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Author : Tsilla Hershco
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (139 download)
Download or read book France and the Syrian Civil War: From Diplomacy to Military Intervention?. written by Tsilla Hershco and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Zhao Chen
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1000285553
Total Pages : 237 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (2 download)
Download or read book Syrian Civil War and Europe written by Zhao Chen and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2020-12-08 with total page 237 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Known as the “beating heart” of the Arab World, Syria has held high geographic and political importance in the Middle East and has been the battlefield of superpowers for centuries. Since the outbreak of the “Arab Spring,” its central role has been reinforced by its civil war, one of the longest and bloodiest conflicts since World War II, causing significant humanitarian disaster. With American power diminishing and European power in the region emerging, Europe has begun to exert its impact on Syria, and this book analyzes the diplomatic policies of European countries on Syria from the perspective of Chinese scholars. Starting with a review of the European Union’s policies in the Middle East and North Africa as a whole, the authors analyze the Syrian policies of France, the United Kingdom and Germany, the three most influential and representative countries on the European continent. The authors argue that the favoured “humanitarian intervention” concept failed to achieve the expected results, increased the bloodiness of the Syrian civil war and undermined the European Union’s advantage in the region. Researchers and students of international relations as well as Middle East Studies will benefit from this volume.
Author : Itamar Rabinovich
Publisher : Princeton University Press
ISBN 13 : 0691212619
Total Pages : 288 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (912 download)
Download or read book Syrian Requiem written by Itamar Rabinovich and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2021-02-16 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A compact, incisive history of a war that was an ominous prelude to Russia’s invasion of Ukraine Leaving almost half a million dead and displacing an estimated twelve million people, the Syrian Civil War is a humanitarian catastrophe of unimaginable scale. Syrian Requiem analyzes the causes and course of this bitter conflict—from its first spark in a peaceful Arab Spring protest to the tenuous victory of the Asad dictatorship—and traces how the fighting has reduced Syria to a crisis-ridden vassal state with little prospect of political reform, national reconciliation, or economic reconstruction. Israel’s chief negotiator with Syria during the mid-1990s, Itamar Rabinovich brings unmatched expertise and insight to the politics of the Middle East. Drawing on more than two hundred specially conducted interviews with key players, Rabinovich and Carmit Valensi assess the roles of local, regional, and global interests in the war. Local sectarian divisions established the fault lines of the initial conflict, ultimately leading to the rise of the brutal Islamic State. However, Syria rapidly became the stage for proxy warfare between contending regional powers, including Israel, Turkey, and Iran. At the same time, while a war-weary United States attempted to reduce its military involvement in the Middle East, a resurgent Russia regained regional influence by supporting Syrian government forces. Telling the story of the war and its aftermath, Rabinovich and Valensi also examine the considerable potential for renewed conflict and the difficult policy choices facing the United States, Russia, and other powers. A compact and incisive history of one of the defining wars of our times, Syrian Requiem is a vivid and timely account of a conflict that continues to reverberate today.
Author : Mitchell E. Fossum
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 21 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (131 download)
Download or read book Diplomacy and the Syrian Civil War written by Mitchell E. Fossum and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 21 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "A war within a war; that is how history will record the U.S. military's leadership of the Global Coalition to Defeat the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria's (ISIS) Syrian campaign, Operation Inherent Resolve. For four years, from late 2014 until the March 2019 declaration of victory over the so-called physical ISIS caliphate, significant and focused military efforts in Syria may have briefly obscured the persistent fact that the military instrument has always been secondary to the political process, but the drumbeat of time and the relegation of ISIS in Syria to a low-level insurgency has only made the case clearer. Two administrations' worth of policy towards the Syrian civil war and regime of Bashar al Assad have relied heavily upon a meandering and highly fractured political and diplomatic track. In order to understand this course, and therefore place the military campaign in its proper context, one must perceive policy not simply through the lens of presidential transitions, United Nations Special Envoys, or even the relative rises and falls of forked or parallel political platforms. One must view the Syrian Civil War through the lens of a December 2015 inflection point. Up until December 2015, policy debates and diplomatic energies involved sifting and working with the Syrian opposition forces, wavering on chemical weapons, stating that "Assad must go,"2 and three UN Special Envoys all failing to achieve lasting ceasefires or bring the parties to the negotiating tables. Then, with the triplicate rise of ISIS, Russian and American interventions, and refugee crisis, December 2015 represented a singularly distinct moment of international unity. This moment handed American diplomats the passage of UN Security Council Resolution (UNSCR) 2254. Since then, even through the shattering and freezing of the country from the continued Syrian Army advance, Turkish military incursion, and persistent Israeli-Iranian conflict in the southwest, subsequent policy has doggedly chased a clear but difficult roadmap to conflict resolution in accordance with UNSCR 2254. This has been especially visible of late through the Syrian Constitutional Committee meetings and a mostly effective nation-wide ceasefire since March 2020, but should be expected to persist going forward as the official U.S. policy for the resolution of the Syrian conflict. If the military in the foreground perceives stalemate and waning influence, it should alternatively look through the lens of the nine-year diplomatic process which led to, and now relies upon, a singular moment of unity five years hence reflected in UNSCR 2254. From this perspective, stalemate is not losing. It is winning--slowly."--Abstract.
Author : Nathaniel K. Powell
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1108488676
Total Pages : 385 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (84 download)
Download or read book France's Wars in Chad written by Nathaniel K. Powell and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2020-12-17 with total page 385 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Examines twenty years of French military interventions in Chad and Hissène Habré's rise to power between 1960 and 1982.
Author : Congressional Research Service
Publisher : Createspace Independent Publishing Platform
ISBN 13 : 9781973754626
Total Pages : 46 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (546 download)
Download or read book Armed Conflict in Syria written by Congressional Research Service and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2017-07-20 with total page 46 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Syrian civil war, now in its seventh year, continues to present new challenges for U.S. policymakers. Following a deadly chemical weapons attack in Syria on April 4, 2017, and subsequent U.S. strikes against Syrian military infrastructure and pro-regime forces, Members of Congress have called on the President to consult with Congress about Syria strategy. Other Members have questioned the President's authority to launch strikes against Syria in the absence of specific prior authorization from Congress. In the past, some in Congress have expressed concern about the international and domestic authorizations for such strikes, their potential unintended consequences, and the possibility of undesirable or unavoidable escalation. Since taking office in January 2017, President Trump has stated his intention to "destroy" the Syria- and Iraq-based insurgent terrorist group known as the Islamic State (IS, also known as ISIL, ISIS, or the Arabic acronym Da'esh), and the President has ordered actions to "accelerate" U.S. military efforts against the group in both countries. In late March, senior U.S. officials signaled that the United States would prioritize the fight against the Islamic State and said that Syrian President Bashar al Asad's future would be determined by the Syrian people. Nevertheless, following the April 4 attack, President Trump and senior members of his Administration have spoken more critically of Asad's leadership, and it remains to be seen whether the United States will more directly seek to compel Asad's departure from power while pursuing the ongoing campaign against the Islamic State. Since late 2015, Asad and his government have leveraged military, financial, and diplomatic support from Russia and Iran to improve and consolidate their position relative to the range of antigovernment insurgents arrayed against them. These insurgents include members of the Islamic State, Islamist and secular fighters, and Al Qaeda-linked networks. While Islamic State forces have lost territory to the Syrian government, to Turkey-backed Syrian opposition groups, and to U.S.-backed Syrian Kurdish and Arab fighters since early 2016, they remain capable and dangerous. The IS "capital" at Raqqah has been isolated, but large areas of central and eastern Syria remain under the group's control. The presence and activities of Russian military forces and Iranian personnel in Syria create complications for U.S. officials and military planners, and raise the prospect of inadvertent confrontation with possible regional or global implications. Since March 2011, the conflict has driven more than 5 million Syrians into neighboring countries as refugees (out of a total prewar population of more than 22 million). More than 6.3 million other Syrians are internally displaced and are among more than 13.5 million Syrians in need of humanitarian assistance. The United States is the largest donor of humanitarian assistance to the Syria crisis (which includes assistance to neighboring countries hosting refugees), and since FY2012 has allocated more than $6.5 billion to meet humanitarian needs. In addition, the United States has allocated more than $500 million to date for bilateral assistance programs in Syria, including the provision of nonlethal equipment to select opposition groups. President Trump has requested $191.5 million in FY2018 funding for such assistance and $500 million in FY2018 defense funds to train and equip anti-IS forces in Syria. U.S. officials and Members of Congress continue to debate how best to pursue U.S. regional security and counterterrorism goals in Syria without inadvertently strengthening U.S. adversaries or alienating U.S. partners. The Trump Administration and Members of the 115th Congress-like their predecessors-face challenges inherent to the simultaneous pursuit of U.S. nonproliferation, counterterrorism, civilian protection, and stabilization goals in a complex, evolving conflict.
Author : Alex J. Bellamy
Publisher : Columbia University Press
ISBN 13 : 0231550081
Total Pages : 250 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (315 download)
Download or read book Syria Betrayed written by Alex J. Bellamy and published by Columbia University Press. This book was released on 2022-09-06 with total page 250 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The suffering of Syrian civilians, caught between the government’s barrel bombs and chemical weapons and religious fanatics’ beheadings and mass killings, shocked the world. Yet despite international law and political commitments proclaiming a responsibility to protect civilians from mass atrocities, world actors stood aside as Syria burned. Again and again, neighboring states, global powers, and the United Nations opted for half-measures or made counterproductive choices that caused even more harm. Alex J. Bellamy provides a forensic account of the world’s failure to protect Syrian civilians from mass atrocities. Drawing on interviews with key players, documents from the United Nations and other international organizations, and sources from the Middle East and beyond, he traces the missteps of the international response to Syria’s civil war. Bellamy systematically examines the various peace processes and the reasons they failed, highlighting potential alternative paths. He details how and why key actors prioritized their own national interest, geopolitical standing, regional stability, local rivalries, counterterrorism goals, or domestic politics rather than the welfare of Syrians. Some governments settled on unrealistic strategies founded on misguided assumptions while others pursued naked ambition; the United Nations descended into irrelevance and even complicity. Shedding new light on the decisions that led to a vast calamity, Syria Betrayed also draws out lessons for more effective responses to future civil conflicts.
Author : James R. Stocker
Publisher : Cornell University Press
ISBN 13 : 1501704141
Total Pages : 296 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (17 download)
Download or read book Spheres of Intervention written by James R. Stocker and published by Cornell University Press. This book was released on 2016-05-01 with total page 296 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In Spheres of Intervention, James R. Stocker examines the history of diplomatic relations between the United States and Lebanon during a transformational period for Lebanon and a time of dynamic changes in US policy toward the Middle East. Drawing on tens of thousands of pages of declassified materials from US archives and a variety of Arabic and other non-English sources, Stocker provides a new interpretation of Lebanon’s slide into civil war, as well as insight into the strategy behind US diplomatic initiatives toward the Arab-Israeli conflict. During this period, Stocker argues, Lebanon was often a pawn in the games of larger powers. The stability of Lebanon was an aim of US policy at a time when Israel’s borders with Egypt and Jordan were in active contention. Following the June 1967 Arab-Israeli War, the internal political situation in Lebanon became increasingly unstable due to the regional military and political stalemate, the radicalization of the country’s domestic politics, and the appearance of Palestinian militias on Lebanese territory. US officials were more deeply involved in Lebanese affairs than most outside the region realized. After a series of internal crises in 1969, 1970, and 1973, civil war broke out in Lebanon in 1975. The conflict reached a temporary halt after a Syrian military intervention the following year, but this was only an end to the first stage of what would be a sixteen-year civil war. During these crises, the US sought to help the Lebanese government in a variety of ways, including providing military aid to the Lebanese military, convincing Arab countries to take measures to help the Lebanese government, mediating Lebanon’s relations with Israel, and even supporting certain militias.
Author : Anna Borshchevskaya
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing
ISBN 13 : 0755634640
Total Pages : 297 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (556 download)
Download or read book Putin's War in Syria written by Anna Borshchevskaya and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2021-11-04 with total page 297 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Skillfully lays out Mr. Putin's approach to the Middle East." Wall Street Journal "Detailed and fascinating." Diplomatic Courier Putin intervened in Syria in September 2015, with international critics predicting that Russia would overextend itself and Barack Obama suggesting the country would find itself in a “quagmire” in Syria. Contrary to this, Anna Borshchevskaya argues that in fact Putin achieved significant key domestic and foreign policy objectives without crippling costs, and is well-positioned to direct Syria's future and become a leading power in the Middle East. This outcome has serious implications for Western foreign policy interests both in the Middle East and beyond. This book places Russian intervention in Syria in this broader context, exploring Putin's overall approach to the Middle East – historically Moscow has a special relationship with Damascus – and traces the political, diplomatic, military and domestic aspects of this intervention. Borshchevskaya delves into the Russian military campaign, public opinion within Russia, as well as Russian diplomatic tactics at the United Nations. Crucially, this book illustrates the impact of Western absence in Syria, particularly US absence, and what the role of the West is, and could be, in the Middle East.
Author : Nikolaos Van Dam
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1786722488
Total Pages : 208 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (867 download)
Download or read book Destroying a Nation written by Nikolaos Van Dam and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2017-07-30 with total page 208 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Following the Arab Spring, Syria descended into civil and sectarian conflict. It has since become a fractured warzone which operates as a breeding ground for new terrorist movements including ISIS as well as the root cause of the greatest refugee crisis in modern history. In this important book, former Special Envoy of the Netherlands to Syria, Nikolaos van Dam, explains the recent history of Syria, covering the growing disenchantment with the Asad regime, the chaos of civil war and the fractures which led to an immense amount of destruction in the refined social fabric of what used to be the Syrian nation. Through an in-depth examination, van Dam traces political developments within the Asad regime and the various opposition groups from the Arab Spring to the present day, and provides a deeper insight into the conflict and the possibilities and obstacles for reaching a political solution.
Author : Charles R. Lister
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0190462477
Total Pages : 516 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (94 download)
Download or read book The Syrian Jihad written by Charles R. Lister and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2015 with total page 516 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book contains a great deal of primary source material gleaned from three years of engagement and contacts within the Islamist and jihadist communities active in Syria. This includes much information never before made public by any source.
Author : John W. Parker
Publisher : Government Printing Office
ISBN 13 : 9780160939983
Total Pages : 108 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (399 download)
Download or read book Putin's Syrian Gambit :. written by John W. Parker and published by Government Printing Office. This book was released on 2017 with total page 108 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Philip H. Gordon
Publisher : St. Martin's Press
ISBN 13 : 1250217040
Total Pages : 211 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (52 download)
Download or read book Losing the Long Game written by Philip H. Gordon and published by St. Martin's Press. This book was released on 2020-10-06 with total page 211 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Foreign Affairs Best of Books of 2021 "Book of the Week" on Fareed Zakaria GPS Financial Times Best Books of 2020 The definitive account of how regime change in the Middle East has proven so tempting to American policymakers for decades—and why it always seems to go wrong. "It's a first-rate work, intelligently analyzing a complex issue, and learning the right lessons from history." —Fareed Zakaria Since the end of World War II, the United States has set out to oust governments in the Middle East on an average of once per decade—in places as diverse as Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan (twice), Egypt, Libya, and Syria. The reasons for these interventions have also been extremely diverse, and the methods by which the United States pursued regime change have likewise been highly varied, ranging from diplomatic pressure alone to outright military invasion and occupation. What is common to all the operations, however, is that they failed to achieve their ultimate goals, produced a range of unintended and even catastrophic consequences, carried heavy financial and human costs, and in many cases left the countries in question worse off than they were before. Philip H. Gordon's Losing the Long Game is a thorough and riveting look at the U.S. experience with regime change over the past seventy years, and an insider’s view on U.S. policymaking in the region at the highest levels. It is the story of repeated U.S. interventions in the region that always started out with high hopes and often the best of intentions, but never turned out well. No future discussion of U.S. policy in the Middle East will be complete without taking into account the lessons of the past, especially at a time of intense domestic polarization and reckoning with America's standing in world.
Author : Meir Zamir
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317657403
Total Pages : 503 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (176 download)
Download or read book The Secret Anglo-French War in the Middle East written by Meir Zamir and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2014-11-27 with total page 503 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The role of intelligence in colonialism and decolonization is a rapidly expanding field of study. The premise of The Secret Anglo-French War in the Middle East is that intelligence statecraft is the "missing dimension" in the established historiography of the Middle East during and after World War II. Arguing that intelligence, especially covert political action and clandestine diplomacy, played a key role in Britain's Middle East policy, this book examines new archival sources in order to demonstrate that despite World War II and the Cold War, the traditional rivalry between Britain and France in the Middle East continued unabated, assuming the form of a little-known secret war. This shadow war strongly influenced decolonization of the region as each Power sought to undermine the other; Britain exploited France's defeat to evict it from its mandated territories in Syria and Lebanon and incorporate them in its own sphere of influence; whilst France’s successful use of intelligence enabled it to undermine Britain's position in Palestine, Egypt, Saudi Arabia and Iraq. Shedding new light on the clandestine Franco-Zionist collaboration against Britain in the Middle East and the role of the British secret services in the 1948 Arab-Jewish war in Palestine, this book, which presents close to 400 secret Syrian and British documents obtained by the French intelligence, is essential reading for scholars with an interest in the political history of the region, inter-Arab and international relations, and intelligence studies.
Author : David A. Andelman
Publisher : Simon and Schuster
ISBN 13 : 1643136496
Total Pages : 484 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (431 download)
Download or read book A Red Line in the Sand written by David A. Andelman and published by Simon and Schuster. This book was released on 2021-01-05 with total page 484 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A longtime CNN columnist astutely combines history and global politics to help us better understanding the exploding number of military, political, and diplomatic crises around the globe. The riveting and illuminating behind-the-scenes stories of the world's most intense “red lines," from diplomatic and military challenges at particular turning points in history to the ones that set the tone of geopolitics today. Whether it was the red line in Munich that led to the start of the Second World War, to the red lines in the South China Sea, the Korean Peninsula, Syria and the Middle East. As we traverse the globe, Andelman uses original documentary research, previously classified material, and interviews with key players, to help us understand the growth, the successes and frequent failures that have shaped our world today. Andelman provides not just vivid historical context, but a political anatomy of these red lines. How might their failures be prevented going forward? When and how can such lines in the sand help preserve peace rather than tempt conflict? A Red Line in the Sand is a vital examination of our present and the future—where does diplomacy end and war begin? It is an object lesson of tantamount importance to every leader, diplomat, citizen, and voter. As America establishes more red lines than it has pledged to defend, every American should understand the volatile atmosphere and the existential stakes of the red web that encompasses the globe.
Author : Bruce Riedel
Publisher : Brookings Institution Press
ISBN 13 : 0815737351
Total Pages : 148 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (157 download)
Download or read book Beirut 1958 written by Bruce Riedel and published by Brookings Institution Press. This book was released on 2019-10-19 with total page 148 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Find out about the 1958 U.S. intervention that succeeded and apply those lessons to today's conflicts in the Middle East In July 1958, U.S. Marines stormed the beach in Beirut, Lebanon, ready for combat. They were greeted by vendors and sunbathers. Fortunately, the rest of their mission—helping to end Lebanon's first civil war—went nearly as smoothly and successfully, thanks in large part to the skillful work of American diplomats who helped arrange a compromise solution. Future American interventions in the region would not work out quite as well. Bruce Riedel's new book tells the now-forgotten story (forgotten, that is, in the United States) of the first U.S. combat operation in the Middle East. President Eisenhower sent the Marines in the wake of a bloody coup in Iraq, a seismic event that altered politics not only of that country but eventually of the entire region. Eisenhower feared that the coup, along with other conspiracies and events that seemed mysterious back in Washington, threatened American interests in the Middle East. His action, and those of others, were driven in large part by a cast of fascinating characters whose espionage and covert actions could be grist for a movie. Although Eisenhower's intervention in Lebanon was unique, certainly in its relatively benign outcome, it does hold important lessons for today's policymakers as they seek to deal with the always unexpected challenges in the Middle East. Veteran analyst Bruce Reidel describes the scene as it emerged six decades ago, and he suggests that some of the lessons learned then are still valid today. A key lesson? Not to rush to judgment when surprised by the unexpected. And don't assume the worst.
Author : Frédéric Bozo
Publisher : Columbia University Press
ISBN 13 : 0231801394
Total Pages : 400 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (318 download)
Download or read book A History of the Iraq Crisis written by Frédéric Bozo and published by Columbia University Press. This book was released on 2016-12-06 with total page 400 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In March 2003, the United States and Great Britain invaded Iraq to put an end to the regime of Saddam Hussein. The war was launched without a United Nations mandate and was based on the erroneous claim that Iraq had retained weapons of mass destruction. France, under President Jacques Chirac and Foreign Minister Dominique de Villepin, spectacularly opposed the United States and British invasion, leading a global coalition against the war that also included Germany and Russia. The diplomatic crisis leading up to the war shook both French and American perceptions of each other and revealed cracks in the transatlantic relationship that had been building since the end of the Cold War. Based on exclusive French archival sources and numerous interviews with former officials in both France and the United States, A History of the Iraq Crisis retraces the international exchange that culminated in the 2003 Iraq conflict. It shows how and why the Iraq crisis led to a confrontation between two longtime allies unprecedented since the time of Charles de Gaulle, and it exposes the deep and ongoing divisions within Europe, the Atlantic alliance, and the international community as a whole. The Franco-American narrative offers a unique prism through which the American road to war can be better understood.
