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Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781071608340
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (83 download)
Download or read book Mitochondrial Gene Expression written by and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Yuko Sugiyama
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (134 download)
Download or read book Factors Affecting Nuclear-encoded Mitochondrial Gene Expression written by Yuko Sugiyama and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Protein production is tightly regulated by post transcription factors to control internal cellular elements and adapt themselves to the surrounding environment, such as the nutrient availability, temperature and oxygen absence. Translational elongation is one of the regulators for protein production. The mRNA localization to mitochondria during translational elongation has been reported to induce the increase in its protein production. The metabolic shift is a key factor for ATP synthase genes to localize its mRNAs to mitochondria during respiration to escalate ATP productions under oxidative phosphorylation. In the respiration, some ATP synthase genes are reported to induce the localization switching metabolism from fermentation to respiration. We have been investigating if slowing translational elongation can improve the protein production in conditionally localized mRNAs. Here we found that the ATP2 and ATP4 in yeast cells have decent increases in mRNA levels upon translational elongation slowing. In addition to it, the promoter has a certain effect in protein induction under respiration, but promoter combined with ORF has the stronger effect in it. To identify genes involved in mRNA localization-dependent gene expression, we have constructed the design of CRISPRi screening with a group of gRNAs targets various promoters in yeast cells in combination with a MCP-MS2 system to target a reporter mRNA to the mitochondria.
Author : Bernhard Kadenbach
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1461435730
Total Pages : 378 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (614 download)
Download or read book Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation written by Bernhard Kadenbach and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-06-23 with total page 378 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book will describe the nuclear encoded genes and their expressed proteins of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Most of these genes occur in eukaryotic cells, but not in bacteria or archaea. The main function of mitochondria, the synthesis of ATP, is performed at subunits of proton pumps (complexes I, III, IV and V), which are encoded on mitochondrial DNA. The nuclear encoded subunits have mostly a regulatory function. However, the specific physiological functions of the nuclear encoded subunits of complexes I, III, IV, and V are mostly unknown. New data indicates that they are essential for life of higher organisms, which is characterized by an adult life without cell division (postmeiotic stage) in most tissues, after the juvenile growth. For complex IV (cytochrome c oxidase) some of these subunits occur in tissue-specific (subunits IV, VIa, VIb, VIIa, VIII), developmental-specific (subunits IV, VIa, and VIIa) as well as species-specific isoforms. Defective genes of some subunits were shown to induce mitochondrial diseases. Mitochondrial genes and human diseases will also be covered.
Author : Maria Isabel Guadalupe Lopez Sanchez
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (1 download)
Download or read book Regulation of Human Mitochondrial Gene Expression written by Maria Isabel Guadalupe Lopez Sanchez and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Human mitochondrial DNA is a distinct, compact genetic system that encodes proteins crucial for energy metabolism in the cell. Due to its reduced size and relatively simple organisation, all the regulatory factors directing the expression of the mitochondrial genome are encoded by nuclear DNA. It is evident that mitochondrial gene expression is regulated at different levels, which is reflected by the numerous diseases associated with mutations in both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA-encoded mitochondrial proteins. Research focusing on the identification and characterisation of RNA-binding proteins as regulators of mitochondrial function is ongoing. However, the components and mechanisms involved in the post-transcriptional regulation of mitochondrial DNA are not well understood. The aim of this research project was to investigate different aspects of the regulation of human mitochondrial gene expression via the direct action of nuclear-encoded mitochondrial proteins on RNA metabolism. First, I validated the proteins responsible for 5' end processing of mitochondrial precursor transcripts and identified the protein responsible for 3' end processing cleavage, showing that they are important for mitochondrial function. Next, I studied a previously uncharacterised mitochondrial ribosomal subunit protein and found that it is an important factor in the regulation of protein synthesis. Finally, I examined a protein that has multiple and independent functions in the organelle and identified it as a new target for the estrogenic modulation of mitochondrial gene expression via the estrogen receptor alpha. Both the nuclear and the mitochondrial genomes contribute to the mitochondrial proteome and hence to mitochondrial function. Because mitochondria possess a genome that is central to multiple cellular functions, understanding the different levels and mechanisms involved in the regulation of mitochondrial gene expression is essential in elucidating the contribution of mitochondrial dysfunction to human disease.
Author : Terrie Lorraine Ulery
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 400 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 ( download)
Download or read book Coordinated Regulation of Yeast Nuclear and Mitochondrial Gene Expression written by Terrie Lorraine Ulery and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 400 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Sophia Jinq Tyan Ng
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (93 download)
Download or read book Identification and Characterisation of Regulators of Nuclear Genes Encoding Mitochondrial Proteins written by Sophia Jinq Tyan Ng and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: [Truncated abstract] Mitochondria are semi-autonomous organelles in eukaryotic cells that contain over 1000 proteins. As a result of their endosymbiotic origins, they still retain a small coding capacity of less than 50 proteins in plants. The remainder of mitochondrial proteins is encoded in the nucleus, and under appropriate signals, acting via anterograde or retrograde signalling pathways, to regulate genes encoding mitochondrial proteins. While our knowledge of the mitochondrial proteins, and the various biochemical activities carried out in mitochondria is well advanced, little is known about the molecular components regulating the expression of the nuclear genes encoding mitochondrial proteins. The studies described in this thesis use forward and reverse genetic approaches to identify and characterise components that regulate the expression of genes located in the nucleus that encode mitochondrial proteins. Using reverse genetic approaches, the role of a sequence motif, called site II (5 -TGGGC(C/T)-3 ), in regulation of various genes encoding mitochondrial proteins was investigated. Mutation of the site II element in a variety of promoters regions of genes encoding mitochondrial proteins revealed that they did influence the activity of the promoter, both positively and negatively, that depended on the number and arrangement of these elements and on the time of the day/night period. Binding assays using yeast one-hybrid assays indicated that the site II elements interacts with TEOSINTE BRANCHED1, CYCLOIDEA, PROLIFERATING CELL FACTOR1 (TCP) transcription factors, that can act as positive or negative regulators of gene expression. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that the TCP transcription factors interacted with regulatory components of the circadian clock...
Author : Geoffrey E. Hill
Publisher : Oxford University Press, USA
ISBN 13 : 0198818254
Total Pages : 315 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (988 download)
Download or read book Mitonuclear Ecology written by Geoffrey E. Hill and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2019-04-30 with total page 315 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This novel text provides a concise synthesis of how the interactions between mitochondrial and nuclear genes have played a major role in shaping the ecology and evolution of eukaryotes. The foundation for this new focus on mitonuclear interactions originated from research in biochemistry and cell biology laboratories, although the broader ecological and evolutionary implications have yet to be fully explored. The imperative for mitonuclear coadaptation is proposed to be a major selective force in the evolution of sexual reproduction and two mating types in eukaryotes, in the formation of species, in the evolution of ornaments and sexual selection, in the process of adaptation, and in the evolution of senescence. The book highlights the importance of mitonuclear coadaptation to the evolution of complex life and champions mitonuclear ecology as an important subdiscipline in ecology and evolution.
Author : Olga Zurita Rendón
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (98 download)
Download or read book Functional Characterization of Nuclear-encoded Genes in the Expression of the Mitochondrial Genome written by Olga Zurita Rendón and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The main function of mitochondria is the generation of cellular energy through the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) pathway. Calcium homeostasis, apoptotic signaling, the citric acid and urea cycles, iron sulfur cluster, steroid and heme synthesis are other biosynthetic pathways that take place within mitochondria, making this organelle indispensable for the proper function of the cell. Mitochondrial disorders have an incidence of at least 1 in 5000 live births and they range from neonatal fatalities to late-onset neurodegeneration. Mammalian mitochondria have a circular genome reminiscent of their prokaryotic origins. It is organized into protein/DNA complexes called nucleoids, which are necessary for its stability, expression and segregation. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) encodes 13 subunits of the OXPHOS complexes I, III, IV and V, 22 tRNAs and two rRNAs.Complex I (NADH ubiquinone oxidoreductase) is the first complex of the OXPHOS pathway. It is responsible for the oxidization of NADH and for the pumping of protons from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space, in this way contributing to the formation of a proton gradient that is ultimately used to synthesize ATP. Complex I deficiency is the most common cause of mitochondrial disease in infants. Mutational analyses have identified defects in several of the structural components of the complex, however these mutations explain only 50% of the cases, implicating nuclear-encoded chaperones or assembly factors as an important cause of disease. In this study we demonstrate that complex I biogenesis is nucleated by an early subcomplex of 315 kDa containing at least the nuclear-encoded subunit NDUFS2 and the mtDNA-encoded subunit ND1. The assembly factors NDUFAF3, NDUFAF4, NDUFAF7, C8orf38 and, C20orf7 are necessary for the assembly and stabilization of the 315 kDa intermediate. By using RNAi technology to knock-down the expression of NDUFAF2, NDUFAF3, NDUFAF4, C8orf38, C20orf7 and, NDUFAF7 we demonstrate that early complex I assembly defects result in the proteolytic degradation of the ND1 subunit by the inner membrane protease m-AAA AFG3L2, in this manner regulating the latter steps of the assembly pathway. We performed an in depth functional characterization of the NDUFAF7 assembly factor and demonstrated that it is responsible for the symmetric dimethylation of Arg85 of the NDUFS2 subunit after it assembles into complex I, stabilizing an early assembly intermediate.We showed that the AAA+ LONP1 protease, which is part of the protein quality control system of the mitochondrial matrix, plays an essential role in the maintenance and expression of the mitochondrial genome. LONP1 depletion selectively impairs the degradation and processing of the mitochondrial targeting sequence of the nucleoid components, SSBP1 and MTERFD3, the RNA granule protein, FASTKD2 and, the matrix protease, CLPX. Likewise, LONP1 knock-down caused the accumulation of protein aggregates primarily containing soluble DNA/RNA Associated Proteins (DRAPs) and mitochondrial ribosomal structural subunits, which ultimately triggered mitophagy.This work contributes to our understanding of mitochondrial biogenesis by describing in detail the chaperone regulatory system involved in the early assembly steps of complex I and by demonstrating that the LONP1 protease is required in the degradation and processing of some of the key players involved in the expression of the mitochondrial genome." --
Author : Jorge Cruz-Reyes
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319781901
Total Pages : 255 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (197 download)
Download or read book RNA Metabolism in Mitochondria written by Jorge Cruz-Reyes and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-06-12 with total page 255 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume focuses on mitochondrial RNA metabolism, emphasizing recent discoveries and technological advances in this fast moving area that increase our understanding of mitochondrial gene function. Topics addressed include the interplay of mitochondria with the nucleus and cytosol, structure-function connections, and relevance to human disease. Mitochondria are the powerhouses of the cell, and a great deal is known about mitochondrial energy metabolism. Less well known is the plethora of amazing mechanisms that have evolved to control expression of mitochondrial genomes. Several RNA processes and machineries in protozoa, plants, flies and humans are discussed, including: transcription and RNA polymerase mechanism; tRNA processing of 5′ and 3′ ends; mRNA maturation by nucleotide insertion/deletion editing and by RNA splicing; mRNA stability; and RNA import. Specialized factors and ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) examined include pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) proteins, RNase P, polymerases, helicases, nucleases, editing and repair enzymes. Remarkable features of these processes and factors are either not found outside mitochondria, differ substantially among eukaryotic lineages, or are unique in biology.
Author : Ximena Garcia Arceo
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (139 download)
Download or read book Predicting, Measuring and Modulating Localization of Nuclear-Encoded Mitochondrial MRNAs written by Ximena Garcia Arceo and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mitochondria are organelles whose function, protein composition, size, and morphology are highly variable and regulated in response to nutrient availability and other environmental conditions. Their crucial role in metabolism involves the production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the energy currency of the cell, by the oxidative phosphorylation pathway. TEM studies observed ribosomes enriched at the mitochondrial surface, suggesting that mRNAs localize co-translationally. mRNA localization is a post transcriptional method for regulating gene expression in parallel with transcriptional methods. While mRNA localization is a way to control protein production or limit translation activity to specific cellular locations, the potential of mRNA localization as a strategy for altering the composition of mitochondrial proteins in different environmental conditions has not been explored. For brewer's yeast, 99% of mitochondrial proteins are encoded in the nuclear genome. To ensure mitochondrial function, nuclear-encoded proteins are imported into the mitochondria through mitochondrial translocases on the outer mitochondrial membrane. mRNA localization is implicated in mitochondrial protein homeostasis along two axes: it helps synchronize the nuclear and mitochondrial genome translation programs to ensure proper stoichiometry of nuclear- and mitochondrial-encoded proteins and it is required for initiating the co-translational import of highly hydrophobic nascent peptides that are vulnerable to aggregation and misfolding in the cytosol. While it is clear that mRNA localization is important for mitochondrial biogenesis and homeostasis, the mechanism of localization has not been fully elucidated for mRNAs that do not have known RNA-binding proteins partners that regulate their localization. More than 200 genes associate to the mitochondria after translating a 5' amphiphilic mitochondria targeting sequence (MTS) that can interact with translocation machinery only after the mRNA-ribosome complex has found the mitochondria through diffusive search. Additionally, the nascent peptides produced by co-translationally localized mRNAs bind to the chaperones Hsp70 (in brewer's yeast) and Hsp90 (in mammalian cells) that are implicated in the proper recognition of the preprotein by other components of translocation machinery. Based on our understanding of the MTS-driven mechanism of mRNA localization, I developed a mathematical model and stochastic simulation of translation, peptide signal maturation, and mRNA diffusion in cells of varying mitochondrial volume. After reproducing experimental observations of mRNA localization in diverse cellular states, including in fermentative versus respiratory metabolic conditions, we predicted that increasing translation duration would drive mRNA localization in vivo. However, quantitative microscopy in brewer's yeast reveals that ribosome stalls downstream of the MTS drive localization regardless of translation duration. This has given us new insights into the peptide signal maturation component of MTS-driven localization mechanism, and has been incorporated into the stochastic simulation as well as experimental design. The mechanism of mRNA localization is based on fundamental processes like translation and diffusion instead of relying on gene-specific or condition-specific regulatory factors. Therefore, we postulate that it is conserved to mammalian systems given the high degree of conservation of mammalian genes and peptide-binding chaperones. We find that our stochastic simulation of translation, peptide signal maturation, and mRNA diffusion can reproduce experimental observations of mRNA localization behaviors in brewer's yeast and mammalian cells, indicating that the biophysical mechanism of MTS-driven localization is conserved between eukaryotes. The combination of translation and diffusion kinetics is a novel mechanism for regulating mitochondrial gene expression post-transcriptionally across eukaryotes and adds to our understanding of mitochondrial homeostasis and mitochondrial biogenesis in shifting environmental conditions.
Author : William S. Allison
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (639 download)
Download or read book Mitochondrial Function written by William S. Allison and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Daniel H. Gonzalez
Publisher : Frontiers Media SA
ISBN 13 : 2889192784
Total Pages : 99 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (891 download)
Download or read book Biogenesis of the oxidative phosphorylation machinery in plants. From gene expression to complex assembly written by Daniel H. Gonzalez and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2014-09-10 with total page 99 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mitochondrial biogenesis is an extremely complex process. A hint of this complexity is clearly indicated by the many steps and factors required to assemble the respiratory complexes involved in oxidative phosphorylation. These steps include the expression of genes present in both the nucleus and the organelle, intricate post-transcriptional RNA processing events, the coordinated synthesis, transport and assembly of the different subunits, the synthesis and assembly of co-factors and, finally, the formation of supercomplexes or respirasomes. It can be envisaged, and current knowledge supports this view, that plants have evolved specific mechanisms for the biogenesis of respiratory complexes. For example, expression of the mitochondrial genome in plants has special features, not present in other groups of eukaryotes. Moreover, plant mitochondrial biogenesis and function should be considered in the context of the presence of the chloroplast, a second organelle involved in energetic and redox metabolism. It implies the necessity to discriminate between proteins destined for each organelle and requires the establishment of functional interconnections between photosynthesis and respiration. In recent years, our knowledge of the mechanisms involved in these different processes in plants has considerably increased. As a result, the many events and factors necessary for the correct expression of proteins encoded in the mitochondrial genome, the cis acting elements and factors responsible for the expression of nuclear genes encoding respiratory chain components, the signals and mechanisms involved in the import of proteins synthesized in the cytosol and the many factors required for the synthesis and assembly of the different redox co-factors (heme groups, iron-sulfur clusters, copper centers) are beginning to be recognized at the molecular level. However, detailed knowledge of these processes is still not complete and, especially, little is known about how these processes are interconnected. Questions such as how the proteins, once synthesized in the mitochondrial matrix, are inserted into the membrane and assembled with other components, including those imported from the cytosol, how the expression of both genomes is coordinated and responds to changes in mitochondrial function, cellular requirements or environmental cues, or which factors and conditions influence the assembly of complexes and supercomplexes are still open and will receive much attention in the near future. This Research Topic is aimed at establishing a collection of articles that focus on the different processes involved in the biogenesis of respiratory complexes in plants as a means to highlight recent advances. In this way, it intends to help to construct a picture of the whole process and, not less important, to expose the existing gaps that need to be addressed to fully understand how plant cells build and modulate the complex structures involved in respiration.
Author : Lawrence H. Lash
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 1483218619
Total Pages : 527 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (832 download)
Download or read book Mitochondrial Dysfunction written by Lawrence H. Lash and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2013-10-22 with total page 527 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Methods in Toxicology, Volume 2: Mitochondrial Dysfunction provides a source of methods, techniques, and experimental approaches for studying the role of abnormal mitochondrial function in cell injury. The book discusses the methods for the preparation and basic functional assessment of mitochondria from liver, kidney, muscle, and brain; the methods for assessing mitochondrial dysfunction in vivo and in intact organs; and the structural aspects of mitochondrial dysfunction are addressed. The text also describes chemical detoxification and metabolism as well as specific metabolic reactions that are especially important targets or indicators of damage. The methods for measurement of alterations in fatty acid and phospholipid metabolism and for the analysis and manipulation of oxidative injury and antioxidant systems are also considered. The book further tackles additional methods on mitochondrial energetics and transport processes; approaches for assessing impaired function of mitochondria; and genetic and developmental aspects of mitochondrial disease and toxicology. The text also looks into mitochondrial DNA synthesis, covalent binding to mitochondrial DNA, DNA repair, and mitochondrial dysfunction in the context of developing individuals and cellular differentiation. Microbiologists, toxicologists, biochemists, and molecular pharmacologists will find the book invaluable.
Author :
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0123944422
Total Pages : 485 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (239 download)
Download or read book Mitochondrial Genome Evolution written by and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2012-11-27 with total page 485 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Advances in Botanical Research publishes in-depth and up-to-date reviews on a wide range of topics in plant sciences. Features a wide range of reviews by recognized experts on all aspects of plant genetics, biochemistry, cell biology, molecular biology, physiology and ecology. This thematic volume features reviews on Mitochondrial genome evolution. Publishes in-depth and up-to-date reviews on a wide range of topics in plant sciences Features a wide range of reviews by recognized experts on all aspects of plant genetics, biochemistry, cell biology, molecular biology, physiology and ecology This thematic volume features reviews on mitochondrial genome evolution
Author : Patrick F. Chinnery
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 0521132983
Total Pages : 229 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (211 download)
Download or read book Clinical Mitochondrial Medicine written by Patrick F. Chinnery and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2018-05-17 with total page 229 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This interactive clinical textbook takes a system- and case-based approach in understanding mitochondrial disorders in clinical practice.
Author : Ronggui Li
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9789171538215
Total Pages : 62 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (382 download)
Download or read book Transcriptional Regulation of Some Nuclear Encoded Mitochondrial Genes written by Ronggui Li and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 62 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Robert A. Meyers
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 3527668624
Total Pages : 1259 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (276 download)
Download or read book Epigenetic Regulation and Epigenomics written by Robert A. Meyers and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2012-10-02 with total page 1259 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Epigenetics is a term in biology referring to heritable traits that do not involve changes in the underlying DNA sequence of the organism. Epigenetic traits exist on top of or in addition to the traditional molecular basis for inheritance. The "epigenome" is a parallel to the word "genome," and refers to the overall epigenetic state of a cell. Cancer and stem cell research have gradually focused attention on these genome modifications. The molecular basis of epigenetics involves modifications to DNA and the chromatin proteins that associate with it. Methylation, for example, can silence a nearby gene and seems to be involved in some cancers. Epigenetics is beginning to form and take shape as a new scientific discipline, which will have a major impact on Medicine and essentially all fields of biology. Increasingly, researchers are unearthing links between epigenetics and a number of diseases. Although in recent years cancer has been the main focus of epigenetics, recent data suggests that epigenetic plays a critical role in psychology and psychopathology. It is being realized that normal behaviors such as maternal care and pathologies such as Schizophrenia and Alzheimer's might have an epigenetic basis. It is also becoming clear that nutrition and life experiences have epigenetic consequences. Discover more online content in the Encyclopedia of Molecular Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine.
