Gender and United States Army Leadership Doctrine

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (137 download)

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Book Synopsis Gender and United States Army Leadership Doctrine by : Sarah M Griffin

Download or read book Gender and United States Army Leadership Doctrine written by Sarah M Griffin and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study provides a comparative analysis of female and male Reserve Officer Training Corps cadets' experiences with the United States Army leadership doctrine, given the hypermasculine Army culture with deeply engrained gender norms and expectations that have long privileged men and masculinity. Using Risman's (2004) theory of gender as social structure, I explore the historical, hyper-masculine cultural norms and expectations of Soldiers in the Army at the structural, interactional, and individual levels. In particular, I study the Army leadership doctrine (structural) as experienced by ROTC cadets, including their self-perceptions of leadership ability and attitudes about leadership (individual) and their perceptions of how others' rate their leadership ability (interactional). Focus is placed on specified United States Army leadership attributes which prescribe how leaders should behave, think, learn, and lead in the Army; in other words, traits that are inherent to the Soldier. These attributes are poorly defined in Army leadership doctrine and left to interpretation by individual Army leaders. This ambiguity creates a potentially discriminatory environment against female Soldiers generally and female leaders specifically. Participants reported on their own ability to demonstrate the Army prescribed leadership attributes, how they think others perceive their ability to demonstrate Army prescribed leadership attributes, as well as individual leadership conceptualizations and values. Overall, findings suggest that female and male ROTC cadets experience leadership within the context of the Army differently. Female cadet self-perception of ability to demonstrate Army leadership attribute mean scores were generally lower than male cadet mean scores. Further, findings suggest that male cadets generally think others believe they are better leaders than they view themselves, whereas female cadets generally think others believe they are worse leaders than they view themselves. This deeply engrained cognitive bias towards privileging male leaders over female leaders remains and is evident in the ways in which female and male cadets think others view their leadership abilities. Although women have served alongside men in the Army for decades, masculinity remains hegemonic in the Army, and it is within these masculine values that women are expected to lead and serve.

Mixed-gender Basic Training

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Author :
Publisher : Government Printing Office
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 216 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Mixed-gender Basic Training by : Anne W. Chapman

Download or read book Mixed-gender Basic Training written by Anne W. Chapman and published by Government Printing Office. This book was released on 2008 with total page 216 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume is an account of the many currents, some ongoing, that informed the Army's struggle to design a basic training course acceptable to the nation's civil and military leadership, the general public, various special iterest groups, and the young men and women undergoing their first experience as soldiers. Employs a mixture of topical and chronological organization. The major focus is on the period from 1973 to 2004. Tells the Army's story of mixed-gender training at the initial-entry level.

Army Doctrine Publication ADP 6-22 Army Leadership and the Profession Change 1 November 2019

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781674142692
Total Pages : 128 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (426 download)

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Book Synopsis Army Doctrine Publication ADP 6-22 Army Leadership and the Profession Change 1 November 2019 by : United States Government Us Army

Download or read book Army Doctrine Publication ADP 6-22 Army Leadership and the Profession Change 1 November 2019 written by United States Government Us Army and published by . This book was released on 2019-12-10 with total page 128 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This manual, Army Doctrine Publication ADP 6-22 Army Leadership and the Profession Change 1 November 2019, establishes and describes the Army profession and the associated ethic that serve as the basis for a shared professional identity. It establishes and describes what leaders should be and do. Having a standard set of leader attributes and core leader competencies facilitates focused feedback, education, training, and development across all leadership levels. ADP 6-22 describes enduring concepts of leadership through the core competencies and attributes required of leaders of all cohorts and all organizations, regardless of mission or setting. These principles reflect decades of experience and validated scientific knowledge. An ideal Army leader serves as a role model through strong intellect, physical presence, professional competence, and moral character. An Army leader is able and willing to act decisively, within superior leaders' intent and purpose, and in the organization's best interests. Army leaders recognize that organizations, built on mutual trust and confidence, accomplish missions. Every member of the Army profession, military or civilian, is part of a team and functions in the role of leader and subordinate. Being a good subordinate is part of being an effective leader. Leaders do not just lead subordinates-they also lead other leaders. Leaders are not limited to just those designated by position, rank, or authority. Being and doing are ineffectual without knowledge. Knowing the what and how of soldiering, tactics, operational art, staff operations, functional and technical expertise, and many other areas are essential to leading well. ADP 6-22 cannot convey all of the specific knowledge areas to become an expert leader. All leaders accrue the knowledge and develop the expertise required to contribute to the support and execution of the Army's four strategic roles: shaping operational environments, preventing conflict, prevailing in largescale ground combat operations, and consolidating gains.Army Doctrine Publication ADP 6-22 Army Leadership and the Profession Change 1 November 2019 establishes and describes the Army Profession and the foundations of Army leadership, (outlines the echelons of leadership (direct, organizational, and strategic), and describes the attributes and core leader competencies expected of all leaders across all levels and cohorts. The principal audience for ADP 6-22 consists of all members of the Army profession, military and civilian. Trainers and educators throughout the Army will also use this publication. The use of the term Army leaders refers to officers, noncommissioned officers, and select Department of the Army Civilians unless otherwise specified.

Army Doctrine Publication ADP 6-22 Army Leadership and the Profession July 2019

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Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781689088930
Total Pages : 116 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (889 download)

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Book Synopsis Army Doctrine Publication ADP 6-22 Army Leadership and the Profession July 2019 by : United States Government Us Army

Download or read book Army Doctrine Publication ADP 6-22 Army Leadership and the Profession July 2019 written by United States Government Us Army and published by . This book was released on 2019-08-28 with total page 116 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This manual, Army Doctrine Publication ADP 6-22 Army Leadership and the Profession July 2019, establishes and describes what leaders should be and do. Having a standard set of leader attributes and core leader competencies facilitates focused feedback, education, training, and development across all leadership levels. ADP 6-22 describes enduring concepts of leadership through the core competencies and attributes required of leaders of all cohorts and all organizations, regardless of mission or setting. These principles reflect decades of experience and validated scientific knowledge.An ideal Army leader serves as a role model through strong intellect, physical presence, professional competence, and moral character. An Army leader is able and willing to act decisively, within superior leaders' intent and purpose, and in the organization's best interests. Army leaders recognize that organizations, built on mutual trust and confidence, accomplish missions. Every member of the Army, military or civilian, is part of a team and functions in the role of leader and subordinate. Being a good subordinate is part of being an effective leader. Leaders do not just lead subordinates-they also lead other leaders. Leaders are not limited to just those designated by position, rank, or authority.Being and doing are ineffectual without knowledge. Knowing the what and how of soldiering, tactics, operational art, staff operations, functional and technical expertise, and many other areas are essential to leading well. ADP 6-22 cannot convey all of the specific knowledge areas to become an expert leader. All leaders accrue the knowledge and develop the expertise required to contribute to the support and execution of the Army's four strategic roles: shaping operational environments, preventing conflict, prevailing in largescale ground combat operations, and consolidating gains. ADP 6-22 describes the attributes and core competencies required of contemporary leaders. ADP 6-22 addresses the following topics necessary for Army members to become a skilled, agile, and highly proficient Army leader- Army definitions of leader, leadership, and counterproductive leadership. The Army leadership requirements model as a common basis for recruiting, selecting, developing, evaluating leaders and, most importantly, for leading Soldiers and Department of the Army (DA) Civilians. Roles and relationships of leaders, including the roles of subordinates or team members. What makes an effective leader: a person of integrity who builds trust and applies sound judgment to influence others. How to lead, develop, and achieve through competency-based leadership. The basics of leading at the direct, organizational, and strategic levels. The influences and stresses of changing conditions that affect leadership. Key updates and changes to this version of ADP 6-22 include- Information from ADP 6-22 and ADRP 6-22 combined into a single document. Incorporation of key concepts (Army Profession and Army Ethic) from ADRP 1. New leadership requirements model diagram. New discussions on the dynamics of leadership, followers, humility, and counterproductive leadership. ADP 6-22 contains 10 chapters comprising three parts describing the Army's approach to leadership.

Army Leadership and the Profession (ADP 6-22)

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Author :
Publisher : Lulu.com
ISBN 13 : 0359970621
Total Pages : 118 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (599 download)

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Book Synopsis Army Leadership and the Profession (ADP 6-22) by : Headquarters Department of the Army

Download or read book Army Leadership and the Profession (ADP 6-22) written by Headquarters Department of the Army and published by Lulu.com. This book was released on 2019-10-09 with total page 118 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: ADP 6-22 describes enduring concepts of leadership through the core competencies and attributes required of leaders of all cohorts and all organizations, regardless of mission or setting. These principles reflect decades of experience and validated scientific knowledge.An ideal Army leader serves as a role model through strong intellect, physical presence, professional competence, and moral character. An Army leader is able and willing to act decisively, within superior leaders' intent and purpose, and in the organization's best interests. Army leaders recognize that organizations, built on mutual trust and confidence, accomplish missions. Every member of the Army, military or civilian, is part of a team and functions in the role of leader and subordinate. Being a good subordinate is part of being an effective leader. Leaders do not just lead subordinates-they also lead other leaders. Leaders are not limited to just those designated by position, rank, or authority.

Four Decades and Five Manuals

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Publisher : Createspace Independent Pub
ISBN 13 : 9781480017238
Total Pages : 58 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (172 download)

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Book Synopsis Four Decades and Five Manuals by : J. Keith Purvis

Download or read book Four Decades and Five Manuals written by J. Keith Purvis and published by Createspace Independent Pub. This book was released on 2012-09-29 with total page 58 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This monograph analyzes the history of United States Army leadership doctrine from 1983 through 2011 to identify the evolution of strategic leadership theory and practice in Army doctrine. Using leadership doctrine, the focus is on the analysis of the articles, reports, opinions, studies, and research papers surrounding each doctrinal publication. This research uses an analytical approach across the timeline of leadership doctrine by understanding each approved doctrine, reviewing the intellectual debate within the Army institution and across other leadership disciplines, examining the doctrinal changes in the published documents, and exploring the future of proposed strategic leadership doctrine. Beginning with the renewed emphasis on tactical, direct leadership attributes published in 1983, the omission of operational and strategic leadership in the doctrine identified a gap in addressing leadership at all levels within the Army. Following executive level leadership discourse in the 1980s, the publication of FM 22-103, Leadership and Command at Senior Levels in 1987 established the first doctrinal framework for command and leadership above the direct, tactical level for the Army. Coupled with the 1993 AR 600-100, Army Leadership, Army leadership policies became a better codified part of training and leader development, specifically in recognition of different levels of leadership including: direct, senior and executive. The consolidation and reorganization of Army leadership doctrine in 1999 placed the three levels of leadership together in one doctrinal reference; however, differences still existed between definitions of the levels. FM 22-100, Army Leadership: Be, Know, Do used direct, organizational and strategic, while the 1993 regulation used direct, senior and strategic. By 2007, the newly published documents finally agreed, providing clarity of purpose and better understanding for all Army leaders as they progressed through the different leadership levels. Strategic leadership thought and its importance to Army leaders continued to evolve and remained a much discussed, researched, and published topic into the twenty-first century. National military and government leaders addressed the need to improve strategic leaders' ability to understand and prepare for future conflicts while presenting the ways strategic leadership fits into overall leadership doctrine. The planned forthcoming updates to the 2006 Army Leadership: Competent, Confident and Agile manual continues those linkages for strategic leaders. The monograph concludes that strategic leaders must understand the strategy of the organization, where the organization fits in the complex environment, and what the organization must do to be successful. Through inclusion of strategic leadership references in consolidated Army doctrine, the academic theories and methods surrounding strategic leadership became more widely spread across the force, further improving the understanding necessary for a successful organization. The leadership traditions of the United States Army, better known for the direct leadership examples executed in every conflict, continues to have a codified description of the strategic leadership attributes necessary for continued success, accessible to all leaders, from the newest to the most senior.

From One Leader to Another

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Publisher : Military Bookshop
ISBN 13 : 9781782663959
Total Pages : 398 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (639 download)

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Book Synopsis From One Leader to Another by : Combat Studies Institute Press

Download or read book From One Leader to Another written by Combat Studies Institute Press and published by Military Bookshop. This book was released on 2013-05 with total page 398 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This work is a collection of observations, insights, and advice from over 50 serving and retired Senior Non-Commissioned Officers. These experienced Army leaders have provided for the reader, outstanding mentorship on leadership skills, tasks, and responsibilities relevant to our Army today. There is much wisdom and advice "from one leader to another" in the following pages.

Tacit Knowledge in Military Leadership

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 72 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Tacit Knowledge in Military Leadership by : Joseph A. Horvath

Download or read book Tacit Knowledge in Military Leadership written by Joseph A. Horvath and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 72 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Operational Leadership and United States Army Leadership Doctrine

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (421 download)

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Book Synopsis Operational Leadership and United States Army Leadership Doctrine by : Mark T. Littel

Download or read book Operational Leadership and United States Army Leadership Doctrine written by Mark T. Littel and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Army Doctrine Publication ADP 6-22 Army Leadership and the Profession

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 132 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (53 download)

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Book Synopsis Army Doctrine Publication ADP 6-22 Army Leadership and the Profession by : Department of the Army

Download or read book Army Doctrine Publication ADP 6-22 Army Leadership and the Profession written by Department of the Army and published by . This book was released on 2020-01-27 with total page 132 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: ADP 6-22 ARMY LEADERSHIP AND THE PROFESSION JULY 2019 Edition Notice: This is a printed version of the "Department of the Army ARMY LEADERSHIP AND THE PROFESSION ADP 6-22 JULY 2019". Paperback book, Full version, All Chapters included. This publication is available (Electronic version) in the official website of the Headquarters, Department of the Army. This document is properly formatted and printed as a large sized copy 8.5x11", making it easy for you to read details in some figures/illustrations and tables. A printed version that will save you money and time (* FAST DELIVERY *). Organization of the paperback book: Chapter 1 THE ARMY PROFESSION, ETHIC, AND LEADERSHIP Chapter 2 CHARACTER Chapter 3 PRESENCE Chapter 4 INTELLECT Chapter 5 LEADS Chapter 6 DEVELOPS Chapter 7 ACHIEVES Chapter 8 LEADERSHIP IN PRACTICE Chapter 9 ORGANIZATIONAL LEADERSHIP Chapter 10 STRATEGIC LEADERSHIP Disclaimer: "The use or appearance of United States Department of Army publications, text, images or logos on a non-Federal Government website does not imply or constitute Department of Army endorsement of the distribution service."

Leader Development (FM 6-22)

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780359925650
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (256 download)

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Book Synopsis Leader Development (FM 6-22) by : Headquarters Department of the Army

Download or read book Leader Development (FM 6-22) written by Headquarters Department of the Army and published by . This book was released on 2019-09-17 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Army leaders are the competitive advantage the Army possesses that technology cannot replace nor be substituted by advanced weaponry and platforms. Today's Army demands trained and ready units with agile, proficient leaders. Developing our leaders is integral to our institutional success today and tomorrow. It is an important investment to make for the future of the Army because it builds trust in relationships and units, prepares leaders for future uncertainty, and is critical to readiness and our Army's success. Leader development programs must recognize, produce, and reward leaders who are inquisitive, creative, adaptable, and capable of exercising mission command. Leaders exhibit commitment to developing subordinates through execution of their professional responsibility to teach, counsel, coach, and mentor subordinates. Successful, robust leader development programs incorporate accountability, engagement, and commitment; create agile and competent leaders; produce stronger organizations and teams...

Army Leadership FM 6-22 (FM 22-100)

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Author :
Publisher : Jeffrey W Bennett
ISBN 13 : 9780981620671
Total Pages : 220 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (26 download)

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Book Synopsis Army Leadership FM 6-22 (FM 22-100) by : U S Army

Download or read book Army Leadership FM 6-22 (FM 22-100) written by U S Army and published by Jeffrey W Bennett. This book was released on 2010-10 with total page 220 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "When we assumed the Soldier, we did not lay aside the Citizen." General George Washington

Military Leadership Doctrine

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 424 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (52 download)

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Book Synopsis Military Leadership Doctrine by : Joseph Edward Beavers

Download or read book Military Leadership Doctrine written by Joseph Edward Beavers and published by . This book was released on 1965 with total page 424 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

The Armed Forces Officer

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Publisher : Government Printing Office
ISBN 13 : 9780160937583
Total Pages : 216 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (375 download)

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Book Synopsis The Armed Forces Officer by : Richard Moody Swain

Download or read book The Armed Forces Officer written by Richard Moody Swain and published by Government Printing Office. This book was released on 2017 with total page 216 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 1950, when he commissioned the first edition of The Armed Forces Officer, Secretary of Defense George C. Marshall told its author, S.L.A. Marshall, that "American military officers, of whatever service, should share common ground ethically and morally." In this new edition, the authors methodically explore that common ground, reflecting on the basics of the Profession of Arms, and the officer's special place and distinctive obligations within that profession and especially to the Constitution.

Army Leadership

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Publisher : Createspace Independent Pub
ISBN 13 : 9781479326259
Total Pages : 216 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (262 download)

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Book Synopsis Army Leadership by : Department of the Army

Download or read book Army Leadership written by Department of the Army and published by Createspace Independent Pub. This book was released on 2012-09-15 with total page 216 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Competent leaders of character are necessary for the Army to meet the challenges in the dangerous and complex security environment we face. As the keystone leadership manual for the United States Army, FM 6-22 establishes leadership doctrine, the fundamental principles by which Army leaders act to accomplish their mission and care for their people. FM 6-22 applies to officers, warrant officers, noncommissioned officers, and enlisted Soldiers of all Army components, and to Army civilians. From Soldiers in basic training to newly commissioned officers, new leaders learn how to lead with this manual as a basis. FM 6-22 is prepared under the direction of the Army Chief of Staff. It defines leadership, leadership roles and requirements, and how to develop leadership within the Army. It outlines the levels of leadership as direct, organizational, and strategic, and describes how to lead successfully at each level. It establishes and describes the core leader competencies that facilitate focused feedback, education, training, and development across all leadership levels. It reiterates the Army Values. FM 6-22 defines how the Warrior Ethos is an integral part of every Soldier's life. It incorporates the leadership qualities of self-awareness and adaptability and describes their critical impact on acquiring additional knowledge and improving in the core leader competencies while operating in constantly changing operational environments. In line with evolving Army doctrine, FM 6-22 directly supports the Army's capstone manuals, FM 1 and FM 3-0, as well as keystone manuals such as FM 5-0, FM 6-0, and FM 7-0. FM 6-22 connects Army doctrine to joint doctrine as expressed in the relevant joint doctrinal publications, JP 1 and JP 3-0. As outlined in FM 1, the Army uses the shorthand expression of BE-KNOW-DO to concentrate on key factors of leadership. What leaders DO emerges from who they are (BE) and what they KNOW. Leaders are prepared throughout their lifetimes with respect to BE-KNOW-DO so they will be able to act at a moment's notice and provide leadership for whatever challenge they may face. FM 6-22 expands on the principles in FM 1 and describes the character attributes and core competencies required of contemporary leaders. Character is based on the attributes central to a leader's make-up, and competence comes from how character combines with knowledge, skills, and behaviors to result in leadership. Inextricably linked to the inherent qualities of the Army leader, the concept of BE-KNOW-DO represents specified elements of character, knowledge, and behavior described here in FM 6-22.

The U.S. Army Leadership Field Manual

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Publisher : McGraw Hill Professional
ISBN 13 : 0071458425
Total Pages : 225 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (714 download)

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Book Synopsis The U.S. Army Leadership Field Manual by : The Center for Army Leadership

Download or read book The U.S. Army Leadership Field Manual written by The Center for Army Leadership and published by McGraw Hill Professional. This book was released on 2004-03-21 with total page 225 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How the world's most dynamic organization prepares its leaders for battle, with valuable insights for today's business arena For mor than 50 years, The U.S. Army Leadership Field Manual has provided leadership training for every officer training program in the U.S. Army. This trade edition brings the manual's value-based leadership principles and practices to today's business world. The result is a compelling examination of how to be an effective leader when the survival of your team literally hangs on your decisions. More than 60 gripping vignettes and stories illustrate historical and contemporary examples of army leaders who made a difference. The U.S. Army Leadership Field Manual also provides: A leadership approach based on the army's core principles of "Be, Know, Do" Hands-on lessons to enhance training, mentoring, and decision-making skills Chapters that focus on the different roles and requirements for leadership

21st Century U.S. Military Manuals

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Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781980604921
Total Pages : 119 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (49 download)

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Book Synopsis 21st Century U.S. Military Manuals by : Department of Defense

Download or read book 21st Century U.S. Military Manuals written by Department of Defense and published by . This book was released on 2018-03-20 with total page 119 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Army Field Manual is a capstone manual which describes the Army's view of leadership, outlines the levels of leadership (direct, organizational, and strategic), and describes the attributes and core leader competencies across all levels. The principal audience for ADRP 6-22 is all leaders, military and civilian. Trainers and educators throughout the Army will also use this publication. Commanders, staffs, and subordinates ensure their decisions and actions comply with applicable United States, international, and, in some cases, host-nation laws and regulations. Commanders at all levels ensure their Soldiers operate in accordance with the law of war and the rules of engagement. It establishes and describes the leader attributes and core leader competencies that facilitate focused feedback, education, training, and development across all leadership levels. An ideal Army leader has strong intellect, physical presence, professional competence, moral character and serves as a role model. An Army leader is able and willing to act decisively, within the intent and purpose of superior leaders and in the best interest of the organization. Army leaders recognize that organizations, built on mutual trust and confidence, successfully accomplish missions. Everyone in the Army is part of a team and functions in the role of leader and subordinate. Being a good subordinate is part of being a good leader. All Soldiers and Army Civilians must serve as leaders and followers. It is important to understand that leaders do not just lead subordinates-they also lead other leaders. Leaders are not always designated by position, rank, or authority. ADRP 6-22 addresses the following topics necessary to become a competent, multiskilled, and agile Army leader: - Understand the Army definitions of leader and leadership. - Use the Army leadership requirements model as a common basis for thinking and learning about leadership and associated doctrine. - Become knowledgeable about the roles and relationships of leaders, including the role of subordinate or team member. - Discover what makes a good leader: a person of character with presence and intellect. - Learn how to lead, develop, and achieve through competency-based leadership. - Identify the influences and stresses in our changing environment that affect leadership. - Understand the basics of leading at the direct, organizational, and strategic levels. Part One defines leadership, describes the foundations of Army leadership, and introduces the Army Leadership Requirements Model in Chapter 1. Part Two describes the leader attributes of character, presence, and intellect. Part Three describes the core leader competencies and their application. Part Four addresses the roles and responsibilities of organizational leaders in Chapter 10 and strategic leaders in Chapter 11.