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Gasification Kinetics In Continuous Supercritical Water Reactors
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Book Synopsis Gasification Kinetics in Continuous Supercritical Water Reactors by : Igor Novosselov
Download or read book Gasification Kinetics in Continuous Supercritical Water Reactors written by Igor Novosselov and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Supercritical water gasification (SCWG) is an emerging technology with synergistic applications in renewable energy and waste processing. Supercritical water (SCW) functions as a green reaction medium during the gasification process, serving to dissolve and decompose complex organic molecules via ionic, radical, hydrolysis, and pyrolysis reaction mechanisms. Researchers investigate the decomposition of model compounds in order to predict product yields and conversion efficiencies during the gasification of heterogeneous biomass waste, food waste, sewage sludge, and other available feedstocks. Continuous, laboratory-scale reactors are often employed to study reaction kinetics, pathways, and mechanisms. This chapter synthesizes previous work investigating model compound gasification in continuous supercritical water reactors (SCWRs). A summary of continuous reactor design strategies is presented for practical benefit, followed by a discussion on reaction chemistry in the supercritical water environment. Reaction pathways and mechanisms have been investigated for several model compounds, lending insight toward the conditions needed for the complete conversion of real-world feedstocks. Several studies assume first-order reaction kinetics and propose Arrhenius parameters for the decomposition reaction. The first-order rate assumption must be carefully evaluated, and the applicable temperature range must be specified. Opportunities for further research are discussed.
Book Synopsis Supercritical Water Processing Technologies for Environment, Energy and Nanomaterial Applications by : Shuzhong Wang
Download or read book Supercritical Water Processing Technologies for Environment, Energy and Nanomaterial Applications written by Shuzhong Wang and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2019-09-18 with total page 352 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book systematically presents the technical aspects of supercritical water oxidation and supercritical water gasification for energy and environmental applications, which include reactor design, construction materials, corrosion, salt precipitation, etc. The book provides a comprehensive introduction to the properties of supercritical water, and the industrial applications, reaction mechanisms and reaction kinetics of supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) and supercritical water gasification (SCWG). The reactions occurring in supercritical water are complex, and studying their reaction mechanisms is of great importance for the development of supercritical water processing technologies. Accordingly, the book explains the oxidative mechanisms and kinetics of organic matter in supercritical water in detail. However, the harsh reaction conditions in supercritical water can easily create severe reactor corrosion and salt deposition problems. Therefore, the book also comprehensively reports on the mechanism analysis, state of research, and development trends regarding these two problems. Lastly, the book summarizes the development of supercritical water processing technologies, including studies on SCWO and SCWG, as well as near-zero-emission systems of pollutants based on SCWO technology. In short, the book provides a wealth of valuable information for all readers who are interested in using SCWO for organic waste treatment, and in using SCWG for hydrogen production with wet biomass.
Book Synopsis Advanced Supercritical Fluids Technologies by : Igor Pioro
Download or read book Advanced Supercritical Fluids Technologies written by Igor Pioro and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2020-05-20 with total page 224 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Using SuperCritical Fluids (SCFs) in various processes is not new, because Mother Nature has been processing minerals in aqueous solutions at critical and supercritical pressures for billions of years. Somewhere in the 20th century, SCFs started to be used in various industries as working fluids, coolants, chemical agents, etc. Written by an international team of experts and complete with the latest research, development, and design, Advanced Supercritical Fluids Technologies is a unique technical book, completely dedicated to modern and advanced applications of supercritical fluids in various industries.Advanced Supercritical Fluids Technologies provides engineers and specialists in various industries dealing with SCFs as well as researchers, scientists, and students of the corresponding departments with a comprehensive overview of the current status, latest trends and developments of these technologies.Dr Igor Pioro is a professor at the University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Canada, and the Founding Editor of the ASME Journal of Nuclear Engineering and Radiation Science.
Book Synopsis Design and Validation of a Supercritical Water Gasification Reactor with In Situ Raman Spectroscopy for the Determination of Chemical Kinetic Rates by : David Gorman
Download or read book Design and Validation of a Supercritical Water Gasification Reactor with In Situ Raman Spectroscopy for the Determination of Chemical Kinetic Rates written by David Gorman and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 55 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Supercritical water technology has the potential to enable the safe and complete destruction of hazardous chemical compounds, including chemical waste and chemical warfare agents. While the underlying technology shows promise, quantitative determination of chemical kinetic rates under these conditions are needed to facilitate the design of full scale technology. Collecting these needed data requires a versatile reactor capable of determining chemical decomposition rates. Critical parameters include temperature, residence time, and catalytic wall effects. The literature shows significant differences in the published chemical kinetic rates, which is at least partially attributed to variations in reactor design. To determine best practices, existing reactor designs, components, and technologies, as well as some promising new technologies, are reviewed. From this overview, a reactor specialized for the gasification of organic compounds was designed featuring in situ Raman monitoring of the effluent stream. In addition to the design of the reactor, some basic processing techniques for Raman baseline signal subtraction are discussed, along with preliminary results for organic compounds decomposition. With the reactor completed, the rapid determination of chemical kinetic rates in supercritical water becomes possible for a wide range of reagents and operating conditions.
Book Synopsis Design of a Small-scale Mixing Section for a Supercritical Water Reactor Through the Finite Volume Method by : Kartik Tiwari
Download or read book Design of a Small-scale Mixing Section for a Supercritical Water Reactor Through the Finite Volume Method written by Kartik Tiwari and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 45 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Supercritical water (sc-H2O) reactors have been used for biomass gasification and the destruction of hazardous waste. Laboratory scale reactors are typically used for development of chemical kinetic rate parameters. These smaller reactors with lower Reynolds numbers often suffer from slow mixing between the reagent and sc-H2O; this slow mixing increases uncertainty in the data required for calculation of chemical kinetic rate parameters. In this study, we present a multiple-jet in crossflow design for a mixing section, which enables rapid mixing of reagents into sc-H2O. A parametric analysis is conducted to establish an optimum jet-to-crossflow velocity ratio (r) for scalar mixing using three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) with Detached Eddy Simulations (DES) for resolving turbulence. Kinetic theory models for calculating physical properties of the fluids at the supercritical state are evaluated against data available in published literature. CFD simulations show that mixing can be characterized by three distinct regimes: (i) under-penetrating jets, (ii) weakly penetrating jets, (iii) jets forming counter-rotating vortex pairs (CVPs), and (iv) impinging jets. The best mixing is observed for jets forming CVPs; under-penetrating jets show the worst mixing. The mechanism of mixing in the three configurations is explained. Decomposition of methanol (MeOH) in a continuous-flow sc-H2O reactor is simulated with CFD using global first-order chemical kinetic rate parameters calculated from published experimental data. This numerical modeling sheds insight into the complex physiochemical processes of organic compound decomposition in the supercritical environment. The modeling approach can be used in industrial process optimization and to improve the design of new and existing systems.
Book Synopsis Supercritical Water Gasification of Model Alcohols by : Brian R. Pinkard
Download or read book Supercritical Water Gasification of Model Alcohols written by Brian R. Pinkard and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 102 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Supercritical water is a unique reaction medium with emerging applications in waste destruction, fuel generation, and material synthesis. The high temperatures and pressures necessary to bring water to the supercritical state create a kinetically and thermodynamically advantageous environment for redox reactions to occur, with minimized mass transfer limitations. Supercritical water acts both as reactant and reaction medium, facilitating the rapid decomposition of many organic molecules into hydrogen-rich gas. As a waste-to-energy technology, supercritical water gasification shows promise for converting organic waste, especially wet waste, into green hydrogen. Despite decades of interest in supercritical water gasification and oxidation, fundamental knowledge of reaction chemistry in supercritical water remains limited. It is relevant to study the chemistry of simple model compounds in supercritical water as a means of elucidating reaction phenomena occurring with common compound classes or functional groups. A continuous, tubular supercritical water reactor facilitates novel studies of reaction kinetics in supercritical water. In situ Raman spectroscopy allows for real-time monitoring of reaction products, short experimentation times, and rapid identification and quantification of reaction products. Through multiple studies investigating reaction kinetics of model compounds in the gasification environment, chemical reaction routes and mechanisms of several model compounds are determined under varied conditions. As a proof-of-concept study to demonstrate the validity of using Raman spectroscopy for determining product yields, the reaction kinetics of formic acid (HCOOH) in 25 MPa water are quantified for subcritical and supercritical temperatures between 300 and 430 °C. In situ Raman spectroscopy facilitates precise, time-resolved data collection. First-order reaction behavior is not observed during gasification of methanol, ethanol, or isopropyl alcohol in supercritical water between 500 and 560 °C. Chain-branching free radical reaction mechanisms are inferred to drive the decomposition of alcohols in supercritical water, and the heterogeneous catalyst of the reactor wall surface is significant for initiating radical reactions. Global reaction pathways are proposed, and mechanisms for free radical initiation, propagation, and termination are discussed. Ethanol is also studied under partially oxidative conditions at 500 to 530 °C, where intermediate reaction products counterintuitively polymerize to form char. A deeper understanding of reaction mechanisms in supercritical water is gained, lending insight towards the conditions necessary to maximize gaseous yields and minimize char buildup.
Book Synopsis Supercritical Fluid Technology for Energy and Environmental Applications by : Vladimir Anikeev
Download or read book Supercritical Fluid Technology for Energy and Environmental Applications written by Vladimir Anikeev and published by Newnes. This book was released on 2013-12-21 with total page 285 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Supercritical Fluid Technology for Energy and Environmental Applications covers the fundamental principles involved in the preparation and characterization of supercritical fluids (SCFs) used in the energy production and other environmental applications. Energy production from diversified resources — including renewable materials — using clean processes can be accomplished using technologies like SCFs. This book is focused on critical issues scientists and engineers face in applying SCFs to energy production and environmental protection, the innovative solutions they have found, and the challenges they need to overcome. The book also covers the basics of sub- and supercritical fluids, like the thermodynamics of phase and chemical equilibria, mathematical modeling, and process calculations. A supercritical fluid is any substance at a temperature and pressure above its critical point where distinct liquid and gas phases do not exist. At this state the compound demonstrates unique properties, which can be "fine-tuned," making them suitable as organic solvents in a range of industrial and laboratory processes. This volume enables readers to select the most appropriate medium for a specific situation. It helps instructors prepare course material for graduate and postgraduate courses in the area of chemistry, chemical engineering, and environmental engineering. And it helps professional engineers learn supercritical fluid-based technologies and use them in solving the increasingly challenging environmental issues. Relates theory, chemical characteristics, and properties of the particular supercritical fluid to its various applications Covers the fundamentals of supercritical fluids, like thermodynamics of phase and chemical equilibria, mathematical modeling, and process calculations Includes the most recent applications of supercritical fluids, including energy generation, materials synthesis, and environmental protection
Download or read book Coal Conversion written by and published by . This book was released on 1979 with total page 216 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Gasification for Practical Applications by : Yongseung Yun
Download or read book Gasification for Practical Applications written by Yongseung Yun and published by IntechOpen. This book was released on 2012-10-24 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Although there were many books and papers that deal with gasification, there has been only a few practical book explaining the technology in actual application and the market situation in reality. Gasification is a key technology in converting coal, biomass, and wastes to useful high-value products. Until renewable energy can provide affordable energy hopefully by the year 2030, gasification can bridge the transition period by providing the clean liquid fuels, gas, and chemicals from the low grade feedstock. Gasification still needs many upgrades and technology breakthroughs. It remains in the niche market, not fully competitive in the major market of electricity generation, chemicals, and liquid fuels that are supplied from relatively cheap fossil fuels. The book provides the practical information for researchers and graduate students who want to review the current situation, to upgrade, and to bring in a new idea to the conventional gasification technologies.
Book Synopsis Convective Heat and Mass Transfer by : S. Mostafa Ghiaasiaan
Download or read book Convective Heat and Mass Transfer written by S. Mostafa Ghiaasiaan and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2018-06-12 with total page 788 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Convective Heat and Mass Transfer, Second Edition, is ideal for the graduate level study of convection heat and mass transfer, with coverage of well-established theory and practice as well as trending topics, such as nanoscale heat transfer and CFD. It is appropriate for both Mechanical and Chemical Engineering courses/modules.
Book Synopsis Conversion of Biomass Constituents to Hydrogen-rich Gas by Supercritical Water in a Microchannel Reactor by : Aaron K. Goodwin
Download or read book Conversion of Biomass Constituents to Hydrogen-rich Gas by Supercritical Water in a Microchannel Reactor written by Aaron K. Goodwin and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 484 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Microreactors offer high rates of heat transfer able to intensify highly endothermic biomass reforming reactions in supercritical water. In this study, two continuous flow microreactor configurations were used to gasify biomass constituents in supercritical water. The first reactor configuration was a micro diameter stainless steel or Hastelloy tube (508 um - 762 um) imbedded into a reactor block. The reactor provided high rates of heat transfer to the reacting fluid to sustain an isothermal reaction temperature and was used to elucidate interactions between phenol, a lignin model compound, and xylose, a hemicellulose model compound, during co-gasification. In addition, a reaction mechanism and kinetics for phenol and xylose gasification by supercritical were estimated. The second microreactor configuration studied was a parallel channel Hastelloy microreactor. The reactor consisted of 14 parallel rectangular microchannels (1000 um by 127 um) integrated into a single contiguous reactor block by diffusion bonding a series of shims between two header plates. Fabrication of the reactor from Hastelloy C-276, a high nickel content alloy, substantially intensified biomass gasification reactions and promoted the water gas shift and methanation reactions due to its high catalytic activity and the large surface area to volume ratio in the microchannel. The dispersion and channel flow distribution in the microchannel reactor was characterized experimentally and modeled using computational fluid dynamics by a tracer pulse study. Furthermore, computational fluid dynamics were used to investigate the effect of endothermic biomass reforming reactions and the average fluid Reynolds number on the reaction temperature. Lastly, xylose was completely gasified to hydrogen and carbon dioxide in the parallel channel microreactor at 650°C and 250 bar within a 1.4 second residence time.
Book Synopsis Kinetic Studies of Heterogeneous Water Reactors by : TRW Space Technology Laboratories
Download or read book Kinetic Studies of Heterogeneous Water Reactors written by TRW Space Technology Laboratories and published by . This book was released on 1961 with total page 136 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Gasification for Practical Applications by : Yongseung Yun
Download or read book Gasification for Practical Applications written by Yongseung Yun and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2012-10-24 with total page 354 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Although there were many books and papers that deal with gasification, there has been only a few practical book explaining the technology in actual application and the market situation in reality. Gasification is a key technology in converting coal, biomass, and wastes to useful high-value products. Until renewable energy can provide affordable energy hopefully by the year 2030, gasification can bridge the transition period by providing the clean liquid fuels, gas, and chemicals from the low grade feedstock. Gasification still needs many upgrades and technology breakthroughs. It remains in the niche market, not fully competitive in the major market of electricity generation, chemicals, and liquid fuels that are supplied from relatively cheap fossil fuels. The book provides the practical information for researchers and graduate students who want to review the current situation, to upgrade, and to bring in a new idea to the conventional gasification technologies.
Book Synopsis Supercritical Water by : Yizhak Marcus
Download or read book Supercritical Water written by Yizhak Marcus and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2012-05-15 with total page 218 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Discover the many new and emerging applications of supercritical water as a green solvent Drawing from thousands of original research articles, this book reviews and summarizes what is currently known about the properties and uses of supercritical water. In particular, it focuses on new and emerging applications of supercritical water as a green solvent, including the catalytic conversion of biomass into fuels and the oxidation of hazardous materials. Supercritical Water begins with an introduction that defines supercritical fluids in general. It then defines supercritical water in particular, using the saturation curve to illustrate its relationship to regular water. Following this introduction, the book: Describes the bulk macroscopic properties of supercritical water, using equations of state to explain temperature-pressure-density relationships Examines supercritical water's molecular properties, setting forth the latest experimental data as well as computer simulations that shed new light on structure and dynamics Explores the solubilities of gases, organic substances, salts, and ions in supercritical water in terms of the relevant phase equilibria Sets forth the practical uses of supercritical water at both small scales and full industrial scales Throughout the book, the author uses tables for at-a-glance reviews of key information. Summaries at the end of each chapter reinforce core principles, and references to original research and reviews serve as a gateway and guide to the extensive literature in the field. Supercritical Water is written for students and professionals in physical chemistry, chemistry of water, chemical engineering, and organic chemistry, interested in exploring the applications and properties of supercritical water.
Book Synopsis The Resource Utilization of Plastic Waste with Supercritical Water Treatment by : Hui Jin
Download or read book The Resource Utilization of Plastic Waste with Supercritical Water Treatment written by Hui Jin and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2022-11-29 with total page 284 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Resource Utilization of Plastic Waste with Supercritical Water Treatment discusses the types of plastic analysis, material characterization, technical principles of supercritical water treatment of waste plastics, the structure and process of the experimental platform, the selection of process parameters, and the establishment of kinetic models in professional areas of the field. Provides a clear understanding of the basic principles and processes of supercritical water treatment of waste plastics technology Enables the reader to develop a complete understanding of the experimental methods of supercritical water gasification plastics, liquefied plastics and collaborative treatments of pollutants Provides an overview of kinetic models, along with the accuracy of modeling results by comparing with experimental results
Book Synopsis Sub- and Supercritical Hydrothermal Technology by : Sandeep Kumar
Download or read book Sub- and Supercritical Hydrothermal Technology written by Sandeep Kumar and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2019-11-05 with total page 217 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sub- and Supercritical Hydrothermal Technology: Industrial Applications offers a practical view of a variety of industrial applications and their challenges, offering a deep understanding of the application of sub- and supercritical fluids and their techno-economic viability. This book covers a wide range of applications of hydrothermal processing that result in almost zero waste, high energy efficiency, sustainable chemical processes, and minimal impact over the life cycle. These applications include processing of hazardous waste, bioproducts, coal, lipids, heavy oil and bitumen, and carbon materials. The use of hot-compressed water instead of different organic solvents, such as methanol, acetone, and hexane, is an environmentally benign, green, and sustainable option which can help to design chemical processes that support green chemistry and engineering. This book is pertinent for researchers and professionals in the fields of chemical engineering, industrial chemistry, environmental engineering, materials engineering, and manufacturing.
Book Synopsis Kinetic Studies of Heterogeneous Water Reactors by : TRW Space Technology Laboratories
Download or read book Kinetic Studies of Heterogeneous Water Reactors written by TRW Space Technology Laboratories and published by . This book was released on 1962 with total page 152 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
