Growth And Development Of Red Alder Compared With Conifers In 30 Year Old Stands Classic Reprint

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Growth and Development of Red Alder Compared With Conifers in 30-Year Old Stands (Classic Reprint)

Author : Carl M. Berntsen
Publisher : Forgotten Books
ISBN 13 : 9780364821510
Total Pages : 32 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (215 download)

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Book Synopsis Growth and Development of Red Alder Compared With Conifers in 30-Year Old Stands (Classic Reprint) by : Carl M. Berntsen

Download or read book Growth and Development of Red Alder Compared With Conifers in 30-Year Old Stands (Classic Reprint) written by Carl M. Berntsen and published by Forgotten Books. This book was released on 2018-03-17 with total page 32 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Excerpt from Growth and Development of Red Alder Compared With Conifers in 30-Year Old Stands Early interest in the management of red alder in the coastal forests of Oregon and Washington stimulated the start, in 1935, of a long-term stand-growth and development study. Two 1 - acre plots and two half-acre plots were established on abandoned cleared land where 8 to 12-year-old stands of red alder and conifers were developing. The conifer component consisted of a mixture of Douglas-fir, Sitka Spruce, and western hemlock. Selections and treatments brought about diversified composition of the experimental stands, . As follows: (1) pure alder, unthinned, (2) mixed alder-conifer, unthinned, (3) pure alder, thinned from an alder-conifer stand at age 11 years, and (4) p'ure conifer, thinned from an alder-conifer stand at age 8. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.

Growth and Development of Red Alder Compared with Conifers in 30 -year Old Stands

Author : Carl M. Berntsen
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 28 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (319 download)

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Book Synopsis Growth and Development of Red Alder Compared with Conifers in 30 -year Old Stands by : Carl M. Berntsen

Download or read book Growth and Development of Red Alder Compared with Conifers in 30 -year Old Stands written by Carl M. Berntsen and published by . This book was released on 1961 with total page 28 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Growth and Development of Red Alder Compared with Conifers in 30-year-old Stands

Author : Carl M. Berntsen
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 20 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (247 download)

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Book Synopsis Growth and Development of Red Alder Compared with Conifers in 30-year-old Stands by : Carl M. Berntsen

Download or read book Growth and Development of Red Alder Compared with Conifers in 30-year-old Stands written by Carl M. Berntsen and published by . This book was released on 1961 with total page 20 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Growth and Development of Red Alder Compared with Conifers in 30-year Old Stands

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (944 download)

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Book Synopsis Growth and Development of Red Alder Compared with Conifers in 30-year Old Stands by :

Download or read book Growth and Development of Red Alder Compared with Conifers in 30-year Old Stands written by and published by . This book was released on 1961 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Growth and Behavior of 29-32 Year-old Red Alder, Conifer, and Mixed Stands

Author : Carl M. Berntsen
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 122 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (186 download)

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Book Synopsis Growth and Behavior of 29-32 Year-old Red Alder, Conifer, and Mixed Stands by : Carl M. Berntsen

Download or read book Growth and Behavior of 29-32 Year-old Red Alder, Conifer, and Mixed Stands written by Carl M. Berntsen and published by . This book was released on 1958 with total page 122 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Red Alder, Its Management and Utilization (Classic Reprint)

Author : Norman P. Worthington
Publisher : Forgotten Books
ISBN 13 : 9780331442533
Total Pages : 52 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (425 download)

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Book Synopsis Red Alder, Its Management and Utilization (Classic Reprint) by : Norman P. Worthington

Download or read book Red Alder, Its Management and Utilization (Classic Reprint) written by Norman P. Worthington and published by Forgotten Books. This book was released on 2017-11-19 with total page 52 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Excerpt from Red Alder, Its Management and Utilization Alder grows both in pure stands and in mixture with native coni fers and hardwoods. When growing in mixture, it is nearly always in a dominant or codominant position. Stands are predominantly even aged, whether pure or mixed, since alder is usually the first tree to originate in openings. Because of its intolerance, it rarely fills in after a stand has been established. Mixtures occur only in young-growth coniferous stands less than 100 years old; however, alder may occur in openings in older stands. Only on sites best suited for alder growth does it succeed itself. Characteristic tree associates are Douglas-fir,3 western redcedar, western hemlock, grand fir, Sitka spruce, bigleaf maple, vine maple, Pacific willow, bitter cherry, and black cottonwood. Given time, conifers will often attain dominance as the alder canopy breaks up because of age, disease, or insects. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.

Height Growth and Site Index Curves for Red Alder

Author : Constance A. Harrington
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 20 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (319 download)

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Book Synopsis Height Growth and Site Index Curves for Red Alder by : Constance A. Harrington

Download or read book Height Growth and Site Index Curves for Red Alder written by Constance A. Harrington and published by . This book was released on 1986 with total page 20 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Comparative Effects of Urea Fertilizer and Red Alder in a Site III, Coast Douglas-fir Plantation in the Washington Cascade Range

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 36 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (319 download)

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Book Synopsis Comparative Effects of Urea Fertilizer and Red Alder in a Site III, Coast Douglas-fir Plantation in the Washington Cascade Range by :

Download or read book Comparative Effects of Urea Fertilizer and Red Alder in a Site III, Coast Douglas-fir Plantation in the Washington Cascade Range written by and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 36 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Five randomly assigned treatments were used to quantify effects of adding varying numbers of red alder (Alnus rubra Bong.) or nitrogen (N) fertilization on growth of a 10-year-old conifer plantation at a medium quality site in the western Washington Cascade Range. Zero, 20, 40, and 80 alder trees per acre were retained along with about 300 conifers per acre. Nearly all conifers were coast Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii (Mirb.) Franco). A fifth treatment substituted N fertilizer for N-fixing alder. Changes in average tree height, and in numbers of trees, basal area, and volume per acre between plantation ages of 10 and 27 are compared. In pure conifer plots, gross volume growth averaged 26 percent greater on fertilized than nonfertilized plots, indicating measurable benefits of additional N. On both fertilized and nonfertilized plots, an average of 13 percent of the original conifers died. Retaining 20, 40, or 80 alder per acre (7, 13, and 27 percent of the associated conifer trees per acre, respectively) was associated with reduced numbers of Douglas-fir by about 19, 5, and 17 percent, respectively, in the next 17 years. Mortality and growth of Douglas-fir were not related to alder density, but losses of Douglas-fir were especially large on plots where relatively large red alder (20 per acre) were retained. Neither total stand nor conifer yields were changed by retaining alder. Additional comparisons are needed at other locations, especially those with known N deficiency.

The Reliability of Determining Age of Red Alder by Ring Counts

Author : Dean S. DeBell
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 8 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (319 download)

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Book Synopsis The Reliability of Determining Age of Red Alder by Ring Counts by : Dean S. DeBell

Download or read book The Reliability of Determining Age of Red Alder by Ring Counts written by Dean S. DeBell and published by . This book was released on 1978 with total page 8 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Red Alder

Author : Constance A. Harrington
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 8 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (319 download)

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Book Synopsis Red Alder by : Constance A. Harrington

Download or read book Red Alder written by Constance A. Harrington and published by . This book was released on 1984 with total page 8 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Height Growth and Site Index Curves for Red Alder (Classic Reprint)

Author : Constance A. Harrington
Publisher : Forgotten Books
ISBN 13 : 9780266068358
Total Pages : 28 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (683 download)

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Book Synopsis Height Growth and Site Index Curves for Red Alder (Classic Reprint) by : Constance A. Harrington

Download or read book Height Growth and Site Index Curves for Red Alder (Classic Reprint) written by Constance A. Harrington and published by Forgotten Books. This book was released on 2017-11-07 with total page 28 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Excerpt from Height Growth and Site Index Curves for Red Alder In each stand, four to six dominant or codominant trees were selected that appeared free from evidence of past damage. These were felled and sectioned at -m intervals of height. The sections were labeled in the field with tree number and section height and then transported to the laboratory for immediate processing. Age of each section was determined by counting annual rings. When necessary, sections were sanded or recut to expose a fresh surface. For each tree, heights were plotted over ages, and trees with irregular growth patterns suggesting past damage or suppression were rejected. For the remaining 1 17 trees, the years required to reach breast height m) and the heights attained at ages 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, were read from the graphs and used in subsequent analyses. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.

Case Studies of Red Alder and Sitka Alder in Douglas-fir Plantations

Author : Dan Binkley
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 230 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (87 download)

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Book Synopsis Case Studies of Red Alder and Sitka Alder in Douglas-fir Plantations by : Dan Binkley

Download or read book Case Studies of Red Alder and Sitka Alder in Douglas-fir Plantations written by Dan Binkley and published by . This book was released on 1982 with total page 230 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Seven case studies of 11 ecosystems were used to examine the effects of nitrogen-fixing alders in Douglas-fir plantations. The first case study quantified nitrogen (N) fixation and aboveground net primary production in a young Sitka alder [Alnus sinuata (Regel) Rydb.] ecosystem. At 5 yr of age, the N fixation (C22H2 reduction) rate of 35 kg ha−1 yr−1 was near the middle of the reported range for this shrubby species. The second case study compared N fixation rates of Sitka alder and red alder (Alnus rubra Bong.) on the same sites. These species exhibited similar nodule activities and had similar nodule:leaf biomass ratios of 7-8%. A mixture of Sitka alder and Douglas-fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco] was estimated to have a current N fixation rate of 20 kg ha−1 yr−1 based on acetylene reduction; N accretion measurements indicated an average N fixation rate of 30 kg ha−1 yr−1 for 23 yr. A mixture of red alder and Douglas-fir on the same site had a current N fixation rate of 130 kg ha−1 yr−1 based on acetylene reduction, with an N accretion rate of 65 kg ha−1 yr−1 for 23 yr. The third case study evaluated the effects of Sitka alder on Douglas-fir growth and nutrition, and on ecosystem production and litterfall. Current Douglas-fir stem growth was 40% greater with Sitka alder, and aboveground ecosystem net primary production was increased 70% with the alder. Litterfall nutrient content was 3 to 7 times greater under the mixed canopy. The fourth and fifth case studies looked at 23 yr-old mixtures of red alder and Douglas-fir in comparison with pure Douglas-fir, on an infertile site and on a fertile site. Red alder had little effect on Douglas-fir size or growth rate on the infertile site, but ecosystem net primary production was tripled. Conversely, net primary production was not increased by red alder on the fertile site, and Douglas-fir size and growth were reduced. The final two case studies evaluated: (1) the conclusions reached in the previous case studies for applicability to red alder/Douglas-fir mixtures in general, and (2) trends in production with stand development up to age 50. These case studies were consistent with the general conclusions of site fertility interactions with red alder/Douglas-fir mixtures. With further stand development, red alder continued to enhance ecosystem production and Douglas-fir growth on infertile sites, with opposite effects on fertile sites. Sitka alder demonstrated a high potential usefulness for interplanting with Douglas-fir, and red alder greatly boosted ecosystem production on infertile sites. Both species merit further development as tools for forest management on N deficient sites.

The Economics of Converting Red Alder to Douglas-Fir (Classic Reprint)

Author : James Gibson Yoho
Publisher : Forgotten Books
ISBN 13 : 9781390412253
Total Pages : 52 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (122 download)

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Book Synopsis The Economics of Converting Red Alder to Douglas-Fir (Classic Reprint) by : James Gibson Yoho

Download or read book The Economics of Converting Red Alder to Douglas-Fir (Classic Reprint) written by James Gibson Yoho and published by Forgotten Books. This book was released on 2018-09-11 with total page 52 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Excerpt from The Economics of Converting Red Alder to Douglas-Fir A premise of this study is that the forest manager sees red alder as a problem. Compared with Douglas-fir, red alder is a Johnny - come-lately that many foresters feel is unworthy of serious consideration. Others consider the species to be a real economic windfall. In any case, we are here interested in developing analytical approaches that will permit managers to make rational decisions regarding the retention or replacement of red alder stands. Conversion of a young red alder stand to Douglas-fir requires a relatively large capital outlay that may be wholly or partially avoided by a few years' wait for the stand to reach merchantable size. The length of this waiting period de pends on the productivity of the site. The financial returns depend on the direct costs of conversion, management costs, the anticipated harvesting regime, fu ture prices, and the firm's Opportunity cost of capital. Thus, the two simple alternatives of retaining red alder or converting to Douglas-fir lead to numerous investment management possibilities. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.

Stand Development After 20-years of Growth in Douglas-fir and Red Alder Mixtures

Author : Brennan T. Garrelts
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 142 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (233 download)

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Book Synopsis Stand Development After 20-years of Growth in Douglas-fir and Red Alder Mixtures by : Brennan T. Garrelts

Download or read book Stand Development After 20-years of Growth in Douglas-fir and Red Alder Mixtures written by Brennan T. Garrelts and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 142 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study examines the long-term role of interference on stand development of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii [Mirb.] Franco) and red alder (Alnus rubra Bong.) planted mixtures in the Central Cascades of Oregon, USA. The two species are common associates in naturally regenerated and planted conifer stands in the Pacific Northwest. Due to red alder's rapid height growth, Douglas-fir is often impeded when in the presence of red alder. However, because of red alder's ability to fix nitrogen and increase soil nutrient cycling rates Douglas-fir development can potentially be enhanced when in red alder presence. The relationship between current stand structure, tree mortality, tree size and varying mixtures of species proportions were examined in this study. Treatments included four proportions of red alder either planted simultaneously with the Douglas-fir or delayed 5-years after initial Douglas-fir planting. The objectives of this study were to determine if species mixtures were capable of a greater yield when compared to monocultures and then to determine which form of interference was taking place within and between species. A long-term replacement series study was established in 1986 to understand the role of interference on two commercially valuable species. Six treatments of each planting time were created with the following proportions (Douglas-fir/red alder, respectively): 1.0/0.0, 0.9/0.1, 0.7/0.3, 0.5/0.5, 0.25/0.75, 0.0/1.0. Each treatment was replicated three times in a randomized complete-block design. Measurement of diameter at breast height (cm) of each stem, total height (m), and number of live/dead stems were determined in 1988-1991, 1993, 1995, 1998 and 2007. Yields of both the 0.5/0.5 simultaneous and delayed treatment mixtures were notably higher than the monocultures. Per-tree basal area, height, and survival decreased for both the Douglas-fir and red alder as the relative density (proportion) of red alder increased in the simultaneously planted mixtures. In the delayed mixtures, Douglas-fir per-tree basal area, height, and survival increased as red alder density increased. Red alder development indicated only minor decreases in survival as its density increased in the delayed treatment mixtures. Competition was the dominant mechanism of stand development for all treatments. In the simultaneously planted treatments the Douglas-fir was driven most by interspecific competition, while red alder development exhibited trends for intraspecific competition. In the delayed planted treatments both species experienced intraspecific competition, although this effect was minor for red alder. These results support the competitive effects of red alder on Douglas-fir and itself when seedlings are established at the same time. The delayed treatments however, showed the importance of density on individual tree development over time.

Red Alder of the Pacific Northwest

Author : Herman Meserve Johnson
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 56 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (31 download)

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Book Synopsis Red Alder of the Pacific Northwest by : Herman Meserve Johnson

Download or read book Red Alder of the Pacific Northwest written by Herman Meserve Johnson and published by . This book was released on 1926 with total page 56 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ppp. 42.

Utilization and Management of Alder

Author : Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station (Portland, Or.)
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 392 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (319 download)

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Book Synopsis Utilization and Management of Alder by : Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station (Portland, Or.)

Download or read book Utilization and Management of Alder written by Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station (Portland, Or.) and published by . This book was released on 1978 with total page 392 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the Pacific Northwest and British Columbia, red alder often grows on forest lands following natural or man-caused disturbances. Frequently ignored as a pest or weed, many alder stands have developed to the point where important utilization and management questions are being asked. It is recognized that alder is a fast growing species, and that its rapid early growth may hinder growth of conifers associated with it. It is also recognized that alder has the capability of improving soil fertility, and that it may help reduce root rot problems of conifers. These attributes pose new questions as to whether or not alder should be deliberately managed and, if so, how it should be managed and utilized.

Red Alder of the Pacific Northwest

Author : Herman M. Johnson
Publisher : Forgotten Books
ISBN 13 : 9780265849064
Total Pages : 52 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (49 download)

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Book Synopsis Red Alder of the Pacific Northwest by : Herman M. Johnson

Download or read book Red Alder of the Pacific Northwest written by Herman M. Johnson and published by Forgotten Books. This book was released on 2017-10-28 with total page 52 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Excerpt from Red Alder of the Pacific Northwest: Its Utilization, With Notes on Growth and Management It should be recognized that thoroughly reliable data on the sup ply and distribution of red alder can be obtained only by a thorough going survey, something that has never been attempted. Certain general regions where the tree reaches its best development are known, and timbermen and farmers as a result of their observations are in a position to point out other localities. For more detailed in formation, however, those desiring a supply of alder stumpage are put to the necessity of making their own surveys. Single compact logging units containing board feet of merchantable alder, or alder that will produce logs of the size shown in Figure 1, do not seem to be numerous. Units containing board feet, however, are of frequent occurrence. Areas extending for several miles along streams will sometimes cut out more than feet, but they are exceptional. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.