI development as a basis for the discussions and to consider the components of the framework in sequence. Consideration of the pros and cons of the current conceptual underpinnings of the framework opened the workshop, followed by the general "road map" for decision making and the needed scientific criteria. Next, the challenges associated with providing guidance for users were explored. The Development of DRIs 1994-2004: Lessons Learned and New Challenges: Workshop Summary explains an array of issues germane to the future process for developing DRIs, including strategies for updating and revising existing DRIs and opportunities for stakeholder input.

Feeding Infants and Children from Birth to 24 Months

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Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309675383
Total Pages : 349 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (96 download)

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Book Synopsis Feeding Infants and Children from Birth to 24 Months by : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine

Download or read book Feeding Infants and Children from Birth to 24 Months written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2020-09-28 with total page 349 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recommendations for feeding infants and young children have changed substantially over time owing to scientific advances, cultural influences, societal trends, and other factors. At the same time, stronger approaches to reviewing and synthesizing scientific evidence have evolved, such that there are now established protocols for developing evidence-based health recommendations. However, not all authoritative bodies have used such approaches for developing infant feeding guidance, and for many feeding questions there is little or no sound evidence available to guide best practices, despite the fact that research on infant and young child feeding has expanded in recent decades. Summarizing the current landscape of feeding recommendations for infants and young children can reveal the level of consistency of existing guidance, shed light on the types of evidence that underpin each recommendation, and provide insight into the feasibility of harmonizing guidelines. Feeding Infants and Children from Birth to 24 Months collects, compares, and summarizes existing recommendations on what and how to feed infants and young children from birth to 24 months of age. This report makes recommendations to stakeholders on strategies for communicating and disseminating feeding recommendations.

Encyclopedia of Food Security and Sustainability

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Author :
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0128126884
Total Pages : 1861 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (281 download)

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Book Synopsis Encyclopedia of Food Security and Sustainability by :

Download or read book Encyclopedia of Food Security and Sustainability written by and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2018-11-08 with total page 1861 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Encyclopedia of Food Security and Sustainability, Three Volume Set covers the hottest topics in the science of food sustainability, providing a synopsis of the path society is on to secure food for a growing population. It investigates the focal issue of sustainable food production in relation to the effects of global change on food resources, biodiversity and global food security. This collection of methodological approaches and knowledge derived from expert authors around the world offers the research community, food industry, scientists and students with the knowledge to relate to, and report on, the novel challenges of food production and sustainability. This comprehensive encyclopedia will act as a platform to show how an interdisciplinary approach and closer collaboration between the scientific and industrial communities is necessary to strengthen our existing capacity to generate and share research data. Offers readers a ‘one-stop’ resource on the topic of food security and sustainability Contains articles split into sections based on the various dimensions of Food Security and Food Sustainability Written by academics and practitioners from various fields and regions with a “farm to fork understanding Includes concise and accessible chapters, providing an authoritative introduction for non-specialists and readers from undergraduate level upwards, as well as up-to-date foundational content for those familiar with the field

Dietary Reference Intakes

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Author :
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 9780309073110
Total Pages : 316 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (731 download)

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Book Synopsis Dietary Reference Intakes by : A Report of the Subcommittees on Interpretation and Uses of Dietary Reference Intakes and Upper Reference Levels of Nutrients

Download or read book Dietary Reference Intakes written by A Report of the Subcommittees on Interpretation and Uses of Dietary Reference Intakes and Upper Reference Levels of Nutrients and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2001-05-14 with total page 316 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since 1994 the Institute of Medicine's Food and Nutrition Board has been involved in developing an expanded approach to developing dietary reference standards. This approach, the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs), provides a set of four nutrient-based reference values designed to replace the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) in the United States and the Recommended Nutrient Intakes (RNIs) in Canada. These reference values include Estimated Average Requirement (EAR), Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA), Adequate Intake (AI), and Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL). To date, several volumes in this series have been published. This new book, Applications in Dietary Assessment, provides guidance to nutrition and health research professionals on the application of the new DRIs. It represents both a "how to" manual and a "why" manual. Specific examples of both appropriate and inappropriate uses of the DRIs in assessing nutrient adequacy of groups and of individuals are provided, along with detailed statistical approaches for the methods described. In addition, a clear distinction is made between assessing individuals and assessing groups as the approaches used are quite different. Applications in Dietary Assessment will be an essential companion to any-or all-of the DRI volumes.