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Growth In Means Tested Programs And Tax Credits For Low Income Households
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Book Synopsis Growth in Means-Tested Programs and Tax Credits for Low-Income Households by : William Carrington
Download or read book Growth in Means-Tested Programs and Tax Credits for Low-Income Households written by William Carrington and published by . This book was released on 2013-03-19 with total page 35 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The federal government devotes roughly one-sixth of its spending to 10 major means-tested programs and tax credits, which provide cash payments or assistance in obtaining health care, food, housing, or education to people with relatively low income or few assets.federal spending on those programs and tax credits totaled $588 billion. Total federal spending on those 10 programs rose more than tenfold (by an average of about 6% a year) in the four decades since 1972 (when only half of the programs existed). As a share of the economy, federal spending on those programs grew from 1% to almost 4% of GDP over that period. Medicaid accounted for more than 40% of the federal spending on those programs in 2012, followed in size by SNAP. A decade from now, Medicaid will account for an even larger share of spending on those programs. This report shows that a new means-tested program — federal subsidies to help low- and moderate-income people buy health insurance through insurance exchanges, which will begin in 2014 — will become the second-largest means-tested program in 2023. Figures and tables. This is a print on demand report.
Book Synopsis Means-tested Programs and Tax Credits for Low Income People by : Efrain B. White
Download or read book Means-tested Programs and Tax Credits for Low Income People written by Efrain B. White and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The federal government devotes roughly one-sixth of its spending to ten major means-tested programs and tax credits, which provide cash payments or assistance in obtaining health care, food, housing, or education to people with relatively low income or few assets. Total federal spending on these ten programs rose more than tenfold, or by an average of about six percent a year, in the four decades since 1972. In this book, the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) examines the federal government's major means-tested programs and tax credits, with a focus on the factors that have affected spending on those means-tested programs. Also discussed is the projected path of spending for most of these programs over the coming decade if current laws remain in place.
Book Synopsis Means-Tested Transfer Programs in the United States by : Robert A. Moffitt
Download or read book Means-Tested Transfer Programs in the United States written by Robert A. Moffitt and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2007-11-01 with total page 655 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Few United States government programs are as controversial as those designed to aid the poor. From tax credits to medical assistance, aid to needy families is surrounded by debate—on what benefits should be offered, what forms they should take, and how they should be administered. The past few decades, in fact, have seen this debate lead to broad transformations of aid programs themselves, with Aid to Families with Dependent Children replaced by Temporary Assistance to Needy Families, the Earned Income Tax Credit growing from a minor program to one of the most important for low-income families, and Medicaid greatly expanding its eligibility. This volume provides a remarkable overview of how such programs actually work, offering an impressive wealth of information on the nation's nine largest "means-tested" programs—that is, those in which some test of income forms the basis for participation. For each program, contributors describe origins and goals, summarize policy histories and current rules, and discuss the recipient's characteristics as well as the different types of benefits they receive. Each chapter then provides an overview of scholarly research on each program, bringing together the results of the field's most rigorous statistical examinations. The result is a fascinating portrayal of the evolution and current state of means-tested programs, one that charts a number of shifts in emphasis—the decline of cash assistance, for instance, and the increasing emphasis on work. This exemplary portrait of the nation's safety net will be an invaluable reference for anyone interested in American social policy.
Book Synopsis Federal Tax Policies and Low-Income Rural Households by : Ron Durst
Download or read book Federal Tax Policies and Low-Income Rural Households written by Ron Durst and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on 2011-08 with total page 27 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Analyzes the increasing use of refundable tax credits targeted to low- and moderate-income households in the Federal individual income tax and determines their implications for rural America. The analysis matches a zip code approximation of the 2006 Rural-Urban Commuting Area Codes with IRS Individual Income Tax zip code and related data. These data are then used to examine the impact of the recent expansions to income tax credit programs on affected households. Expansions to both the refundable and non-refundable portions of the Earned Income and Child Tax credits have provided a major source of income support for low-income workers, especially in the South, where the rural poor are concentrated. Illus. A print on demand report.
Book Synopsis A Safety Net That Works by : Robert Doar
Download or read book A Safety Net That Works written by Robert Doar and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2017-02-13 with total page 262 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is an edited volume reviewing the major means-tested social programs in the United States. Each author addresses a major program or area, reviewing each area’s successes and recommending how to address shortcomings through policy change. In general, our means-tested programs do many things well, but some adjustments to each could make the system much more effective. This book provides policymakers with a broad overview of the issues at hand in each program and how to address them.
Book Synopsis Testimony on Means-Tested Programs and Tax Credits for Low-Income Households by :
Download or read book Testimony on Means-Tested Programs and Tax Credits for Low-Income Households written by and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Means-Tested Programs by : David Bellis (au)
Download or read book Means-Tested Programs written by David Bellis (au) and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on 2005-09 with total page 90 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Federal agencies that administer means-tested programs are responsible for both ensuring that people have appropriate access to assistance & ensuring the integrity of the programs they oversee. Knowing the proportion of the population that qualifies for these programs relative to the numbers who actually participate can help ensure that agencies can monitor & communicate key info. on program access. This report provides info. on: the proportion of those eligible who are participating in 12 selected low-income programs; factors that influence participation in those programs; & strategies used by fed., state, & local admin. to improve both access & integrity & whether agencies monitor access by measuring participation rates. Illus.
Book Synopsis Income Averaging by : United States. Internal Revenue Service
Download or read book Income Averaging written by United States. Internal Revenue Service and published by . This book was released on 1985 with total page 8 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author :National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Publisher :National Academies Press ISBN 13 :0309483980 Total Pages :619 pages Book Rating :4.3/5 (94 download)
Book Synopsis A Roadmap to Reducing Child Poverty by : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
Download or read book A Roadmap to Reducing Child Poverty written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2019-09-16 with total page 619 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The strengths and abilities children develop from infancy through adolescence are crucial for their physical, emotional, and cognitive growth, which in turn help them to achieve success in school and to become responsible, economically self-sufficient, and healthy adults. Capable, responsible, and healthy adults are clearly the foundation of a well-functioning and prosperous society, yet America's future is not as secure as it could be because millions of American children live in families with incomes below the poverty line. A wealth of evidence suggests that a lack of adequate economic resources for families with children compromises these children's ability to grow and achieve adult success, hurting them and the broader society. A Roadmap to Reducing Child Poverty reviews the research on linkages between child poverty and child well-being, and analyzes the poverty-reducing effects of major assistance programs directed at children and families. This report also provides policy and program recommendations for reducing the number of children living in poverty in the United States by half within 10 years.
Book Synopsis Economics of Means-Tested Transfer Programs in the United States, Volume I by : Robert A. Moffitt
Download or read book Economics of Means-Tested Transfer Programs in the United States, Volume I written by Robert A. Moffitt and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2016-11-18 with total page 421 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Few government programs in the United States are as controversial as those designed to help the poor. From tax credits to medical assistance, the size and structure of the American safety net is an issue of constant debate. These two volumes update the earlier Means-Tested Transfer Programs in the United States with a discussion of the many changes in means-tested government programs and the results of new research over the past decade. While some programs that experienced falling outlays in the years prior to the previous volume have remained at low levels of expenditure, many others have grown, including Medicaid, the Earned Income Tax Credit, the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program, and subsidized housing programs. For each program, the contributors describe its origins and goals, summarize its history and current rules, and discuss recipients’ characteristics and the types of benefits they receive. This is an invaluable reference for researchers and policy makers that features detailed analyses of many of the most important transfer programs in the United States.
Book Synopsis It's Not Like I'm Poor by : Sarah Halpern-Meekin
Download or read book It's Not Like I'm Poor written by Sarah Halpern-Meekin and published by Univ of California Press. This book was released on 2015-01-14 with total page 299 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The world of welfare has changed radically. As the poor trade welfare checks for low-wage jobs, their low earnings qualify them for a hefty check come tax time—a combination of the earned income tax credit and other refunds. For many working parents this one check is like hitting the lottery, offering several months’ wages as well as the hope of investing in a better future. Drawing on interviews with 115 families, the authors look at how parents plan to use this annual cash windfall to build up savings, go back to school, and send their kids to college. However, these dreams of upward mobility are often dashed by the difficulty of trying to get by on meager wages. In accessible and engaging prose, It’s Not Like I’m Poor examines the costs and benefits of the new work-based safety net, suggesting ways to augment its strengths so that more of the working poor can realize the promise of a middle-class life.
Book Synopsis Economics of Means-Tested Transfer Programs in the United States, Volume II by : Robert A. Moffitt
Download or read book Economics of Means-Tested Transfer Programs in the United States, Volume II written by Robert A. Moffitt and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2016-11-18 with total page 323 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Few government programs in the United States are as controversial as those designed to help the poor. From tax credits to medical assistance, the size and structure of the American safety net is an issue of constant debate. These two volumes update the earlier Means-Tested Transfer Programs in the United States with a discussion of the many changes in means-tested government programs and the results of new research over the past decade. While some programs that experienced falling outlays in the years prior to the previous volume have remained at low levels of expenditure, many others have grown, including Medicaid, the Earned Income Tax Credit, the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program, and subsidized housing programs. For each program, the contributors describe its origins and goals, summarize its history and current rules, and discuss recipients’ characteristics and the types of benefits they receive. This is an invaluable reference for researchers and policy makers that features detailed analyses of many of the most important transfer programs in the United States.
Book Synopsis Advance Earned Income Tax Credit (Advance EITC) by : United States. Internal Revenue Service
Download or read book Advance Earned Income Tax Credit (Advance EITC) written by United States. Internal Revenue Service and published by . This book was released on with total page 6 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Budget Options by : United States. Congressional Budget Office
Download or read book Budget Options written by United States. Congressional Budget Office and published by . This book was released on 1977 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Tax Credit Allocations and the Development of Affordable Housing by : Joe N. Savage
Download or read book Tax Credit Allocations and the Development of Affordable Housing written by Joe N. Savage and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The development of affordable housing for low-income households has been a major focus of federal housing policy. Aimed at addressing the housing needs of the most vulnerable households, federal housing policy has always been met with the challenge of meeting the most need with a limited amount of resources. The Low-Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC) program has attempted to bolster the development of affordable rental housing for low-income households through the allocation of tax credits. Both non-profit and for-profit entities participate in the LIHTC program as developers. State agencies that allocate credits have the responsibility of meeting the housing needs of low-income households while allocating the least amount of credits necessary to make a project feasible. The question raised in this research is: among for-profit and non-profit developers participating in Delaware's LIHTC program, which developer type incurs the least cost to the federal government? In terms of economic efficiency, the purpose of this question is to determine which developer type can deliver affordable rental units with the least tax credit allocation? The credits allocated constitute a cost to the federal government as a tax expenditure. Regression analysis results showed that non-profit status did not have a statistically significant relationship (p = 0.32) to the amount of tax credits allocated. Additional t-tests comparing mean total square feet and mean number of tax credit units, showed that for-profits are developing larger projects with a greater proportion of tax credit dedicated units and that these mean differences are significant (p = 0.009 and p = 0.032, respectively). The implications of these results for public policy reveal a need for new models upon which affordable housing policy is developed. The current model typically separates developers into two mutually exclusive categories based solely on non-profit status. This dichotomy separates non-profits from for-profits and portrays non-profits as less experienced and less efficient. This paper argues that such a dichotomy is incorrect in that it does not reveal the variety of organizational types that participate in the development of affordable housing. The existence of other developer types, such as those non-profits that operate on a large scale basis and reach production efficiency levels equivalent to that of for-profits, demonstrate the need for the development of an alternate, less mutually exclusive typology. It is within the context of this alternate typology that a new model for the design of housing policy must be developed. This paper also argues that a new model should also include cost-benefit considerations. The findings in this research do agree with the common assertion that the premium that is paid for projects developed by non-profit organizations is primarily due to the incorporation of social support amenities into their projects such as community centers. These social supports drive up total development costs and in turn increase the amount of tax credits necessary to make the projects feasible. Arguments favoring efficiency establish a preference for for-profit development which in many cases does not include the additional social supports. However, research has shown that housing with incorporated social supports is vital to the success of the household. Therefore, housing policy must move in a future direction in which the model upon which it is designed includes measures that weigh the social benefit outcomes of added social amenities against the costs to other social welfare systems in the absence of such amenities. The proposed new models mentioned in this research speak to the need for the continued evolution of affordable housing policies in a direction that not only seeks to get the most product out of a limited amount of resources, but to also maximize the social benefit outcomes so that households can maintain their housing.
Author :National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Publisher :National Academies Press ISBN 13 :0309484014 Total Pages :619 pages Book Rating :4.3/5 (94 download)
Book Synopsis A Roadmap to Reducing Child Poverty by : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
Download or read book A Roadmap to Reducing Child Poverty written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2019-08-16 with total page 619 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The strengths and abilities children develop from infancy through adolescence are crucial for their physical, emotional, and cognitive growth, which in turn help them to achieve success in school and to become responsible, economically self-sufficient, and healthy adults. Capable, responsible, and healthy adults are clearly the foundation of a well-functioning and prosperous society, yet America's future is not as secure as it could be because millions of American children live in families with incomes below the poverty line. A wealth of evidence suggests that a lack of adequate economic resources for families with children compromises these children's ability to grow and achieve adult success, hurting them and the broader society. A Roadmap to Reducing Child Poverty reviews the research on linkages between child poverty and child well-being, and analyzes the poverty-reducing effects of major assistance programs directed at children and families. This report also provides policy and program recommendations for reducing the number of children living in poverty in the United States by half within 10 years.
Book Synopsis Three Essays on U.S. Tax and Transfer Programs by : Amanda Ryan Eng
Download or read book Three Essays on U.S. Tax and Transfer Programs written by Amanda Ryan Eng and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation is comprised of three essays that explore the impacts of tax and transfer programs for low-income households. In the first chapter, coauthored with Kevin Rinz, we study how income affects the take up of means-tested programs. Pro-work policies usually decrease household participation in traditional safety-net programs like the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) and the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) program. This negative relationship could be driven by newly working households becoming more self-sufficient or by decreased eligibility and higher costs to participate in the programs. Understanding which of these factors drives the negative relationship between income and program participation is important for understanding the mechanisms driving take-up decisions and for designing effective policies. However, the designs of SNAP and TANF make it difficult to distinguish these factors. In this paper, we estimate how demand for SNAP and TANF changes with income, holding eligibility and take-up costs constant. We use a discontinuity in child tax benefits, which do not affect program eligibility, to isolate the effect of income on program participation. We additionally show evidence that take-up costs are the same for households on either side of the discontinuity. We find that although eligibility for tax credits decreases households' tax liability by \$2,219 on average, the additional income results in no measurable difference in program participation. These findings suggest that the negative correlation between income and program take-up is driven by households losing eligibility or facing greater participation costs and that there could be significant benefits to expanding eligibility for these programs to more working households. In the second chapter, coauthored with Jordan Matsudaira, we study how Pell Grants affect students' success in higher education. The Pell Grant program is the largest federal program aimed at lowering the cost of higher education for low-income students. Most prior work has found that Pell grants have little or no effect on students' success, but recently Denning et al. (2019) estimate that Pell grants significantly increased completion rates and post-college earnings for four-year college students in Texas. These conflicting findings may be driven by the fact that previous studies are limited to specific states or school systems. In our paper, we estimate the average effect of Pell on student outcomes across a much broader swath of higher education than has been examined in the literature to date. We use administrative data covering the universe of federal aid recipients. Our research design makes use of discontinuities and kinks in the Pell grant schedule to estimate how additional grant aid affects students' outcomes. We find that the effect of Pell on completion rates and post-college earnings are much weaker than the estimates of Denning et al. (2019). We argue that this difference may be partly the result of interactions between Pell grants and a particularly generous state aid program in Texas. Our findings underscore the importance of understanding how aid programs like Pell grants interact with the larger financial aid system. In the final chapter, I investigate the macroeconomic effects of the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC). The EITC has been shown to significantly increase labor force participation and much of the credit is spent instead of saved. These two effects could result in medium to long run growth of the economy. Additionally, because the EITC is distributed when households file their taxes around February and March, it particularly increases consumption around these months and could shift the timing of economic activity within a year. I use simulated instruments and a variety of estimation methods to explore how the EITC affects state-level economic indicators. I find that the EITC has large effects on both employment and state GDP in the medium run, with only weak evidence that it impacts the timing of economic activity during the year. From these analyses, I conclude that the main way the EITC affects the broader economy is by promoting growth.
