Faking Neuropsychological Test Data

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 124 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (133 download)

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Book Synopsis Faking Neuropsychological Test Data by : Candace Conley

Download or read book Faking Neuropsychological Test Data written by Candace Conley and published by . This book was released on 1985 with total page 124 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Neuropsychology of Malingering Casebook

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Publisher : Psychology Press
ISBN 13 : 1135423091
Total Pages : 1131 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (354 download)

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Book Synopsis Neuropsychology of Malingering Casebook by : Joel E. Morgan

Download or read book Neuropsychology of Malingering Casebook written by Joel E. Morgan and published by Psychology Press. This book was released on 2008-11-19 with total page 1131 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Clinical neuropsychologists frequently evaluate individuals within a forensic context, and therefore must address questions regarding the possible presence of reduced effort, response bias and/or malingering. This volume offers a wide range of instructive real-world case examples involving the complex differential diagnosis where symptom exaggeration and/or malingering cloud the picture. Written by expert forensic neuropsychologists, the scenarios described provide informed, empirically-based and scientifically-derived opinions on the topic. Issues related to malingering, such as response bias and insufficient effort, are discussed thoroughly with regard to a large number of clinical conditions and assessment instruments. Test data and non-test information are considered and integrated by the numerous experts. Expert guidance for clinicians who must address the issue of malingering is provided in a straightforward and well-organized format. To date, there has not been a comparable collection of rich case material relevant to forensic practice in clinical neuropsychology.

Handbook of Neuropsychological Assessment

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Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1489906827
Total Pages : 529 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (899 download)

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Book Synopsis Handbook of Neuropsychological Assessment by : Antonio E. Puente

Download or read book Handbook of Neuropsychological Assessment written by Antonio E. Puente and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-11-11 with total page 529 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The growth of clinical neuropsychology has been unprecedented. This growth has been oriented more toward the provision of than toward the foundation for services. Thus, while a greater number of psychologists are performing a greater number of neuropsychological procedures, there seems to us an uneven parallel growth between these services and the empirical foundations for them. It should come to no one's surprise that increasingly aggressive attacks on the field have been leveled. Despite these attacks, clinical neuropsychology con tinues to enjoy exceptional growth within psychology and acceptance by other health practitioners, insurance companies, legislators, judges, juries, and above all, consumers of our services. Growth without self-reflection is a dangerous enterprise, as is growth without directions. We find it disconcerting that existing and limited "self analysis" has assumed that neuropsychological dysfunction is immune to the same variables that affect psychological dysfunction. Some attention has been paid to the most obvious ones, such as age, but all others have been ignored and/ or misunderstood. This neglect has spawned a body of knowledge replete with questionable data and unfounded conclusions. Hence, it is surprising that clinical neuropsychologists consider themselves to be more scientifically sound than their regular clinical counterparts.

Detecting Malingering and Deception

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Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 0429750773
Total Pages : 538 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (297 download)

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Book Synopsis Detecting Malingering and Deception by : Harold V. Hall

Download or read book Detecting Malingering and Deception written by Harold V. Hall and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2020-06-03 with total page 538 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Detecting Malingering and Deception: Forensic Distortion Analysis (FDA-5), Third Edition maintains the tradition of the prior two editions, following the Forensic Distortion Analysis (FDA) model. Fully updated since the last edition nearly 20 years ago, the book continues to serve as a comprehensive volume on deception and distortion in forensic, clinical and several specialized contexts. As with the previous editions, the book presents a model of deception intended to be utilized and applied by the qualified evaluator. The proposed model covers targets of the faker, response styles shown, and methods to detect the deception. The goal is to summarize the historical and latest information on distortion detection, to present guidelines for detecting deception that include variable accuracy rates based on different detection techniques, and to stimulate further research of effective methods of deception detection. Recommendations and guidelines for the practicing clinician are offered throughout the book, including real-world cases to inform and enlighten, particularly in unique cases or those in which the certain outcomes are unexpected. Key Features: Outlines the role of the forensic professional in applying and integrating methods assessment in deception and distortion Provides base-rates for deception-related behavior and events, especially useful in report writing or courtroom testimony as an expert witness Presents the latest advances in methodology and technology to assist in the search for ground truth in applied settings and situations Applies forensic distortion analysis to evaluate the deception-related findings and statements of other professionals involved in a particular case New coverage includes sections on deception analysis for collectivities, including media groups, contemporary politics, cross-national corporations, conflict, and terrorism Detecting Malingering and Deception incorporates the latest research, providing practical application to utilize information and evaluative methods as they pertain to deception-related settings and situations. Sample reports and extensive graphs, tables, charts, and histograms are provided, and every chapter has been updated with new studies and investigations. The Third Edition boasts several new chapters and updated working appendices of coverage to expand the exploration of deception addressing advances in the field, and our current understanding of the phenomenon.

Detection of Response Bias in Forensic Neuropsychology

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Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 9780789020611
Total Pages : 340 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (26 download)

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Book Synopsis Detection of Response Bias in Forensic Neuropsychology by : Jim Hom

Download or read book Detection of Response Bias in Forensic Neuropsychology written by Jim Hom and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2003-08-06 with total page 340 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Improve your confidence in the validity of your test results! Detection of Response Bias in Forensic Neuropsychology examines strategies and procedures for determining the validity of results and the patient's motivation during neuropsychological testing. The book discusses procedures to help a clinician assess factors that can affect test accuracy. Developers and researchers present unique insights into each strategy's utility in clinical practice and each procedure's performance in light of factors defined by the United States Supreme Court. Detection of Response Bias in Forensic Neuropsychology examines the increasing need for practicing clinical neuropsychologists to identify response bias in their evaluations of a patient's neuropsychological impairment. The book presents major response bias detection strategies, addressing in each: whether the theory or technique has been tested; if it has been subjected to peer review and publication; the known or potential rate of error in applying the method; and to what extent the method has been accepted by the relevant scientific community. Each strategy represents a logical, scientific approach in forensic settings that can be applied in neuropsychological assessments. Detection of Response Bias in Forensic Neuropsychology includes comprehensive reviews of current procedures in wide usage to evaluate the validity of test results. Procedures covered include: Portland Digit Recognition Test Computerized Assessment of Response Bias (CARB) Warrington Recognition Memory Test Halstead-Reitan Battery Rey's strategies for detecting malingering validity scales of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2) Victoria Symptom Validity Test (VSVT) Test of Memory Malingering (TOMM) Word Memory Test (WMT) Category Test validity indicators much more! Detection of Response Bias in Forensic Neuropsychology is an essential resource for forensic professionals in determining patient compliance and motivation during testing.

Psychological Testing in the Service of Disability Determination

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Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309370930
Total Pages : 233 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (93 download)

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Book Synopsis Psychological Testing in the Service of Disability Determination by : Institute of Medicine

Download or read book Psychological Testing in the Service of Disability Determination written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2015-06-29 with total page 233 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The United States Social Security Administration (SSA) administers two disability programs: Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI), for disabled individuals, and their dependent family members, who have worked and contributed to the Social Security trust funds, and Supplemental Security Income (SSSI), which is a means-tested program based on income and financial assets for adults aged 65 years or older and disabled adults and children. Both programs require that claimants have a disability and meet specific medical criteria in order to qualify for benefits. SSA establishes the presence of a medically-determined impairment in individuals with mental disorders other than intellectual disability through the use of standard diagnostic criteria, which include symptoms and signs. These impairments are established largely on reports of signs and symptoms of impairment and functional limitation. Psychological Testing in the Service of Disability Determination considers the use of psychological tests in evaluating disability claims submitted to the SSA. This report critically reviews selected psychological tests, including symptom validity tests, that could contribute to SSA disability determinations. The report discusses the possible uses of such tests and their contribution to disability determinations. Psychological Testing in the Service of Disability Determination discusses testing norms, qualifications for administration of tests, administration of tests, and reporting results. The recommendations of this report will help SSA improve the consistency and accuracy of disability determination in certain cases.

New Perspectives on Faking in Personality Assessment

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Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0195387473
Total Pages : 385 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (953 download)

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Book Synopsis New Perspectives on Faking in Personality Assessment by : Carolyn MacCann

Download or read book New Perspectives on Faking in Personality Assessment written by Carolyn MacCann and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2012 with total page 385 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Contributors consider what it means to "fake" a personality assessment, why and how people try to obtain particular scores on personality tests, and what types of tests people can successfully manipulate. The authors present and discuss the usefulness of a range of traditional and cutting-edge methods for detecting and controlling the practice of faking.

The Detection of Faking on Neuropsychological Tests

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 306 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (1 download)

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Book Synopsis The Detection of Faking on Neuropsychological Tests by : Kenneth E. Freedland

Download or read book The Detection of Faking on Neuropsychological Tests written by Kenneth E. Freedland and published by . This book was released on 1982 with total page 306 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

A Compendium of Neuropsychological Tests

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Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0198036183
Total Pages : 1235 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (98 download)

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Book Synopsis A Compendium of Neuropsychological Tests by : Esther Strauss

Download or read book A Compendium of Neuropsychological Tests written by Esther Strauss and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2006-04-06 with total page 1235 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For the practicing neuropsychologist or researcher, keeping up with the sheer number of newly published or updated tests is a challenge, as is evaluating the utility and psychometric properties of neuropsychological tests in a clinical context. The goal of the third edition of A Compendium of Neuropsychological Tests, a well-established neuropsychology reference text, is twofold. First, the Compendium is intended to serve as a guidebook that provides a comprehensive overview of the essential aspects of neuropsychological assessment practice. Second, it is intended as a comprehensive sourcebook of critical reviews of major neuropsychological assessment tools for the use by practicing clinicians and researchers. Written in a comprehensive, easy-to-read reference format, and based on exhaustive review of research literature in neuropsychology, neurology, psychology, and related disciplines, the book covers topics such as basic aspects of neuropsychological assessment as well as the theoretical background, norms, and the utility, reliability, and validity of neuropsychological tests. For this third edition, all chapters have been extensively revised and updated. The text has been considerably expanded to provide a comprehensive yet practical overview of the state of the field. Two new chapters have been added: "Psychometrics in Neuropsychological Assessment" and "Norms in Psychological Assessment." The first two chapters present basic psychometric concepts and principles. Chapters three and four consider practical aspects of the history-taking interview and the assessment process itself. Chapter five provides guidelines on report-writing and chapters six through sixteen consist of detailed, critical reviews of neuropsychological tests, and address the topics of intelligence, achievement, executive function, attention, memory, language, visual perception, somatosensory olfactory function, mood/personality, and response bias. A unique feature is the inclusion of tables that summarize salient features of tests within each domain so that readers can easily compare measures. Additional tables within each test review summarize important features of each test, highlight aspects of each normative dataset, and provide an overview of psychometric properties. Of interest to neuropsychologists, neurologists, psychiatrists, and educational and clinical psychologists working with adults as well as pediatric populations, this volume will aid practitioners in selecting appropriate testing measures for their patients, and will provide them with the knowledge needed to make empirically supported interpretations of test results.

Handbook of Normative Data for Neuropsychological Assessment

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Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0195169301
Total Pages : 1052 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (951 download)

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Book Synopsis Handbook of Normative Data for Neuropsychological Assessment by : Maura Mitrushina

Download or read book Handbook of Normative Data for Neuropsychological Assessment written by Maura Mitrushina and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2005-02-10 with total page 1052 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: When Handbook of Normative Data for Neuropsychological Assessment was published in 1999, it was the first book to provide neuropsychologists with summaries and critiques of normative data for neuropsychological tests. The Second Edition, which has been revised and updated throughout, presents data for 26 commonly used neuropsychological tests, including: Trailmaking, Color Trails, Stroop Color Word Interference, Auditory Consonant Trigrams, Paced Auditory Serial Addition, Ruff 2 and 7, Digital Vigilance, Boston Naming, Verbal Fluency, Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure, Hooper Visual Fluency, Design Fluency, Tactual Performance, Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised, Rey Auditory-Verbal learning, Hopkins Verbal learning, WHO/UCLA Auditory Verbal Learning, Benton Visual Retention, Finger Tapping, Grip Strength (Dynamometer), Grooved Pegboard, Category, and Wisconsin Card Sorting tests. In addition, California Verbal learning (CVLT and CVLT-II), CERAD ListLearning, and selective Reminding Tests, as well as the newest version of the Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS-III and WMS-IIIA), are reviewed. Locator tables throughout the book guide the reader to the sets of normative data that are best suited to each individual case, depending on the demographic characteristics of the patient, and highlight the advantages associated with using data for comparative purposes. Those using the book have the option of reading the authors' critical review of the normative data for a particular test, or simply turning to the appropriate data locator table for a quick reference to the relevant data tables in the Appendices. The Second Edition includes reviews of 15 new tests. The way the data are presented has been changed to make the book easier to use. Meta-analytic tables of predicted values for different ages (and education, where relevant) are included for nine tests that have a sufficient number of homogeneous datasets. No other reference offers such an effective framework for the critical evaluation of normative data for neuropsychological tests. Like the first edition, the new edition will be welcomed by practitioners, researchers, teachers, and graduate students as a unique and valuable contribution to the practice of neuropsychology.

Detection of Malingering during Head Injury Litigation

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Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1461404428
Total Pages : 387 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (614 download)

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Book Synopsis Detection of Malingering during Head Injury Litigation by : Cecil R. Reynolds

Download or read book Detection of Malingering during Head Injury Litigation written by Cecil R. Reynolds and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-03-21 with total page 387 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Increased public awareness of traumatic brain injuries has fueled a number of significant developments: on the one hand, more funding and more research related to these injuries and their resulting deficits; on the other, the possibility of higher stakes in personal injury suits—and more reasons for individuals to feign injury. Expanding both the conceptual and clinical knowledge base on the subject, the Second Edition of Detection of Malingering during Head Injury Litigation offers the latest detection tools and techniques for veteran and novice alike. As in its initial incarnation, this practical revision demonstrates how to combine clinical expertise, carefully-gathered data, and the use of actuarial models as well as common sense in making sound evaluations and reducing ambiguous results. And, the book navigates the reader through the many caveats that come with the job, beginning with the scenario that an individual may be malingering despite having an actual brain injury. Among the updated features: •Specific chapters on malingering on the Halstead-Reitan, Luria-Nebraska, and MMPI-2. •A framework for distinguishing genuine from factitious PTSD in head injury cases. •Detailed information regarding performance on the WMT, MSVT, and NV-MSVT by children with developmental disabilities. •Guidelines for explaining symptom validity testing to the trier of fact. •Entirely new chapters on mild TBI and on malingering of PTSD symptoms in the context of TBI litigation. Professional neuropsychologists and forensic psychologists will appreciate this new edition of Detection of Malingering during Head Injury Litigation as an invaluable source of refinements to their craft, and improvement as an expert witness.

Neuropsychology of Malingering Casebook

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Publisher : Psychology Press
ISBN 13 : 1135423105
Total Pages : 696 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (354 download)

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Book Synopsis Neuropsychology of Malingering Casebook by :

Download or read book Neuropsychology of Malingering Casebook written by and published by Psychology Press. This book was released on with total page 696 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Detection of Malingering during Head Injury Litigation

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Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1441974695
Total Pages : 414 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (419 download)

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Book Synopsis Detection of Malingering during Head Injury Litigation by : Cecil R. Reynolds

Download or read book Detection of Malingering during Head Injury Litigation written by Cecil R. Reynolds and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-09 with total page 414 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Neuropsychologists and forensic psychologists have long lacked a systematic, scientific means of assessing head injury cases, of distinguishing those plaintiffs whose pain and suffering is real and deserves just compensation from those who are simply faking it. Cecil R. Reynolds and his expert contributors provide the first definitive work on this subject, focusing on problems that beset clinicians who are called upon to evaluate head injuries in civil courts. They describe the major malingering detection techniques currently in use.

Forensic Psychology and Neuropsychology for Criminal and Civil Cases

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Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1000464687
Total Pages : 920 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (4 download)

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Book Synopsis Forensic Psychology and Neuropsychology for Criminal and Civil Cases by : Harold V. Hall

Download or read book Forensic Psychology and Neuropsychology for Criminal and Civil Cases written by Harold V. Hall and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2021-11-09 with total page 920 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Today's increasingly sophisticated psychological and neuropsychological assessments allow for a greater understanding, and improved evaluations, in forensic psychology. By integrating discussions of modern psychological and neuropsychological tests, with extant civil and criminal cases, Forensic Psychology and Neuropsychology for Criminal and Civil Cases, Second Edition serves as a fully-updated, professional resource outlining modern behavioral science’s impact on the legal system. This second edition synthesizes the theoretical, empirical, and clinical literature, examining it through the lens of case application. The book is divided into three parts to look at foundational legal, ethical and applied issues; criminal forensic evaluations; and civil forensic evaluations. Chapters new to this edition address substance abuse and intoxication, interviewing and interrogation, criminal profiling, faked amnesia and recall skills, post-concussive syndrome (PCS), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and trends and research directions. Clinicians, researchers and psychologists practicing in any number of related fields will be able to address relevant questions from both criminal-forensic and civil-forensic perspectives. Key features: Presents the latest advances in methodology and technology to assist forensic professional in assessment and case formulation in the search for ground truth in applied settings Outlines base rates for forensic areas of concern, especially helpful in evaluation, report writing and courtroom testimony as an expert witness Addresses complex criminal issues such as competency to stand trial, criminal responsibility, mitigating defenses, and violence risk Forensic Psychology and Neuropsychology for Criminal and Civil Cases, Second Edition is an invaluable resource to clinicians, experts witnesses, and legal professionals—a helpful adjunct for mental health experts to formulate sound direct and cross-examination strategies, and eliciting suggestions for forensically-related treatment and intervention.

Neuropsychological Assessment in the Age of Evidence-Based Practice

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Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0190663774
Total Pages : 329 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (96 download)

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Book Synopsis Neuropsychological Assessment in the Age of Evidence-Based Practice by : Stephen C. Bowden

Download or read book Neuropsychological Assessment in the Age of Evidence-Based Practice written by Stephen C. Bowden and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2017-01-26 with total page 329 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Evidence-based practice has become the benchmark for quality in healthcare and builds on rules of evidence that have been developed in psychology and other health-care disciplines over many decades. This volume aims to provide clinical neuropsychologists with a practical and approachable reference for skills in evidence-based practice to improve the scientific status of patient care. The core skills involve techniques in critical appraisal of published diagnostic-validity or treatment studies. Critical appraisal skills assist any clinician to evaluate the scientific status of any published study, to identify the patient-relevance of studies with good scientific status, and to calculate individual patient-probability estimates of diagnosis or treatment outcome to guide practice. Initial chapters in this volume review fundamental concepts of construct validity relevant to the assessment of psychopathology and cognitive abilities in neuropsychological populations. These chapters also summarize exciting contemporary development in the theories of personality and psychopathology, and cognitive ability, showing a convergence of theoretical and clinical research to guide clinical practice. Conceptual skills in interpreting construct validity of neuropsychological tests are described in detail in this volume. In addition, a non-mathematical description of the concepts of test score reliability and the neglected topic of interval estimation for individual assessment is provided. As an extension of the concepts of reliability, reliable change indexes are reviewed and the implication of impact on evidence-based practice of test scores reliability and reliable change are described to guide clinicians in their interpretation of test results on single or repeated assessments. Written by some of the foremost experts in the field of clinical neuropsychology and with practical and concrete examples throughout, this volume shows how evidence-based practice is enhanced by reference to good theory, strong construct validity, and better test score reliability.

Assessment of Malingered Neuropsychological Deficits

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Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0199727600
Total Pages : 401 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (997 download)

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Book Synopsis Assessment of Malingered Neuropsychological Deficits by : Glenn J. Larrabee

Download or read book Assessment of Malingered Neuropsychological Deficits written by Glenn J. Larrabee and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2007-07-16 with total page 401 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Written specifically for the clinical neuropsychologist who does forensic consultations, the book is a comprehensive review by experts of the procedures available to evaluate malingered neuropsychological deficits. It discusses tools for detecting atypical patterns of performance on standard clinical tests as well as malingering on measures of perception and sensorimotor function, of attention, processing speed, and memory, and of executive function. The underpinnings of the forensic neuropsychology enterprise are presented in chapters on definitions of malingering, research designs for its evaluation, data on the frequency with which malingering occurs, diagnostic classification statistics, symptom validity tests that do not depend on forced choice testing, and those that do. Guidance on assessing exaggerated psychiatric symptoms; exaggerated medical symptoms and injuries; and detecting malingering during the neurological exam is also included. Of particular note is a chapter devoted to the topic of coaching. The book closes with a review of the diagnostic criteria for malingering and looks to the future with evidence-based proposals for improving the criteria.

Prediction in Forensic and Neuropsychology

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Publisher : Psychology Press
ISBN 13 : 1135669708
Total Pages : 334 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (356 download)

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Book Synopsis Prediction in Forensic and Neuropsychology by : Ronald D. Franklin

Download or read book Prediction in Forensic and Neuropsychology written by Ronald D. Franklin and published by Psychology Press. This book was released on 2003-01-30 with total page 334 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Psychologists are under increasing pressure to demonstrate the ecological validity of their assessment procedures--to show that the recommendations concluding their evaluations are relevant to urgent concerns in the legal and social policy arenas, such as predicting dangerousness, awarding compensation, and choosing a custodial parent. How much damage does a referred patient have? Who or what "caused" the damage? What impact will it have on his or her future life, work, and family? And what can be done to remediate the damage? The purpose of this book is to provide sound objective methods for answering these questions. It integrates the knowledge of experienced practitioners who offer state-of-the-art summaries of the best current approaches to evaluating difficult cases with that of basic theorists who describe emerging methods in both predictive and inferential statistics, such as Bayesian networks, that have proven their value in other scientific fields. Arguably, the enterprise of psychological assessment is so interdependent with that of data analysis that attempts to make inferences without consideration of statistical implications is malpractice. Prediction in Forensic and Neuropsychology: Sound Statistical Practices clarifies the process of hypothesis testing and helps to push the clinical interpretation of psychological data into the 21st century. It constitutes a vital resource for all the stakeholders in the assessment process--practitioners, researchers, attorneys, and policymakers.