Groundwater Management

Download Groundwater Management full books in PDF, epub, and Kindle. Read online Groundwater Management ebook anywhere anytime directly on your device. Fast Download speed and no annoying ads. We cannot guarantee that every ebooks is available!

Integrated Groundwater Management

Author : Anthony J Jakeman
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319235761
Total Pages : 756 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (192 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Integrated Groundwater Management by : Anthony J Jakeman

Download or read book Integrated Groundwater Management written by Anthony J Jakeman and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-08-05 with total page 756 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The aim of this book is to document for the first time the dimensions and requirements of effective integrated groundwater management (IGM). Groundwater management is a formidable challenge, one that remains one of humanity’s foremost priorities. It has become a largely non-renewable resource that is overexploited in many parts of the world. In the 21st century, the issue moves from how to simply obtain the water we need to how we manage it sustainably for future generations, future economies, and future ecosystems. The focus then becomes one of understanding the drivers and current state of the groundwater resource, and restoring equilibrium to at-risk aquifers. Many interrelated dimensions, however, come to bear when trying to manage groundwater effectively. An integrated approach to groundwater necessarily involves many factors beyond the aquifer itself, such as surface water, water use, water quality, and ecohydrology. Moreover, the science by itself can only define the fundamental bounds of what is possible; effective IGM must also engage the wider community of stakeholders to develop and support policy and other socioeconomic tools needed to realize effective IGM. In order to demonstrate IGM, this book covers theory and principles, embracing: 1) an overview of the dimensions and requirements of groundwater management from an international perspective; 2) the scale of groundwater issues internationally and its links with other sectors, principally energy and climate change; 3) groundwater governance with regard to principles, instruments and institutions available for IGM; 4) biophysical constraints and the capacity and role of hydroecological and hydrogeological science including water quality concerns; and 5) necessary tools including models, data infrastructures, decision support systems and the management of uncertainty. Examples of effective, and failed, IGM are given. Throughout, the importance of the socioeconomic context that connects all effective IGM is emphasized. Taken as a whole, this work relates the many facets of effective IGM, from the catchment to global perspective.

Groundwater Management in Large River Basins

Author : Milan Dimkic
Publisher : IWA Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1843391902
Total Pages : 721 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (433 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Groundwater Management in Large River Basins by : Milan Dimkic

Download or read book Groundwater Management in Large River Basins written by Milan Dimkic and published by IWA Publishing. This book was released on 2008-11-15 with total page 721 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Part of Groundwater Set - Buy all six books and save over 30% on buying separately! This book reviews the state-of-the-art of groundwater management in large river basins, providing an innovative, informative and consistent approach with technical tools for planners, decision makers and engineers. Groundwater Management in Large River Basins provides comprehensive coverage of the basic elements of groundwater management in large river basins, including: Social, economic and legislative framework, goals, practices and possible tools Review of EU groundwater legislation and its implementation Natural groundwater occurrence and natural circumstances and processes Groundwater management and maintenance issues: Role of natural factors in groundwater management Different methods of groundwater abstraction and protection Groundwater treatment technologies Well ageing and maintenance Nitrate problems, etc. Groundwater modeling as a tool for groundwater assessment Aquifer restoration A spectrum of technical appendices for engineers, which address groundwater issues Also included will be appendices intended to support the work of groundwater engineers. This book will be of interest to groundwater engineers and planners, as well as lecturers and postgraduate and postdoctoral students.

Groundwater Management Practices

Author : Angelos N. Findikakis
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 0203143787
Total Pages : 436 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (31 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Groundwater Management Practices by : Angelos N. Findikakis

Download or read book Groundwater Management Practices written by Angelos N. Findikakis and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2011-06-08 with total page 436 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Groundwater is an indispensable resource in many parts of the world, where it supports domestic water supply, irrigated agriculture and industry. Its increased, and often intensive, use during the last half century has created problems and raised concerns regarding the potential depletion of local aquifers, water quality degradation and various geo

Groundwater Resources

Author : Neven Kresic
Publisher : McGraw Hill Professional
ISBN 13 : 0071640916
Total Pages : 865 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (716 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Groundwater Resources by : Neven Kresic

Download or read book Groundwater Resources written by Neven Kresic and published by McGraw Hill Professional. This book was released on 2008-07-31 with total page 865 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An All-Inclusive Guide to Efficient, Cost-Effective Management of Groundwater Resources Groundwater Sustainability is a reliable, one-stop guide containing all the information you'll need to succeed in your groundwater management and development projects. It covers virtually every aspect of the subject, from how to characterize groundwater and evaluate its resources to determining the interactions between surface water and groundwater. Packed with hundreds of illustrations, this expansive guide reviews both established and innovative aquifer restoration techniques and technologies, including the control and remediation of contaminant sources and groundwater contaminant plumes. You'll also find valuable information regarding resource augmentation, the engineering necessary for resource development, and building comprehensive databases for efficient, cost-effective assessment. Written in an inviting-to-read style by a recognized expert in the field, Groundwater Sustainability provides the last word on the all-important subject of how to maintain and manage the most precious natural resource. Inside: In-depth coverage of groundwater availability and sustainability Treatment options for groundwater contaminants Tools and techniques for effectively managing aquifers Proven tactics for protecting and restoring groundwater resources Case studies, figures, graphs, and photographs Tips on building assessment models using a GIS platform This all-in-one guide covers: Global Freshwater Resources Aquifer Evaluation Groundwater Resource Development Groundwater Recharge Climate Change and Its Impact on Groundwater Groundwater Chemistry Drinking Water Treatment Options Managing & Restoring Groundwater Resources

Groundwater Quantity and Quality Management

Author : Mustafa M. Aral
Publisher : Amer Society of Civil Engineers
ISBN 13 : 9780784411766
Total Pages : 573 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (117 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Groundwater Quantity and Quality Management by : Mustafa M. Aral

Download or read book Groundwater Quantity and Quality Management written by Mustafa M. Aral and published by Amer Society of Civil Engineers. This book was released on 2011 with total page 573 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Sponsored by Groundwater Management Technical Committee of the Groundwater Council of EWRI, Environmental and Water Resources Institute (EWRI) of the American Society of Civil Engineers."

Groundwater Hydrology

Author : Mohammad Karamouz
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 0429556217
Total Pages : 779 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (295 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Groundwater Hydrology by : Mohammad Karamouz

Download or read book Groundwater Hydrology written by Mohammad Karamouz and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2020-03-20 with total page 779 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Increasing demand for water, higher standards of living, depletion of resources of acceptable quality, and excessive water pollution due to urban, agricultural, and industrial expansions have caused intense environmental, social, economic, and political predicaments. More frequent and severe floods and droughts have changed the resiliency and ability of water infrastructure systems to operate and provide services to the public. These concerns and issues have also changed the way we plan and manage our surface and groundwater resources. Groundwater Hydrology: Engineering, Planning, and Management, Second Edition presents a compilation of the state-of-the-art subjects and techniques in the education and practice of groundwater and describes them in a systematic and integrated fashion useful for undergraduate and graduate students and practitioners. This new edition features updated materials, computer codes, and case studies throughout. Features: Discusses groundwater hydrology, hydraulics, and basic laws of groundwater movement Describes environmental water quality issues related to groundwater, aquifer restoration, and remediation techniques, as well as the impacts of climate change \ Examines the details of groundwater modeling and simulation of conceptual models Applies systems analysis techniques in groundwater planning and management Delineates the modeling and downscaling of climate change impacts on groundwater under the latest IPCC climate scenarios Written for students as well as practicing water resource engineers, the book develops a system view of groundwater fundamentals and model-making techniques through the application of science, engineering, planning, and management principles. It discusses the classical issues in groundwater hydrology and hydraulics followed by coverage of water quality issues. It also introduces basic tools and decision-making techniques for future groundwater development activities, taking into account regional sustainability issues. The combined coverage of engineering and planning tools and techniques, as well as specific challenges for restoration and remediation of polluted aquifers sets this book apart.

Groundwater Models for Resources Analysis and Management

Author : Aly I. El-Kadi
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1351443909
Total Pages : 380 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (514 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Groundwater Models for Resources Analysis and Management by : Aly I. El-Kadi

Download or read book Groundwater Models for Resources Analysis and Management written by Aly I. El-Kadi and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2017-11-22 with total page 380 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Written by renowned experts in the field, this book assesses the status of groundwater models and defines models and modeling needs in the 21st century. It reviews the state of the art in model development and application in regional groundwater management, unsaturated flow/multiphase flow and transport, island modeling, biological and virus transport, and fracture flow. Both deterministic and stochastic aspects of unsaturated flow and transport are covered. The book also introduces a unique assessment of models as analysis and management tools for groundwater resources. Topics covered include model vs. data uncertainty, accuracy of the dispersion/convection equation, protocols for model testing and validation, post-audit studies, and applying models to karst aquifers.

Groundwater Assessment, Modeling, and Management

Author : M. Thangarajan
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1498742858
Total Pages : 511 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (987 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Groundwater Assessment, Modeling, and Management by : M. Thangarajan

Download or read book Groundwater Assessment, Modeling, and Management written by M. Thangarajan and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2016-09-15 with total page 511 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Your Guide to Effective Groundwater Management Groundwater Assessment, Modeling, and Management discusses a variety of groundwater problems and outlines the solutions needed to sustain surface and ground water resources on a global scale. Contributors from around the world lend their expertise and provide an international perspective on groundwater management. They address the management of groundwater resources and pollution, waste water treatment methods, and the impact of climate change on groundwater and water availability (specifically in arid and semi-arid regions such as India and Africa). Incorporating management with science and modeling, the book covers all areas of groundwater resource assessment, modeling, and management, and combines hands-on applications with relevant theory. For Water Resource Managers and Decision Makers The book describes techniques for the assessment of groundwater potential, pollution, prevention, and remedial measures, and includes a new approach for groundwater modeling based on connections (network theory). Approximately 30 case studies and six hypothetical studies are introduced reflecting a range of themes that include: groundwater basics and the derivation of groundwater flow equations, exploration and assessment, aquifer parameterization, augmentation of aquifer, water and environment, water and agriculture, the role of models and their application, and water management policies and issues. The book describes remote sensing (RS) applications, geographical information systems (GIS), and electrical resistivity methods to delineate groundwater potential zones. It also takes a look at: Inverse modeling (pilot-points method) Simulation optimization models Radionuclide migration studies through mass transport modeling Modeling for mapping groundwater potential Modeling for vertical 2-D and 3-D groundwater flow Groundwater Assessment, Modeling, and Management explores the management of water resources and the impact of climate change on groundwater. Expert contributors provide practical information on hydrologic engineering and groundwater resources management for students, researchers, scientists, and other practicing professionals in environmental engineering, hydrogeology, irrigation, geophysics, and environmental science.

Groundwater Management in the West

Author : Jeffrey S. Ashley
Publisher : U of Nebraska Press
ISBN 13 : 9780803242760
Total Pages : 332 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (427 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Groundwater Management in the West by : Jeffrey S. Ashley

Download or read book Groundwater Management in the West written by Jeffrey S. Ashley and published by U of Nebraska Press. This book was released on 1999-01-01 with total page 332 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: One of the greatest conundrums facing the arid western United States is the availability, use, and quality of groundwater. In large sections of the West, groundwater is the only dependable source of water for agricultural production and home consumption. Yet many of the aquifers are being depleted at a rate that will suck them dry within a century. Furthermore, dependence upon groundwater in many areas will only increase in the future. This dependence is already having serious consequences for small towns on the Great Plains. Faced with growing costs associated with deeper wells and the need for ever more advanced technology for extracting water, these towns find they lack the resources to maintain current agricultural practices. ø In this timely assessment of the West?s groundwater resources, the authors provide a detailed overview of groundwater management in the Western states. The authors present for each state the various management strategies, laws, and political realities that have made groundwater appropriation such a volatile subject. They also suggest possible difficulties that states and regions might face under current groundwater policies. By examining separate cases and viewing the West as a whole, the authors are able to identify not only the most pressing problems but also the most appropriate management techniques for protecting water supplies for future use.

Groundwater Hydrology of Springs

Author : Neven Kresic
Publisher : Butterworth-Heinemann
ISBN 13 : 0080949452
Total Pages : 593 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (89 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Groundwater Hydrology of Springs by : Neven Kresic

Download or read book Groundwater Hydrology of Springs written by Neven Kresic and published by Butterworth-Heinemann. This book was released on 2009-08-29 with total page 593 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Groundwater Hydrology of Water Resource Series - Water is an essential environmental resource and one that needs to be properly managed. As the world places more emphasis on sustainable water supplies, the demand for expertise in hydrology and water resources continues to increase. This series is intended for professional engineers, who seek a firm foundation in hydrology and an ability to apply this knowledge to solve problems in water resource management. Future books in the series are: Groudwater Hydrology of Springs (2009), Groudwater Hydrology of River Basins (2009), Groudwater Hydrology of Aquifers (2010), and Groudwater Hydrology of Wetlands (2010). First utilized as a primary source of drinking water in the ancient world, springs continue to supply many of the world's cities with water. In recent years their long-term sustainability is under pressure due to an increased demand from groundwater users. Edited by two world-renowned hydrologists, Groundwater Hydrology of Springs: Theory, Management, and Sustainability will provide civil and environmental engineers with a comprehensive reference for managing and sustaining the water quality of Springs. With contributions from experts from around the world, this book cover many of the world's largest springs, providing a unique global perspective on how engineers around the world are utilizing engineering principles for coping with problems such as: mismanagement, overexploitation and their impacts both water quantity and quality. The book will be divided into two parts: part one will explain the theory and principles of hydrology as they apply to Springs while part two will provide a rare look into the engineering practices used to manage some of the most important Springs from around the world. Description of the spring and the aquifer feeding it Latest groundwater and contaminant transport models Description of sources of aquifer use Understanding of contamination and/or possible contamination A plan for management and sustainability

Groundwater Hydrology

Author : M. Karamouz
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1439891214
Total Pages : 662 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (398 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Groundwater Hydrology by : M. Karamouz

Download or read book Groundwater Hydrology written by M. Karamouz and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2011-03-15 with total page 662 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Increasing demand for water, higher standards of living, depletion of resources of acceptable quality, and excessive water pollution due to urban, agricultural, and industrial expansions have caused intense environmental, social, economic, and political predicaments. More frequent and severe floods and droughts have changed the ability and resiliency of water infrastructure systems to operate and provide services to the public. These concerns and issues have also changed the way we plan and manage our surface and groundwater resources. Groundwater Hydrology: Engineering, Planning, and Management presents a compilation of the state-of-the-art subjects and techniques in the education and practice of groundwater and describes them in a systematic and integrated fashion useful for undergraduate and graduate students and practitioners. The book develops a system view of groundwater fundamentals and model-making techniques through the application of science, engineering, planning, and management principles. It discusses the classical issues in groundwater hydrology and hydraulics followed by coverage of water quality issues. The authors delineate the process of analyzing data, identification, and parameter estimation; tools and model-building techniques and the conjunctive use of surface and groundwater techniques; aquifer restoration, remediation, and monitoring techniques; and analysis of risk. They touch on groundwater risk and disaster management and then explore the impact of climate change on groundwater and discuss the tools needed for analyzing future data realization and downscaling large-scale low-resolution data to local watershed and aquifer scales for impact studies. The combined coverage of engineering and planning tools and techniques as well as specific challenges for restoration and remediation of polluted aquifers sets this book apart. It also introduces basic tools and techniques for making decisions about and planning for future groundwater development activities, taking into account regional sustainability issues. An examination of the interface between groundwater challenges, the book demonstrates how to apply systems analysis techniques to groundwater engineering, planning, and management.

Sustainable Groundwater Management

Author : Jean-Daniel Rinaudo
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9783030327675
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (276 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Sustainable Groundwater Management by : Jean-Daniel Rinaudo

Download or read book Sustainable Groundwater Management written by Jean-Daniel Rinaudo and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book describes and analyses the diversity of possible approaches and policy pathways to implement sustainable groundwater development, based on a comparative analysis of numerous quantitative management case studies from France and Australia. This unique book brings together water professionals and academics involved for several decades in groundwater policy making, planning or operational management to reflect on their experience with developing and implementing groundwater management policy. The data and analysis presented accordingly makes a significant contribution to the empirical water management literature by providing novel, real world insights unpublished elsewhere. The originality of the contributions also lies in the different disciplinary perspectives (hydrogeology, economics, planning and social sciences in particular) adopted in many chapters. The book offers a unique comparative analysis of France, Australia and experiences in countries such as Chile and the US to identify similarities, but also fundamental differences, which are analysed and presented as alternative policy options - these differences being mainly related to the role of the state, the community and market mechanisms in groundwater management.

Groundwater Development and Management

Author : Pradip K. Sikdar
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319751158
Total Pages : 540 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (197 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Groundwater Development and Management by : Pradip K. Sikdar

Download or read book Groundwater Development and Management written by Pradip K. Sikdar and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-07-27 with total page 540 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book deals with the challenges for efficient groundwater management, with a focus on South Asia and India, providing a balanced presentation of theory and field practice using a multidisciplinary approach. Groundwater of South Asia is increasingly confronted with overuse and deteriorating quality and therefore requires urgent attention. Management of the stressed groundwater systems is an extremely complex proposition because of the intricate hydrogeological set-up of the region. Strategies for sustainable management must involve a combination of supply-side and demand-side measures depending on the regional setting and socio-economic situations. As a consequence, the challenges of efficient groundwater management require not only a clear understanding of the aquifer configuration, but also demand for the development of a comprehensive database of the groundwater occurrences and flow systems in each hydrogeological setting. In addition, drilling and well construction methods that are appropriate to different hydrogeological formations need to be implemented as well as real-time monitoring of the status of the groundwater use. Also corrective measures for groundwater that is threatened with depletion and quality deterioration need to be installed. Finally, the legal framework of groundwater needs to be rearticulated according to the common property aspect of groundwater. These challenges should revolve around effective groundwater governance by creating an atmosphere to support and empower community-based systems of decision-making and revisit the existing legal framework and groundwater management institutions by fostering community initiatives. This book is relevant for academics, professionals, administrators, policy makers, and economists concerned with various aspects of groundwater science and management.

Groundwater management

Author : J. Andreu Álvarez
Publisher : IGME
ISBN 13 : 9788478400430
Total Pages : 648 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (4 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Groundwater management by : J. Andreu Álvarez

Download or read book Groundwater management written by J. Andreu Álvarez and published by IGME. This book was released on 1990 with total page 648 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Groundwater Management Practices

Author : Angelos N. Findikakis
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 0415619874
Total Pages : 438 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (156 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Groundwater Management Practices by : Angelos N. Findikakis

Download or read book Groundwater Management Practices written by Angelos N. Findikakis and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2011-06-08 with total page 438 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Groundwater is an indispensable resource in many parts of the world, where it supports domestic water supply, irrigated agriculture and industry. Its increased, and often intensive, use during the last half century has created problems and raised concerns regarding the potential depletion of local aquifers, water quality degradation and various geologic hazards such as land subsidence and sinkholes. This volume includes contributions by experts from several countries who describe different groundwater management practices in their part of the world and discuss measures and actions in response to the challenges associated with the sustainability of groundwater use and the protection of the groundwater environment, as well as the evolution of legal and institutional framework needed for their implementation. It discusses past and present practices and various aspects of the regulatory and legal framework of groundwater management in Japan, China, India, Iran, Australia, the United States, Spain, Denmark, Switzerland and the European Union, and reviews recent efforts to improve the management of transboundary aquifer resources.

Integrated Water Resources Management in Water-scarce Regions

Author : Stefan Liehr
Publisher : IWA Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1780407904
Total Pages : 278 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (84 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Integrated Water Resources Management in Water-scarce Regions by : Stefan Liehr

Download or read book Integrated Water Resources Management in Water-scarce Regions written by Stefan Liehr and published by IWA Publishing. This book was released on 2018-03-15 with total page 278 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The research project CuveWaters developed and implemented adapted technologies and accompanying measures to support the national process towards an Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM). The aim is to give people in the Cuvelai-Etosha Basin reliable access to clean water over the long term, thus enhancing their livelihood and health, and to create job opportunities. IWRM relies on solutions that use various sources, types and qualities of water for different purposes. CuveWaters implemented pilot plants for rain- and floodwater harvesting, groundwater desalination, as well as facilities for sanitation and water reuse. Technical components of the project were framed by societal and scientific components. Integrated Water Resources Management in Water-scarce Regions provides a comprehensive view on the complexity and interconnectedness of findings and conclusions regarding the principle strategic approach within the CuveWaters project’s concept. The book aims to present the work of technical, social and natural scientists but also of media professionals: It gives thematically focussed details on the three technology-based solutions which go beyond mere technical considerations and embed this into the overarching process towards IWRM in Namibia. Finally, it critically addresses lessons learnt and limits of projects in the context of research for implementation. This book is of great value to experts, professionals and also students and academics in the areas of water management, technology development and implementation and transdisciplinary science.

Groundwater Optimization Handbook

Author : Richard C. Peralta
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1439838070
Total Pages : 532 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (398 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Groundwater Optimization Handbook by : Richard C. Peralta

Download or read book Groundwater Optimization Handbook written by Richard C. Peralta and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2012-04-26 with total page 532 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Existing and impending water shortages argue for improving water quantity and quality management. Groundwater Optimization Handbook: Flow, Contaminant Transport, and Conjunctive Management helps you formulate and solve groundwater optimization problems to ensure sustainable supplies of adequate quality and quantity. It shows you how to more effecti