Fish Passage In Large Culverts With Low Flows

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Fish Passage in Large Culverts with Low Flows

Author : U.s. Department of Transportation
Publisher : CreateSpace
ISBN 13 : 9781508810889
Total Pages : 140 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (18 download)

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Book Synopsis Fish Passage in Large Culverts with Low Flows by : U.s. Department of Transportation

Download or read book Fish Passage in Large Culverts with Low Flows written by U.s. Department of Transportation and published by CreateSpace. This book was released on 2015-03-10 with total page 140 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Historically, culverts have been designed for hydraulic efficiency without consideration of fish passage or, more generally, aquatic organism passage. Over time, it has become apparent that culverts frequently become impediments to healthy aquatic ecosystems because they can prevent the movement of fish and other aquatic organisms upstream and downstream through the culvert. Therefore, aquatic organism passage through culverts has become an important design element component for road/stream crossings. Common physical characteristics that may create barriers include high water velocity, shallow water depth, large outlet drop heights, turbulence within the culvert, and accumulation of debris. Sediment deposition and erosion at the culvert may also create a barrier to passage. Culvert length, slope, and roughness may create conditions that impede passage as well. Further complicating design is that passage needs differ by species, life stage, and season. To address this complex task, the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) developed a stream simulation approach for designing culverts. Stream simulation is based on the concept that if conditions inside a culvert are similar to those conditions in the stream upstream and downstream of the culvert, then aquatic organism passage will be provided without consideration of the specific physical requirements of one or more species. However, stream simulation is not appropriate for all situations. For example, an existing culvert that is blocking passage may not be a good candidate for replacement using stream simulation because of the size of the embankment or insufficient budget for a replacement. Applications of stream simulation may also be limited for new culvert installations. Site constraints or budget limits could dictate a smaller culvert installation than would be recommended by stream simulation. In these cases, it may be desirable to design a culvert crossing considering the specific passage needs of a specific species of fish. Doing so requires an understanding of the migration seasonality, life stage swimming capabilities, and stream flow rates expected during passage. Ideally, this information is developed by a multidisciplinary team of aquatic biologists, hydrologists, and engineers. From this information, the maximum velocity and minimum depth requirements for the target fish are derived. Considering only average velocity in a culvert masks that there are zones within the flow field where velocities both higher and lower than the average exist. The objective of this research is to assist in the design of culverts for fish passage by 1) identifying zones of lower velocity that are conducive to fish passage and 2) developing practical design methods quantifying these lower velocity zones.

Fish passage in large culverts with low flows

Author : Yuan Zhai
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 124 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (898 download)

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Book Synopsis Fish passage in large culverts with low flows by : Yuan Zhai

Download or read book Fish passage in large culverts with low flows written by Yuan Zhai and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 124 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A series of physical and numerical modeling runs were completed to support the development of a design procedure for characterizing the variation in velocity within non-embedded and embedded culverts. Physical modeling of symmetrical half-section circular culverts was conducted to provide data against which computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling could be validated. The initial CFD modeling featured two-phase numerical computations that successfully reproduced the physical modeling results. To further simplify, single-phase modeling and truncated singlephase modeling were evaluated with good results. For the embedded culvert runs, a successful strategy for representing natural bed material within the culvert was developed. Once the CFD modeling was validated by the physical modeling, the CFD modeling was used to analyze the full culvert cross-sections. Test matrices included CFD runs scaled up to larger culvert sizes. One series of runs maintained Froude number based scaling and one series tested larger sizes without the scaling constraint. The CFD runs and a velocity distribution model formed the basis of a proposed design methodology for determining the velocity distribution within a culvert cross-section. Using the 42 CFD runs for a 3-ft diameter culvert, the 5 parameters necessary for the velocity model were estimated. Then, based on geometric and hydraulic parameters available to a designer, relations were developed to estimate those parameters. The approach was successfully validated on CFD runs for 6-ft and 8-ft diameter culvert models. The proposed design procedure allows a designer to estimate the velocity throughout a cross-section. These data may be depth-averaged to provide a distribution of velocity and depth across the culvert cross-section that may be used to evaluate fish passage. Although developed for circular culverts, the parameters used in the method are such that the procedure should be applicable to rectangular and other shapes. Two design examples and an application guide are provided to illustrate the method and the required computations.

Fish Passage Through Culverts

Author : Calvin O. Baker
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 84 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (319 download)

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Book Synopsis Fish Passage Through Culverts by : Calvin O. Baker

Download or read book Fish Passage Through Culverts written by Calvin O. Baker and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 84 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The success of fish migration through culverts is dependent on the swimming ability of the fish and the hydraulic conditions of the culvert. Properly designed and constructed culverts can minimize the impact on fish passage. Because culverts are typically more economical than bridges, it is appropriate to evaluate when to use culverts and to predict the effects of such culvert installations. During the consideration of alternatives for structures for fish passage, culverts should not be automatically eliminated. This publication has tried to examine the aspects of culvert design and operation relative to the existing information that has been published in previous studies. Ideally, a culvert installation should not change the conditions that existed prior to that installation. This means that the cross-sectional area should not be restricted by the culvert, the slope should not change, and the roughness coefficients should remain the same. Any change in these conditions will result in a velocity change which could alter the sediment transportation capacity of the stream. A truly successful culvert design would include matching the velocities of the fish's swimming zone in the culvert to the swimming capacity of the design fish. Unfortunately, not enough research has been completed to make this an acceptable criterion of culvert design. This approach is preferred because it is easier to reduce the velocities in the swimming zone by increasing the boundary roughness than it is to reduce the mean velocity of the entire culvert. This publication contains some relatively simple guidelines which can reduce the installation problems of culverts in streams containing migrating fish when combined with the expertise of an experience fish biologist, engineer, and hydrologist.

An Assessment of Culverts of Fish Passage Barriers in a Montana Drainage Using a Multi-tiered Approach

Author : Duncan Drake Burford
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 100 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (614 download)

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Book Synopsis An Assessment of Culverts of Fish Passage Barriers in a Montana Drainage Using a Multi-tiered Approach by : Duncan Drake Burford

Download or read book An Assessment of Culverts of Fish Passage Barriers in a Montana Drainage Using a Multi-tiered Approach written by Duncan Drake Burford and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 100 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Restriction or blockage of fish movement due to culverts may have important consequences to fish populations. Problems include the direct loss of critical upstream habitats, and the loss of connectivity with neighboring populations; however, culvert barriers may also serve to protect native species from nonnative species encroachment. Culverts can impede fish movement due to high water velocities, inadequate water depths, and excessive outfall heights among other factors. Most previous studies have focused on fish passage at only a few culverts and thus the extent to which culverts impede fish passage across large drainage basins is largely unknown. In this study, a multi-tiered approach was used to assess fish passage through culverts throughout the upper Clearwater River drainage, Montana. The FishXing software program was used to assess juvenile and adult fish passage at 46 culverts across a wide range of stream discharge. At a subset of 20 culverts, population sampling upstream and downstream of each culvert at low flow was used to determine the degree to which culverts are influencing relative abundance, size structure, and species presence. At a further subset of 10 sites, passage was measured directly at low flow by monitoring the movement of marked fish through culverts with differing physical characteristics. FishXing results indicated that 76-85% of the culverts were barriers, depending on the streamflow and lifestage assessed. The population sampling results indicated that there were a only few differences in relative abundance or size structure at the culverts sampled at low flow, and there was little evidence to suggest that species presence was different below versus above the culverts. The direct passage study results showed that some passage occurred at 90% of the culverts studied at low flow. However, 7 of the 10 culverts showed some degree of passage impedance. There was a moderately significant positive relationship between passage impedance and outlet height (r2 = 0.41, P = 0.047). In summary, the culverts were restricting passage to upstream habitats that may be important for spawning, growth, and survival, but they were generally not isolating populations nor serving as barriers to protect native species from non-native species encroachment.

Fish Swimming in Turbulent Waters

Author : Hubert Chanson
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1000049914
Total Pages : 203 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Fish Swimming in Turbulent Waters by : Hubert Chanson

Download or read book Fish Swimming in Turbulent Waters written by Hubert Chanson and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2020-09-13 with total page 203 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Low-level river crossings, including culverts, are important for delivering a range of valuable socioeconomic services, including transportation and hydrological control. These structures are also known to have negative impacts on freshwater river system morphology and ecology, including the blockage of upstream fish passage, particularly small-body-mass fish species. Given the enormous environmental problems created by road crossings, new hydraulic engineering guidelines are proposed for fish-friendly multi-cell box culvert designs. The focus of these guidelines is on smooth box culverts without appurtenance, with a novel approach based upon three basic concepts: (I) the culvert design is optimized for fish passage for small to medium water discharges, and for flood capacity for larger discharges, (II) low-velocity zones are provided along the wetted perimeter in the culvert barrel, and quantified in terms of a fraction of the wetted flow area where the local longitudinal velocity is less than a characteristic fish speed linked to swimming performances of targeted fish species, and (III) the culvert barrel is smooth, without any other form of boundary treatment and appurtenance. The present monograph develops a number of practical considerations, in particular relevant to box culvert operations for less-than-design discharges. It is argued that upstream fish passage capabilities would imply a revised approach to maintenance, in part linked to the targeted fish species. This reference work is authored for civil and environmental engineers, as well as biology and ecology scientists interested in culvert design. While the book is aimed to professionals, the material is also lectured in postgraduate courses and in professional short courses.

Fish Migration and Fish Passage

Author : Willis A. Evans
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 132 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (121 download)

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Book Synopsis Fish Migration and Fish Passage by : Willis A. Evans

Download or read book Fish Migration and Fish Passage written by Willis A. Evans and published by . This book was released on 1974 with total page 132 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Culvert Criteria for Fish Passage

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 34 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (121 download)

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Book Synopsis Culvert Criteria for Fish Passage by :

Download or read book Culvert Criteria for Fish Passage written by and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 34 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Advanced Studies of Fish Passage Through Culverts

Author : Matthew David Blank
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 428 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (239 download)

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Book Synopsis Advanced Studies of Fish Passage Through Culverts by : Matthew David Blank

Download or read book Advanced Studies of Fish Passage Through Culverts written by Matthew David Blank and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 428 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fish passage through culverts is an important component of road and stream crossing design. Although no comprehensive inventory of the number of culverts on fishbearing streams in the United States is available, there is an estimated 1.4 million streamroad crossings. The most common physical characteristics that create barriers to fish passage include excessive water velocity, insufficient water depth and large outlet drop heights. Over the past decade, interest in the effect culvert barriers have on aquatic systems has grown; accordingly, various passage assessment techniques have been used to determine whether a structure is a barrier and to what degree (its "barrierity"). Recent research has shown that determining the barrierity of a culvert is not trivial, and that different methods are often not congruent in their classification of "barrierity". The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of velocity on fish passage in great detail by: testing the use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) for estimating the 3-D velocity field through a culvert; quantifying velocity diversity through culverts for a range of flows; characterizing the energy expenditure paths through a culvert and identifying the passageways Yellowstone cutthroat trout used to successfully negotiate passage; and developing and testing a new barrier assessment method. The research was done, in part, by studying fish passage through culverts in Mulherin Creek, an important spawning tributary for Yellowstone cutthrout trout migrating from the Yellowstone River. Comparisons between predicted and observed velocities show 86% and 82% of variation in the observed velocity data were explained by the CFD model, for flow rates of 1.44 m3/s and 0.87 m3/s, respectively. The diverse velocity field through the culvert barrel created a range of energy expenditure paths through the entire culvert length. Fish movement observations showed successful passage only for trout seeking and using the minimum energy path created, in part, by the skew between the upstream channel and the culvert. This research investigated a new hydraulic approach to assessing barriers that uses the 3-D velocity field. Comparisons between estimated passage and measured passage show the 3-D method most accurately indicated passability compared to a 1-D method.

Fish Passage Through Highway Culverts : a Field Evaluation

Author : Thomas J. McClellan
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 326 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (319 download)

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Book Synopsis Fish Passage Through Highway Culverts : a Field Evaluation by : Thomas J. McClellan

Download or read book Fish Passage Through Highway Culverts : a Field Evaluation written by Thomas J. McClellan and published by . This book was released on 1970 with total page 326 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Fish Passage Through Retrofitted Culverts

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 78 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (1 download)

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Book Synopsis Fish Passage Through Retrofitted Culverts by :

Download or read book Fish Passage Through Retrofitted Culverts written by and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 78 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Fish Migration and Fish Passage

Author : Willis A. Evans
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 182 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (319 download)

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Book Synopsis Fish Migration and Fish Passage by : Willis A. Evans

Download or read book Fish Migration and Fish Passage written by Willis A. Evans and published by . This book was released on 1980 with total page 182 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Turbulent Circular Culvert Flow

Author : Amin Mohebbi
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781321012248
Total Pages : 121 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (122 download)

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Book Synopsis Turbulent Circular Culvert Flow by : Amin Mohebbi

Download or read book Turbulent Circular Culvert Flow written by Amin Mohebbi and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 121 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study describes an attempt to solve Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes Equations (RANS) for a steady state and uniform circular open channel flow at mild slopes, resulting in an analytical solution for a partially-filled pipe velocity distribution. Moreover, an empirical model based on the modified log-wake (MLW) law from previous knowledge of rectangular open channel flow was developed to further shed light on the topic. Both models were verified with experimental data collected with Stereoscopic Particle Image Velocimetry (S-PIV) through the work of the writer in the Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center of the Federal Highway Administration and various other benchmark data from the literature. These models can be used as a novel and powerful design tool resulting in an optimum cross-section along with an enough low velocity region to facilitate safe fish passage.

Culvert Design Flows for Fish Passage and Structural Safety in East Cascade and Blue Mountain Streams

Author : John F. Orsborn
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (53 download)

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Book Synopsis Culvert Design Flows for Fish Passage and Structural Safety in East Cascade and Blue Mountain Streams by : John F. Orsborn

Download or read book Culvert Design Flows for Fish Passage and Structural Safety in East Cascade and Blue Mountain Streams written by John F. Orsborn and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

General Technical Report PNW.

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 36 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (2 download)

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Book Synopsis General Technical Report PNW. by :

Download or read book General Technical Report PNW. written by and published by . This book was released on 1978 with total page 36 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Fish Passage Through Rehabilitated Culverts Laboratory Study

Author : Amber H. Olsen
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 68 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (88 download)

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Book Synopsis Fish Passage Through Rehabilitated Culverts Laboratory Study by : Amber H. Olsen

Download or read book Fish Passage Through Rehabilitated Culverts Laboratory Study written by Amber H. Olsen and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 68 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: PUBLIC ABSTRACT: Slip lining culverts represent a low-cost technique that can restore life to decaying culverts. However, slip liners are smoother than typical host culverts; therefore, they generate higher flow velocities and lower flow depths within the culvert, which are fish passage barriers. One way to mitigate these barriers is by installing baffles. Unfortunately baffles can jeopardize the flow capacity of the culvert. The Utah Water Research Laboratory (UWRL) at Utah State University contracted with the Utah Department of Transportation for $85,000 to test the effectiveness of baffles in improving fish passage through culverts. The goal of this project was to identify swimming limitations for fish passage with regard to slope, flow, and velocity in both a baffled and a smooth-walled high-density polyethylene, HDPE, slip liner. The limitations found from the tests were then used to establish slip-lining guidelines for fish passage culvert rehabilitation. Testing involved evaluating the swimming capabilities of wild brown trout in a 60-ft long, 2-ft diameter, smooth-walled and baffled slip liner. In summary, the baffled culvert supported fish passage up to a 3.5% slope whereas the smooth-walled liner only allowed passage up to a 1% slope. Although baffled culverts improved fish passage, they also decreased the pipe capacity by 74% compared to the smooth-walled liner. This study suggests that baffled slip lined culverts can aid fish passage and are useful for culvert rehabilitation as long as the culvert can still maintain appropriate flow capacity. Applying this knowledge properly to culvert repairs (limited to a 2-ft diameter slip liner) allows for a more economical solution for fish sensitive areas.

CFD Modeling of Fish Passage in Large Culvert and Assistance for Culvert Design with Fish Passage

Author : Yuan Zhai
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781267524775
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (247 download)

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Book Synopsis CFD Modeling of Fish Passage in Large Culvert and Assistance for Culvert Design with Fish Passage by : Yuan Zhai

Download or read book CFD Modeling of Fish Passage in Large Culvert and Assistance for Culvert Design with Fish Passage written by Yuan Zhai and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Design of Fishways and Other Fish Facilities

Author : Charles H. Clay
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 135145577X
Total Pages : 260 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (514 download)

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Book Synopsis Design of Fishways and Other Fish Facilities by : Charles H. Clay

Download or read book Design of Fishways and Other Fish Facilities written by Charles H. Clay and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2017-12-14 with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This new edition of the best-selling book describes the main types of fishways and fish facilities used around the world to assist the passage of fish over dams and other obstructions to their migration. It also focuses on the protection of fish (mainly young fish) from the hazards encountered in their downstream migrations. The book brings together the type of knowledge and research needed to decide on the facility used as well as its design and operation. It emphasizes the need for both biologists and engineers to collaborate in the design and indicates in what fields such collaboration would benefit fisheries conservation in the future. This is the Second Edition of the only book to bring together all of these topics worldwide under one cover.