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Author : Jan-Lennart Nilsson
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 169 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (186 download)
Download or read book A Study of Ultrafiltration Membrane Fouling written by Jan-Lennart Nilsson and published by . This book was released on 19?? with total page 169 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Heru Susanto
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9783832265335
Total Pages : 201 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (653 download)
Download or read book Fouling Study in Ultrafiltration written by Heru Susanto and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 201 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Mika Silanpää
Publisher : Butterworth-Heinemann
ISBN 13 : 0128017198
Total Pages : 383 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (28 download)
Download or read book Natural Organic Matter in Water written by Mika Silanpää and published by Butterworth-Heinemann. This book was released on 2014-10-07 with total page 383 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Approximately 77 percent of the freshwater used in the United States comes from surface-water sources and is subject to natural organic matter contamination according to the United States Geological Survey. This presents a distinct challenge to water treatment engineers. An essential resource to the latest breakthroughs in the characterization, treatment and removal of natural organic matter (NOM) from drinking water, Natural Organic Matter in Waters: Characterization and Treatment Methods focuses on advance filtration and treatment options, and processes for reducing disinfection byproducts. Based on the author’s years of research and field experience, this book begins with the characterization of NOM including: general parameters, isolation and concentration, fractionation, composition and structural analysis and biological testing. This is followed by removal methods such as inorganic coagulants, polyelectrolytes and composite coagulants. Electrochemical and membranes removal methods such as: electrocoagulation, electrochemical oxidation, microfiltration and ultrafiltration, nanofiltration and membrane fouling. Covers conventional as well as advanced NOM removal methods Includes characterization methods of NOM Explains removal methods such as: removal by coagulation, electrochemical, advanced oxidation, and integrated methods
Author : Klaus-Viktor Peinemann
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 9783527631414
Total Pages : 251 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (314 download)
Download or read book Membranes for Water Treatment written by Klaus-Viktor Peinemann and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2010-11-29 with total page 251 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This ready reference on Membrane Technologies for Water Treatment, is an invaluable source detailing sustainable, emerging processes, to provide clean, energy saving and cost effective alternatives to conventional processes. The editors are internationally renowned leaders in the field, who have put together a first-class team of authors from academia and industry to present a highly approach to the subject. The book is an instrumental tool for Process Engineers, Chemical Engineers, Process Control Technicians, Water Chemists, Environmental Chemists, Materials Scientists and Patent Lawyers.
Author : Sunil Kommineni
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (139 download)
Download or read book Mechanistic Study of Ultrafiltration Membrane Fouling in the Separation of Molecular - Size Characterized Pulp and Paper Mill Effluents (PHD). written by Sunil Kommineni and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Susan Clarke Gettys Larson
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 456 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (319 download)
Download or read book The Study of Membrane Fouling During Ultrafiltration of Milk written by Susan Clarke Gettys Larson and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 456 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Uzi Merin
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 310 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (643 download)
Download or read book A Study of the Mechanism of Fouling of Ultrafiltration Membranes written by Uzi Merin and published by . This book was released on 1979 with total page 310 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Zeman
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1351431501
Total Pages : 654 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (514 download)
Download or read book Microfiltration and Ultrafiltration written by Zeman and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-11-22 with total page 654 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Integrates knowledge on microfiltration and ultrification, membrane chemistry, and characterization methods with the engineering and economic aspects of device performance, device and module design, processes, and applications. The text provides a discussion of membrane fundamentals and an analytical framework for designing and developing new filtrations systems for a broad range of technologically important functions. It offers information on membrane liquid precursors, fractal and stochastic pore space analysis, novel and advanced module designs, and original process design calculations.
Author : Leila Munla
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (126 download)
Download or read book A Study of Fouling on Ceramic Ultrafiltration Membranes by Model Solutions and Natural Waters written by Leila Munla and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over the last decade polymeric membranes have emerged as an economically viable treatment option to produce drinking water. Due to higher capital costs, the use of ceramic membranes has generally been limited to industrial applications that deal with challenging water quality. Ceramic membranes are superior to polymeric membranes in their physical and chemical resistance, which allows for higher fluxes and backwash pressures as well as rigorous chemical cleaning. As a result, these membranes can potentially operate for longer periods of time, which can decrease the lifetime cost of the membrane. Furthermore, decreased production costs coupled with an increased desire for economical sustainability may open the door for the use of ceramic membranes in drinking water treatment, particularly for highly polluted waters. The loss of membrane permeability as a result of fouling remains one of the biggest challenges for sustainable membrane operation. Therefore, a thorough understanding of fouling behavior and the identification of key foulants is essential for optimizing membrane performance. However, fouling has not been researched in detail for ceramic membranes in drinking water treatment, particularly ultrafiltration, since most research has focused on ceramic microfiltration membranes combined with coagulation. The thesis is divided into four main stages. The first stage involved developing a factorial design to establish a procedure to determine sustainable flux that can adequately compare the fouling between a ceramic and polymeric membrane without compromising the functional potential or operating parameters of either membrane. In this stage, the significance of three different variables (interval length, increment increase, and a hydraulic backwash) in determining sustainable flux were statistically analyzed following a factorial design and consequently included or removed from the sustainable flux determination approach. The increment increase was not significant while the backwash was the most significant variable. The method established was used in later experiments to allow for a comparison of fouling behavior and performance between a polymeric and ceramic membrane. The second stage investigated the fouling behavior of flat-sheet ceramic membranes with model solutions at constant pressure to identify foulants of concern and likely fouling mechanisms for ceramic membranes as well as perform surface characterization techniques not possible with tubular membranes. In this stage the contributions of different model foulants (bovine serum albumin i.e. a protein, alginate i.e. a carbohydrate, humic acid, and colloidal silica) to reversible and irreversible fouling on a flat-sheet ceramic membrane at constant pressure were quantitatively evaluated. Both single foulant solutions and all possible combinations of mixtures of model foulants were investigated. The bovine serum albumin and humic acid were main contributors to hydraulically irreversible fouling and their removal mechanism is postulated to be largely through adsorption. Colloidal silica was the most influential factor governing fouling behavior and diminished the irreversible fouling effect of these organics, thus increasing hydraulic reversibility. Additionally, synergistic fouling effects were also observed. The third stage investigated the same model solutions with tubular ceramic membranes at constant flux to determine the fouling behavior under different conditions and quantitatively assess the effectiveness of different fouling mitigation techniques. The rate of fouling was very high for bovine serum albumin but extremely low for humic acid; however, they both showed high irreversible fouling. The results obtained were consistent with the previous stage using flat-sheet ceramic membranes; particularly regarding the significant role colloidal silica plays in fouling. The ability to compare these two very different configurations and operating parameters is largely due to the use of a hydraulic backwash in both configurations. Therefore, this highlights the importance of investigating fouling reversibility, especially in simplified experiments. The last stage investigated tubular ceramic fouling behavior and organic matter rejection with surface water at constant flux. Tubular ceramic membrane fouling behavior was investigated for river water. A very high initial organic carbon removal was observed at the initial stages of filtration and after each backwash cycle indicating a high affinity of organics to the membrane surface as well as partially reversible adsorption. Humic acid rejection decreased throughout the filtration cycle. On the contrary, biopolymer rejection remained constant indicating size exclusion as a primary removal mechanism. After several modifications to the design and setup, the sustainable flux method established in Stage 1 could not be applied to the ceramic membrane or to the polymeric membrane using highly turbid water; a few hypotheses were made as to why this occurred. It is likely that one or more variables that were not included in the sustainable flux method were influencing the fouling rate over time. Overall, the robustness of ceramic membranes opens the door for some creative fouling mitigation techniques to be used such as backwash pulses and chemical maintenance cleaning.
Author : Leila Safazadeh Haghighi
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 130 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (776 download)
Download or read book Determination of Fouling Mechanisms for Ultrafiltration of Oily Wastewater written by Leila Safazadeh Haghighi and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 130 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The use of Membrane technology is extensively increasing in water and wastewater treatment, food processing, chemical, biotechnological, and pharmaceutical industries because of their versatility, effectiveness, high removal capacity and ability to meet multiple treatment objectives. A common problem with using membranes is fouling, which results in increasing operating costs due to higher operating pressure losses, membrane downtime needed for cleaning, with associated production loss and manpower costs. In the literature, four different mechanisms for membrane fouling have been studied, which are complete pore blocking, internal pore blinding, partial pore bridging and cake filtration. Mathematical models have been developed for each of these fouling mechanisms. The objective of this thesis was to investigate the membrane fouling mechanisms for one porous and one dense membrane, during ultrafiltration of an emulsified industrial oily wastewater. An experimental system was designed, assembled and operated at the Ford Transmission Plant in Sharonville, Ohio, wherein ultrasonic baths were used for cleaning transmission parts before assembly. The oil wastewater, containing emulsified oils and cleaning chemicals was collected in a batch vessel and then pumped through a porous polyethersulfone, monolithic membrane, and through a dense cuproammonium cellulose membrane unit. For the porous membrane, use of a Dupont's flurosurfactant (FS 63) and backwashing with permeate and for the dense membrane the use of both the flurorosurfactant and sparged air were investigated to reduce membrane fouling. For the porous membrane study, it was observed that the permeate flux was strongly dependent on the transmembrane pressure difference, and addition of the flurosurfactant significantly improved the performance of the membrane. The backwashing cleaning efficiency was found to depend on the duration of backwashing and its frequency. An integrated fouling model was developed by combining the individual models for each fouling mechanism, originally published by Hermia [18], and analysis of the experimental data for ultrafiltration of oily emulsion revealed that the primary mechanism for fouling of the porous membrane was cake filtration. With increasing transmembrane pressure, the role of other mechanisms, such as pore blocking and partial pore bridging, increases, although the effect of cake filtration dominates. Hence, for oily emulsions, methods to disrupt the formation of a cake layer at the membrane surface would have the most impact in increasing the water permeation rates through the membrane. For the dense membrane study, permeate flux also increased with increasing transmembrane pressure difference, as in the porous membrane, and the major mechanisms for fouling were found to be concentration polarization gel layer formation on the membrane surface. In this case, the use of both sparged air and fluorosurfactant, increased the water permeation rates, but the permeation rate improvement with sparged air alone was significantly higher than with fluorosurfactant only. A mathematical model was developed to derive the mass transfer coefficients under the various operation conditions. Future studies will concentrate on improving membrane performance by reducing the impact of the dominant fouling mechanisms, found in this study, for both porous and dense membranes.
Author : Wen Qi Saw
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 62 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (953 download)
Download or read book Study on Fouling Index of Humic Acid Removal by Polyethersulfone Ultrafiltration Membrane written by Wen Qi Saw and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 62 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over the past few decades, membrane processes has received overwhelming attention worldwide in drinkable water production offering advantages such as compact module, lower energy consumption, environmental friendliness and high quality of water product which is independently on the fluctuations in feed quality. Among those methods, ultrafiltration membrane process has receives the most attention publicly. Ultrafiltration (UF) membrane technology is a low pressure driven membrane separation process aimed to recover water from a saline solution pressurized to a point greater than the osmotic pressure of the solution. In essence, this membrane can filters viruses and microorganisms under low applied pressure and create high permeate flux. These will save a lot of cost as the process only consume little energy. However, for this successful application, the major critical issue is fouling. The major foulants come from the natural organic matters (NOM) where it is mainly in the river water. This NOM consists of humic acid where it is the main fouling factor to the UF membrane. Humic acid will cause pore blockage or cake formation on the membrane that will further decrease the permeate flux of the filtered water. In spite of that, there are also many fouling factor that increase the fouling index of humic acid on UF membrane such as trans-membrane pressure and pH of the feed solution which represent the feed characteristic and the operation parameter that will probably contribute to the fouling index of the membrane. Therefore, a study will be done on parameters, pH of the feed solution and addition of calcium ion in order to investigate the fouling index of humic acid on membrane. The experiments start with the pure water permeability test with different pressure. Then, the fouling experiments wil start with filtration of humic acid solution with different pH, 3, 6 and 9. The fouling index, flux and solute rejection has been studied. The result obtained showed that permeate flux was lower whenever the pH of humic acid solution was lowered due to fouling in contraty the flux was higher when the pH is high. This phenomenon showed that membrane is easier to foul when the pH is low. Besides that, since the flux was decrease, which means the membrane was fouled. Hence, the fouling index of the membrane was increased when pH was low while decreased when the pH was high. Lastly, the solute rejection is related with the fouling of the membrane. When the membrane was fouled under low pH, the rejection of the membrane was increased because the membrane pore was partially block. Adversely, the rejection of the membrane is lower under high pH as the membrane was less fouled. To achieve the desired volume, longer filtration time was taken.
Author : Enrico Drioli
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9783662443231
Total Pages : 1100 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (432 download)
Download or read book Encyclopedia of Membranes written by Enrico Drioli and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-07-14 with total page 1100 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A landmark work covering the major aspects of the science, technology and application of membrane operations and related fields, from basic phenomena to the most advanced applications and future perspectives. Over 1500 concise entries in an A-Z format cover a vibrant field with a multitude of applications in diverse disciplines such as biotechnology, medicine, agro-food and petrochemical industries, environmental protection, as well as drinking water supply. Coverage includes membrane reactors and catalytic design (catalytic membrane reactors). Practically all unit operations of process engineering can be redesigned as membrane unit operations (e. g. membrane distillation, membrane crystallization, membrane stripping, membrane scrubbing). Entries are provided by an international team of experts from academia, research institutions as well as from industry.
Author : Anthony R. Cooper
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1461331625
Total Pages : 691 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (613 download)
Download or read book Ultrafiltration Membranes and Applications written by Anthony R. Cooper and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-12 with total page 691 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is a record of a symposium, "Ultrafiltration Membranes and Applications," which was held at the l78th National Meeting of the American Chemical Society in Washington, D.C., September 11-13, 1979. In organlzlng these sessions, I hoped to provide a comprehensive survey of the current state of ultrafiltration theory, the most recent advances in membrane technology, and a thorough treatment of existing applications and future directions for ultrafiltration. For me, the symposium was an outstanding success. It was a truly international forum with stimulating presentations and an enthusiastic audience. I hope that some of this spirit has spilled over into this volume, which is intended to reach a much wider audience. I am indebted to the Division of Colloid and Surface Chemistry of the American Chemical Society for their sponsorship. ANTHONY R. COOPER Palo Alto, California }larch, 1980 vii CONTENTS PART I. FUNDMfENTALS Fifteen Years of Ultrafiltration: Problems and Future Promises of an Adolescent Technology . . 1 Alan S. Michaels Production, Specification, and Some Transport Characteristics of Cellulose Acetate Ultrafil tration Membranes for Aqueous Feed Solutions 21 S. Sourirajan, Takeshi Matsuura Fu-Hung Hsieh and Gary R. Gildert Chemical and Morphological Effects of Solute Diffusion Through Block Copolymer Membranes 45 Yatin B. Thakore, Dien-Feng Shieh and Donald J. Lyman Practical Aspects in the Development of a Polymer Matrix for Ultrafiltration. 57 Israel Cabasso Permeability Parameters of a Novel Polyamide Membrane. ... - ...
Author : Yu-Heng Cheng
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 296 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (126 download)
Download or read book Membrane Fouling Study written by Yu-Heng Cheng and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 296 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Membrane filtration is widely applied to the treatment of sewage, wastewater from the biomedical industry, and flowback water from hydraulic fracturing, but fouling remains a key challenge in these applications. Membrane fouling increases mass transfer resistance and energy consumption. Severely fouled membranes require expensive cleaning or replacement, which increases operating costs and reduces filtration efficiency. Modelling membrane fouling can advance our understanding of filtration processes and improve our ability to predict the onset and severity of fouling. This study focuses on developing fouling models in constant flux crossflow operations, commonly used in industry, and on developing fouling-resistant coatings to mitigate membrane fouling in industrial filtration applications. Two fouling mechanisms from the accepted Hermia’s model, intermediate pore blocking and cake filtration, were modified and combined together to describe fouling in constant flux crossflow ultrafiltration (UF). The model gave a qualitatively good fit to experimental fouling results using rigid latex bead particles and deformable oil droplets. Observations of the model’s accuracy at different fluxes shed light on the physical meaning of the threshold flux: the flux below which cake buildup is negligible and above which cake filtration becomes the dominant fouling mechanism. Although the model that combines intermediate pore blocking (IPB) and cake filtration can qualitatively described fouling by latex beads and emulsified oil, the IPB model fails at high foulant concentrations or high permeate flux. To resolve this issue, the IPB model has been replaced with a complete coverage model (CCM). CCM was combined with the cake filtration model, and then compared to the previous combined IPB/cake filtration model. Constant flux crossflow fouling experiments were conducted using dilute latex bead suspensions and commercial poly(ether sulfone) flat sheet ultrafiltration membranes to investigate the influence of operating conditions (foulant concentration, permeate flux, etc.) on the evolution of transmembrane pressure profile. The CCM/cake filtration combined model provides better agreement with experimental data than does the IPB/cake filtration combined model. To mitigate fouling in oil-water separations, a new approach to preparing hydrophilic membrane coatings based on 1,4-benzoquinone and various commercially available polyetheramines was developed. These coatings, prepared specifically from 1,4-benzoquinone and Jeffamine® EDR 148, poly(benzoquinone-Jeffamine® EDR 148) (p(BQ-EDR 148)), were used to modify polysulfone (PS) ultrafiltration membranes. In fouling experiments using an oil/water emulsion, membranes exhibited comparable fouling resistance to that of a polydopamine (pDA) modified membrane, a commonly used surface-modified membrane. Based on contact angle measurements, p(BQ-EDR 148) and pDA modified membranes have similar levels of hydrophilicity, and both exhibited higher threshold flux values than did their unmodified analogs. Based on their similar threshold flux values, p(BQ-EDR 148) (76 LMH) and pDA modified membranes (74 LMH) should have similar fouling resistance. Moreover, the mean pore size of p(BQ-EDR 148) modified membranes can be tuned, while keeping the pure water permeance constant, by changing the deposition time and molar ratio of benzoquinone to EDR 148 in the modification solution
Author : Sina Ebnesajjad
Publisher : William Andrew
ISBN 13 : 0323265049
Total Pages : 360 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (232 download)
Download or read book Surface Treatment of Materials for Adhesive Bonding written by Sina Ebnesajjad and published by William Andrew. This book was released on 2013-10-22 with total page 360 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Aimed at engineers and materials scientists in a wide range of sectors, this book is a unique source of surface preparation principles and techniques for plastics, thermosets, elastomers, ceramics and metals bonding. With emphasis on the practical, it draws together the technical principles of surface science and surface treatments technologies to enable practitioners to improve existing surface preparation processes to improve adhesion and, as a result, enhance product life. This book describes and illustrates the surface preparations and operations that must be applied to a surface before acceptable adhesive bonding is achieved. It is meant to be an exhaustive overview, including more detailed explanation where necessary, in a continuous and logical progression. The book provides a necessary grounding in the science and practice of adhesion, without which adequate surface preparation is impossible. Surface characterization techniques are included, as is an up-to-date assessment of existing surface treatment technologies such as Atmospheric Plasma, Degreasing, Grit blasting, laser ablation and more. Fundamental material considerations are prioritised over specific applications, making this book relevant to all industries using adhesives, such as medical, automotive, aerospace, packaging and electronics. This second edition represents a full and detailed update, with all major developments in the field included and three chapters added to cover ceramic surface treatment, plasma treatment of non-metallic materials, and the effect of additives on surface properties of plastics. A vital resource for improving existing surface treatment processes to increase product life by creating stronger, more durable adhesive bonds Relevant across a variety of industries, including medical, automotive and packaging Provides essential grounding in the science of surface adhesion, and details how this links with the practice of surface treatment
Download or read book TOWARDS EFFICIENT WATER TREATMENT written by and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract : This research study first reviewed challenges of conventional and membrane separation systems for water treatment. Though membrane separation systems appeared superior to the conventional counterparts for water and wastewater treatment, wider applications of membrane systems have been limited by some factors, most notably is membrane fouling. Experimental studies were therefore conducted to achieve the goal of this research, which is to investigate how feed properties affect fouling of ultrafiltration (UF) membranes by colloids. Feed salinity, pH, and nanoparticle concentration were the variables studied to unravel how different UF membranes are fouled by model silica colloids (with average diameter of 25nm). These variables were varied across levels that have practical importance. Results obtained show that ultrafiltration gave high separation efficiency to the nanoparticles with rejection in most cases. Electrostatic interactions in the system impacted by changes in feed pH and salinity were found to affect the ultrafiltration of the model water samples. It was also observed that increase in silica colloid concentration increases rate of permeate flux decline for all the membranes used. When experimental data were fitted with the blocking laws, it was observed that no single law adequately described all the experimental results. However, cake filtration model sufficiently described most of the results.
Author : J.G. Crespo
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9401583404
Total Pages : 498 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (15 download)
Download or read book Membrane Processes in Separation and Purification written by J.G. Crespo and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-11-11 with total page 498 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The chapters of this book are based upon lectures presented at the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Membrane Processes in Separation and Purification (March 21 - April 2, 1993, Curia, Portugal), organized as a successor and update to a similar Institute that took place 10 years ago (p.M.Bungay, H.K. Lonsdale, M.N. de Pinho (Eds.): Synthetic Membranes: Science, Engineering and Applications, NATO ASI Series, Reidel, Dordrecht, 1986). The decade between the two NATO Institutes witnesses the transition from individually researched membrane processes to an applied and established membrane separation technology, as is reflected by the contents of the corresponding proceeding volumes. By and large, the first volume presents itself as a textbook on membrane processes, still valid, while the present volume focuses on areas of separation need as amenable to membrane processing: Biotechnology and Environmental Technology. Accordingly, the contributions to this volume are grouped into "Membranes in Biotechnology" (11 papers), "Membranes in Environmental Technology" (6 papers), and "New Concepts" (4 papers). This is followed by one contribution each on "Energy Requirements" and "Education", i.e., membrane processes within an academic curriculum. The book thus amounts to a state of the art of applied membrane processing and may well augment the more fundamental approach of its predecessor.
