Flocculation In Natural And Engineered Environmental Systems

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Flocculation in Natural and Engineered Environmental Systems

Author : Steven N. Liss
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 0203485335
Total Pages : 464 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (34 download)

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Book Synopsis Flocculation in Natural and Engineered Environmental Systems by : Steven N. Liss

Download or read book Flocculation in Natural and Engineered Environmental Systems written by Steven N. Liss and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2004-12-28 with total page 464 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: While new developments in genomics, nanotechnology, sampling, and modelling permit increasingly revealing investigation into flocculation structure and processes, there is still a fundamental lack of knowledge related to many aspects of this phenomenon. Presented by a prominent team of international experts, this text takes a unique perspective and melds together the natural and engineering fields of science as they relate to this central phenomenon. In doing so, the authors present the full range of sampling, handling, analytical, and interpretive options for operational management of natural or engineered system, providing comprehensive coverage that meets the needs of researchers, practitioners and students.

Optimization of Micro Processes in Fine Particle Agglomeration by Pelleting Flocculation

Author : Benjamin Oyegbile
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1317371461
Total Pages : 130 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (173 download)

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Book Synopsis Optimization of Micro Processes in Fine Particle Agglomeration by Pelleting Flocculation by : Benjamin Oyegbile

Download or read book Optimization of Micro Processes in Fine Particle Agglomeration by Pelleting Flocculation written by Benjamin Oyegbile and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2016-06-22 with total page 130 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Efficient particle separation in order to meet stringent regulatory standards represent one of the biggest challenges facing the process industry operators today. Emerging environmental problems such as climate change, population growth and natural resource depletion make it more compelling to undertake research into alternative phase separation techniques and optimization of existing ones. Meeting this challenge requires innovative, revolutionary and integrated approach in the design and optimization of various unit processes in fine particle separation. Flocculation is widely used as an effective phase separation technique across many process industries such as water and wastewater treatment and in minerals processing. In this work, a new pre-treatment technique was developed using a patented bench scale reactor unit as a technical proof of concept. Furthermore, the book provides a valuable insight into the hydrodynamics and fluid-particle interactions within the agglomeration units. The relatively high solids content of the stable pellets (approximately 30 %) and very low residual turbidity of the post-sedimentation supernatant (7 NTU) clearly demonstrate the potential of this technique. In addition to significantly improving the subsequent solid-liquid separation efficiency, this study also showed that the effluent can be recycled back into the sewer network or utilized for non-portable reuse. The findings obtained from this research will be extremely useful in the scaling up and optimization of the reactor system.

Sediment Management at the River Basin Scale

Author : Phil Owens
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 9780080553269
Total Pages : 280 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (532 download)

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Book Synopsis Sediment Management at the River Basin Scale by : Phil Owens

Download or read book Sediment Management at the River Basin Scale written by Phil Owens and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2007-10-03 with total page 280 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sediments are a natural part of aquatic systems and they are essential for the hydrological, geomorphological and ecological functioning of those systems. For society they are important and represent an important resource. However, due to the ever increasing use of river catchments, sediments need to be managed in a balanced and sustainable way. Sediment Management at the River Basin Scale reviews some of the key requirements and challenges facing scientists, river basin managers, and policy makers for sustainable sediment management at the river basin scale, and puts forward important recommendations. This volume also available as part of a 4-volume set, ISBN 0444519599. Discount price for set purchase. * First book to consider management at the basin scale * State-of-the-art review chapters * New conceptual frameworks and approaches to management

Soil Erosion and Sediment Redistribution in River Catchments

Author : Philip Neil Owens
Publisher : CABI
ISBN 13 : 0851990509
Total Pages : 342 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (519 download)

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Book Synopsis Soil Erosion and Sediment Redistribution in River Catchments by : Philip Neil Owens

Download or read book Soil Erosion and Sediment Redistribution in River Catchments written by Philip Neil Owens and published by CABI. This book was released on 2006 with total page 342 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There can be little doubt that issues relating to soils and sediments are moving up the political agenda, and a realization that we need to collectively manage and protect both soil and water resources. In order to manage this delicate interface, attention is being increasingly directed towards holistic land-river management, demanding a greater appreciation of the interaction between soils and sediments. This book reviews the major achievements recently made in soil erosion and sediment redistribution research and management, and identifies future requirements.

Biogeochemical Dynamics at Major River-Coastal Interfaces

Author : Thomas Bianchi
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1107022576
Total Pages : 673 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (7 download)

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Book Synopsis Biogeochemical Dynamics at Major River-Coastal Interfaces by : Thomas Bianchi

Download or read book Biogeochemical Dynamics at Major River-Coastal Interfaces written by Thomas Bianchi and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2014 with total page 673 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A comprehensive, state-of-the-art synthesis of biogeochemical dynamics and the impact of human alterations at major river-coastal interfaces for advanced students and researchers.

Microbial Ecology of Activated Sludge

Author : Robert Seviour
Publisher : IWA Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1843390329
Total Pages : 685 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (433 download)

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Book Synopsis Microbial Ecology of Activated Sludge by : Robert Seviour

Download or read book Microbial Ecology of Activated Sludge written by Robert Seviour and published by IWA Publishing. This book was released on 2010-01-15 with total page 685 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Microbial Ecology of Activated Sludge, written for both microbiologists and engineers, critically reviews our current understanding of the microbiology of activated sludge, the most commonly used process for treating both domestic and industrial wastes. The contributors are all internationally recognized as leading research workers in activated sludge microbiology, and all have made valuable contributions to our present understanding of the process. The book pays particular attention to how the application of molecular methods has changed our perceptions of the identity of the filamentous bacteria causing the operational disorders of bulking and foaming, and the bacteria responsible for nitrification and denitrification and phosphorus accumulation in nutrient removal processes. Special attention is given to how it is now becoming possible to relate the composition of the community of microbes present in activated sludge, and the in situ function of individual populations there, and how such information might be used to manage and control these systems better. Detailed descriptions of some of these molecular methods are provided to allow newcomers to this field of study an opportunity to apply them in their research. Comprehensive descriptions of organisms of interest and importance are also given, together with high quality photos of activated sludge microbes. Activated sludge processes have been used globally for nearly 100 years, and yet we still know very little of how they work. In the past 15 years the advent of molecular culture independent methods of study have provided tools enabling microbiologists to understand which organisms are present in activated sludge, and critically, what they might be doing there. Microbial Ecology of Activated Sludge will be the first book available to deal comprehensively with the very exciting new information from applying these methods, and their impact on how we now view microbiologically mediated processes taking place there. As such it will be essential reading for microbial ecologists, environmental biotechnologists and engineers involved in designing and managing these plants. It will also be suitable for postgraduate students working in this field.

Environmental Systems Engineering

Author : Linvil Gene Rich
Publisher : McGraw-Hill Companies
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 480 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Environmental Systems Engineering by : Linvil Gene Rich

Download or read book Environmental Systems Engineering written by Linvil Gene Rich and published by McGraw-Hill Companies. This book was released on 1973 with total page 480 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Sediment Transport in Coastal Waters

Author : Sylvain Ouillon
Publisher : MDPI
ISBN 13 : 3038978442
Total Pages : 284 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (389 download)

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Book Synopsis Sediment Transport in Coastal Waters by : Sylvain Ouillon

Download or read book Sediment Transport in Coastal Waters written by Sylvain Ouillon and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2019-04-11 with total page 284 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The interface of 440,000 km long coastline in the world is subject to global change, with an increasing human pressure (land use, buildings, sand mining, dredging) and increasing population. Improving our knowledge on involved mechanisms and sediment transport processes, monitoring the evolution of sedimentary stocks and anticipating changes in littoral and coastal zones is essential for this purpose. The special issue of Water on “Sediment transport in coastal waters” gathers thirteen papers which introduce the current revolution in the scientific research related to coastal and littoral hydrosedimentary dynamics, and reflect the diversity of concerns on which research in coastal sediment transport is based, and current trends — topics and preferred methods — to address them.

Treatise on Estuarine and Coastal Science

Author :
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0080878857
Total Pages : 4604 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (88 download)

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Book Synopsis Treatise on Estuarine and Coastal Science by :

Download or read book Treatise on Estuarine and Coastal Science written by and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2012-03-06 with total page 4604 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The study of estuaries and coasts has seen enormous growth in recent years, since changes in these areas have a large effect on the food chain, as well as on the physics and chemistry of the ocean. As the coasts and river banks around the world become more densely populated, the pressure on these ecosystems intensifies, putting a new focus on environmental, socio-economic and policy issues. Written by a team of international expert scientists, under the guidance of Chief Editors Eric Wolanski and Donald McClusky, the Treatise on Estuarine and Coastal Science, Ten Volume Set examines topics in depth, and aims to provide a comprehensive scientific resource for all professionals and students in the area of estuarine and coastal science Most up-to-date reference for system-based coastal and estuarine science and management, from the inland watershed to the ocean shelf Chief editors have assembled a world-class team of volume editors and contributing authors Approach focuses on the physical, biological, chemistry, ecosystem, human, ecological and economics processes, to show how to best use multidisciplinary science to ensure earth's sustainability Provides a comprehensive scientific resource for all professionals and students in the area of estuarine and coastal science Features up-to-date chapters covering a full range of topics

Drinking Water Treatment, Water Quality and Clarification

Author : Kader Gaid
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1786307839
Total Pages : 340 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (863 download)

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Book Synopsis Drinking Water Treatment, Water Quality and Clarification by : Kader Gaid

Download or read book Drinking Water Treatment, Water Quality and Clarification written by Kader Gaid and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2023-08-15 with total page 340 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Today, hundreds of millions of people drink contaminated water without knowing it. Yet water treatment technologies can effectively eliminate contamination and can supply urban and rural populations with safe drinking water in a secure way. For almost two centuries, the huge number of treatments available to guarantee water quality has grown alongside technological progress, the strengthening of industry norms and the reinforcement of consumer expectations. New treatment methods have been developed according to the advancement of knowledge and new sanitary regulations. This five-volume book sets out to clearly present the variety of treatments available along with their performance, limitations and conditions of use as well as ways to combine them to produce safe drinking water, which is a basic need essential to everyday life. The author shares his expertise acquired at Veolia, a company that is a world leader in water services and sanitation, desalination of sea water and the recycling of wastewater. Founded in France in 1853 to bring safe water to populations and to protect them from waterborne epidemics which ravaged cities, its history is intertwined with that of water treatment.

Flocculation

Author : Eleonora Vollan
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781536143393
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (433 download)

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Book Synopsis Flocculation by : Eleonora Vollan

Download or read book Flocculation written by Eleonora Vollan and published by . This book was released on 2018-10-30 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Flocculation: Processes and Applications opens by approaching current trends in preparation and chemical modification of flocculant polysaccharides derived from plants and their flocculation performance. In addition, aspects including mechanisms of flocculation, chemical modification, the effect of physicochemical factors on flocculating activity, and recent applications of flocculant polysaccharides are reviewed.The authors go on to propose plant extracts which can efficiently perform coagulation and flocculation operations without the environmental risk of residual sludge with high concentrations of aluminum or iron.A separate study aimed to use the organic polymer from Opuntia cochenillifera cactus associated with the addition of aluminum sulfate to treat the water of a lentic body applying coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation and filtration processes.The authors propose that the design and operation of flocculators is crucial for the process efficiency andlargely dependent on the following features: floc characteristics, flocculation kinetics, and engineering aspects of flocculation.This compilation also discusses current knowledge on algal organic matter (AOM) flocculation, the impact of AOM on the removal of other compounds and links AOM composition and character to the efficiency of flocculation, the reaction conditions and mechanisms and finally, to the properties of flocs.Additionally, the performance of natural coagulant tanin compared to chemical coagulants aluminium sulphate and ferric chloride commonly used in the treatment of raw wastewater from tannery, by means of the physicochemical processes of coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation are examined.Through physical and chemical parameters, the efficiency of the coagulation/flocculation/sedimentation/filtration processes using organic coagulants in the treatment of water from a lentic system in Brazil are examined as well.Later, the physicochemical performance of chitosan and mesquite gum as coagulant flocculent agent for the treatment of residual water of the cutting and packing of meat products factory is presented.The brewing industry generates effluent that can cause serious environmental impacts when not treated properly due to high loads of organic matter in its composition. Thus, in view of the growing emergence of breweries in Brazil and consequent increase in effluent production, alternatives are sought for the auxiliary treatment using coagulants and their efficiency is analyzed.Urban development also contributes to increasing water pollution, therefore the authors perform water treatment (through the electrocoagulation process) to calculate the cost of the operation.Eutrophication is one of the most prevalent water quality problems in the United States as well as other parts of the world. It has led to excessive growth of algal blooms, which not only cause the death of aquatic plants and animals, but also produce high levels of toxins and odorous compounds. The authors examine the performance of the coagulation/flocculation process using aluminum and ferric salt coagulants for the removal of microcystins.One study focuses on the coagulation flocculation of young leachate from the Kenitra city landfill. Tests were carried out by adding ferric chloride mixed with three flocculants, namely: the chitosan, the Superfloc SD2065 and the Himoloc.The authors outline researches about combining assisted sedimentation with other operations such as oxidation processes in order to evaluate the solids removal of the complete designed wastewater treatment focusing on OMW treatment.The penultimate chapter focuses on the preparation and characterization of the chitosan based flocculant for removal of heavy metal ion prepared from chitosan by N-acylation with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid monoanhydride.The concluding study aims to apply the Bratby method in the characterization of the turbidity removal process, through the determination of the kinetic aggregation coefficient (KA) of the flocs and the kinetic coefficient of rupture (KB) of the flocs.

Treatise on Geomorphology

Author :
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0080885225
Total Pages : 6392 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (88 download)

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Book Synopsis Treatise on Geomorphology by :

Download or read book Treatise on Geomorphology written by and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2013-02-27 with total page 6392 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The changing focus and approach of geomorphic research suggests that the time is opportune for a summary of the state of discipline. The number of peer-reviewed papers published in geomorphic journals has grown steadily for more than two decades and, more importantly, the diversity of authors with respect to geographic location and disciplinary background (geography, geology, ecology, civil engineering, computer science, geographic information science, and others) has expanded dramatically. As more good minds are drawn to geomorphology, and the breadth of the peer-reviewed literature grows, an effective summary of contemporary geomorphic knowledge becomes increasingly difficult. The fourteen volumes of this Treatise on Geomorphology will provide an important reference for users from undergraduate students looking for term paper topics, to graduate students starting a literature review for their thesis work, and professionals seeking a concise summary of a particular topic. Information on the historical development of diverse topics within geomorphology provides context for ongoing research; discussion of research strategies, equipment, and field methods, laboratory experiments, and numerical simulations reflect the multiple approaches to understanding Earth’s surfaces; and summaries of outstanding research questions highlight future challenges and suggest productive new avenues for research. Our future ability to adapt to geomorphic changes in the critical zone very much hinges upon how well landform scientists comprehend the dynamics of Earth’s diverse surfaces. This Treatise on Geomorphology provides a useful synthesis of the state of the discipline, as well as highlighting productive research directions, that Educators and students/researchers will find useful. Geomorphology has advanced greatly in the last 10 years to become a very interdisciplinary field. Undergraduate students looking for term paper topics, to graduate students starting a literature review for their thesis work, and professionals seeking a concise summary of a particular topic will find the answers they need in this broad reference work which has been designed and written to accommodate their diverse backgrounds and levels of understanding Editor-in-Chief, Prof. J. F. Shroder of the University of Nebraska at Omaha, is past president of the QG&G section of the Geological Society of America and present Trustee of the GSA Foundation, while being well respected in the geomorphology research community and having won numerous awards in the field. A host of noted international geomorphologists have contributed state-of-the-art chapters to the work. Readers can be guaranteed that every chapter in this extensive work has been critically reviewed for consistency and accuracy by the World expert Volume Editors and by the Editor-in-Chief himself No other reference work exists in the area of Geomorphology that offers the breadth and depth of information contained in this 14-volume masterpiece. From the foundations and history of geomorphology through to geomorphological innovations and computer modelling, and the past and future states of landform science, no "stone" has been left unturned!

River Science

Author : David J. Gilvear
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118643518
Total Pages : 416 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (186 download)

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Book Synopsis River Science by : David J. Gilvear

Download or read book River Science written by David J. Gilvear and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2016-03-03 with total page 416 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: River Science is a rapidly developing interdisciplinary field at the interface of the natural sciences, engineering and socio-political sciences. It recognises that the sustainable management of contemporary rivers will increasingly require new ways of characterising them to enable engagement with the diverse range of stakeholders. This volume represents the outcome of research by many of the authors and their colleagues over the last 40 years and demonstrates the integral role that River Science now plays in underpinning our understanding of the functioning of natural ecosystems, and how societal demands and historic changes have affected these systems. The book will inform academics, policy makers and society in general of the benefits of healthy functioning riverine systems, and will increase awareness of the wide range of ecosystem goods and services they provide.

Proceedings Of The Coastal Sediments 2011, The (In 3 Volumes)

Author : Roberts Tiffany M
Publisher : World Scientific
ISBN 13 : 981445852X
Total Pages : 2768 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (144 download)

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Book Synopsis Proceedings Of The Coastal Sediments 2011, The (In 3 Volumes) by : Roberts Tiffany M

Download or read book Proceedings Of The Coastal Sediments 2011, The (In 3 Volumes) written by Roberts Tiffany M and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2011-04-21 with total page 2768 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This proceedings contains nearly 200 papers on cutting-edge research presented at the seventh international Symposium on Coastal Engineering and Science of Coastal Sediment Processes, held May 2-6, 2011, in Miami, Florida, USA. This technical specialty conference was devoted to promoting an interdisciplinary exchange of state-of-the-art knowledge among researchers in the fields of coastal engineering, geology, oceanography, and related disciplines, with a theme of bringing together theory and practice.Focusing on the physical aspects of sediment processes in various coastal environments, this three-volume conference proceedings provides findings from the latest research and newest engineering applications. Session topics cover a wide range including barrier-island morphodynamics and evolution, beach nourishment and shore protection, coastal dunes, cohesive sediment transport, field and laboratory measurements of sediment transport processes and numerical modeling, gravel transport, large-scale and long-term coastal changes, LiDAR and remote sensing, longshore and cross-shore sediment transport, marsh and wetlands, regional sediment management, river deltas, sea-level changes, shelf and sand bodies, shoreline changes, tidal inlets and navigation channels. A special session on recent research findings at the Northern Gulf of Mexico is also included.

The Proceedings of the Coastal Sediments 2011

Author : Ping Wang
Publisher : World Scientific
ISBN 13 : 9814355534
Total Pages : 2751 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (143 download)

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Book Synopsis The Proceedings of the Coastal Sediments 2011 by : Ping Wang

Download or read book The Proceedings of the Coastal Sediments 2011 written by Ping Wang and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2011 with total page 2751 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This proceedings contains nearly 200 papers on cutting-edge research presented at the seventh international Symposium on Coastal Engineering and Science of Coastal Sediment Processes, held May 2OCo6, 2011, in Miami, Florida, USA. This technical specialty conference was devoted to promoting an interdisciplinary exchange of state-of-the-art knowledge among researchers in the fields of coastal engineering, geology, oceanography, and related disciplines, with a theme of bringing together theory and practice. Focusing on the physical aspects of sediment processes in various coastal environments, this three-volume conference proceedings provides findings from the latest research and newest engineering applications. Session topics cover a wide range including barrier-island morphodynamics and evolution, beach nourishment and shore protection, coastal dunes, cohesive sediment transport, field and laboratory measurements of sediment transport processes and numerical modeling, gravel transport, large-scale and long-term coastal changes, LiDAR and remote sensing, longshore and cross-shore sediment transport, marsh and wetlands, regional sediment management, river deltas, sea-level changes, shelf and sand bodies, shoreline changes, tidal inlets and navigation channels. A special session on recent research findings at the Northern Gulf of Mexico is also included."

Microbial Biofilms in Bioremediation and Wastewater Treatment

Author : Y.V. Nancharaiah
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1351857312
Total Pages : 439 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (518 download)

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Book Synopsis Microbial Biofilms in Bioremediation and Wastewater Treatment by : Y.V. Nancharaiah

Download or read book Microbial Biofilms in Bioremediation and Wastewater Treatment written by Y.V. Nancharaiah and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2019-10-18 with total page 439 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biofilms represent the natural living style of microbial communities and play a pivotal role in biogeochemical cycles and natural attenuation. Biofilms can be engineered for biodegradation and biotransformation of organic and inorganic contaminants, for both in situ bioremediation and ex situ treatment in bioreactors. This book focuses on microbial biofilms and their potential technological applications for sustainable development. It covers recent advances in biofilm technologies for contaminant remediation coupled to recovery of resources and serves as a complete reference on the science and technology behind biofilm mediated bioremediation and wastewater treatment.

Wind-Borne Illness from Coastal Seas

Author : John J Walsh
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0128121327
Total Pages : 556 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (281 download)

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Book Synopsis Wind-Borne Illness from Coastal Seas by : John J Walsh

Download or read book Wind-Borne Illness from Coastal Seas written by John J Walsh and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2019-07-18 with total page 556 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Wind-Borne Illness from Coastal Seas: Present and Future Consequences of Toxic Marine Aerosols explores the present and future human health consequences of marine aerosol poisons carried ashore by coastal winds. The book compiles relevant information on an interrelated toxicological, environmental sciences and public health problem that is combined with recent observations, extensive epidemiological data and case studies. It tackles this challenge with a small, interdisciplinary group of authors who dissect the underlying causes and potential remedies of increasing ill health issues on a planet that is covered by 70% seawater and subject to increasing sea spray-containing malign aerosols. The book's authors outline the historical context of the situation, discuss the importance of recognizing toxic marine aerosols as a cause of wind-borne illness, and suggest operational forecasts for avoidance of onshore, wind-borne marine toxins, and crucially, present extensive epidemiological evidence. This resource will be useful to a wide variety of toxicologists, medical doctors and environmental scientists. Contains extensive epidemiological data and case studies on aerosol forms of windborne global marine toxins Presents information from an interdisciplinary author team Argues for future operational forecasts for avoidance of onshore, windborne marine toxins