Facial Flaps Surgery

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Facial Flaps Surgery

Author : Glenn Goldman
Publisher : McGraw Hill Professional
ISBN 13 : 0071756027
Total Pages : 464 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (717 download)

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Book Synopsis Facial Flaps Surgery by : Glenn Goldman

Download or read book Facial Flaps Surgery written by Glenn Goldman and published by McGraw Hill Professional. This book was released on 2012-11-05 with total page 464 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A unique combination text and atlas gives you expert guidance on facial reconstruction DVD with video of 35 procedures Facial Flap Surgery delivers ready-to-use insights making surgical protocols more accessible than ever. Combining a text and atlas, this two-in-one resource also features an all-inclusive, yet streamlined presentation that is packed with hundreds of photographs and drawings that take you step by step through every procedure. Facial Flap Surgery begins with an incisive review of the bioanatomy and mechanics of tissue movement, highlighting how to mobilize soft tissue to reconstruct cutaneous operative wounds. Next is an unsurpassed overview of all flap types, including some never published before: from advancement flaps to rotation and banner flaps. Another section examines the repair of specific facial features, including the nose, ear, lip, and temple. Last, complications such as hematomas and flap failure are covered, helping you achieve the best possible outcomes. FEATURES Illuminates the biomechanical properties and need-to-know subtypes of each flap category An atlas of real-life cases that aids you in determining which type of flap will provide optimal surgical outcomes for any patient In-depth chapters explain how to effectively utilize each of the flaps in surgeries for specific facial regions Companion DVD filled with 35 video clips offers an unmatched tutorial that takes you through the preparation and successful use of facial flaps in multiple facial regions

Local Flaps in Facial Reconstruction

Author : Shan R. Baker
Publisher : Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN 13 : 0323262058
Total Pages : 802 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (232 download)

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Book Synopsis Local Flaps in Facial Reconstruction by : Shan R. Baker

Download or read book Local Flaps in Facial Reconstruction written by Shan R. Baker and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2014-04-15 with total page 802 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Local Flaps in Facial Reconstruction brings you the detailed visual guidance and unmatched expertise you need to achieve the best results for the full range of facial flap procedures. Full-color clinical photographs and line drawings—along with high-quality surgical video clips—capture the latest facial reconstruction practices and effective methods like reconstruction of skin defects on the head and neck following tumor removal or trauma. Perspectives from facial plastic surgeons, dermatologists, ophthalmologists, and otolaryngologists help you take all of these considerations into account in treatment planning. Consult this title on your favorite e-reader, conduct rapid searches, and adjust font sizes for optimal readability. Make the most effective clinical decisions with a better understanding of the anatomy, physiology, and biomechanics of the skin Understand skin flap anatomy and physiology—vital to the performance of successful local flap reconstruction for facial defects. Implement the latest techniques with updated coverage of new wound closure techniques and materials (including glues and adhesives), scar revision, complications, and vascular abnormalities. Watch clips of key surgical procedures, including reconstructive surgery of the nose and lip. Avoid pitfalls and achieve the best outcomes thanks to a step-by-step approach to each procedure, complete with tips and tricks of the trade from leading experts. Minimize flap ischemia and other complications with proper preoperative planning and surgical techniques. Visualize what to look for and how to proceed with high-quality illustrations of rotation flaps, transposition flaps, advancement flaps, bilobe flaps, melolabial flaps, paramedian forehead flaps, and rhombic flaps. Access the full text, image collection, and video clips online at Expert Consult.

Flaps and Grafts in Dermatologic Surgery E-Book

Author : Thomas E. Rohrer
Publisher : Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN 13 : 032349756X
Total Pages : 288 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (234 download)

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Book Synopsis Flaps and Grafts in Dermatologic Surgery E-Book by : Thomas E. Rohrer

Download or read book Flaps and Grafts in Dermatologic Surgery E-Book written by Thomas E. Rohrer and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2017-08-30 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Achieve optimal results in reconstructive surgery involving flaps and grafts with this up-to-date reference written by leading dermatologic surgeons. Using a systematic approach, Flaps and Grafts in Dermatologic Surgery, Second Edition, by Drs. Thomas E. Rohrer, Jonathan L. Cook, and Andrew J. Kaufman, offers practical, easily accessible guidance in this challenging area, including anatomical considerations, the delicate nature of tissue movement, principles of aesthetic surgical closures, relevant tissue biomechanics, and much more. Covering everything from the basic linear and arciform closures, to the more challenging V-Y advancement flaps, and complex staged interpolation flaps, this text clearly presents not just the "how to do it" but more importantly the thought processes behind the selection and execution of each reconstructive procedure. Describes which flap or graft to choose in specific clinical situations, how to execute each repair (with a multitude of images and diagrams), and how to minimize the risks as well as manage potential complications. Provides algorithms to assist with flap and graft choices, as well as hundreds of superb full-color illustrations throughout. Includes an all-new chapter on Surgical Complications and Scar Revisions. Includes access to high-quality videos showing exactly how the flap/graft is incised, moved, and sutured. New videos include the Rhomboid Transposition Flap for Defect on the Lower Lid, the Island Pedicle Flap with Canthal Suspension, and the Primary Lid Repair with Diagonal Tarsal Suture Sine Marginal Sutures.

Local Flaps in Facial Reconstruction E-Book

Author : Shan R. Baker
Publisher : Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN 13 : 0323696732
Total Pages : 845 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (236 download)

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Book Synopsis Local Flaps in Facial Reconstruction E-Book by : Shan R. Baker

Download or read book Local Flaps in Facial Reconstruction E-Book written by Shan R. Baker and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2021-04-03 with total page 845 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: New clinical cases, enlarged photographs, new abstracts and algorithms, and more make the 4th Edition of Local Flaps in Facial Reconstruction your state-of-the-art resource for achieving optimal results for the full range of facial flap procedures. It offers detailed visual guidance and unmatched expertise from prominent surgeons in facial plastic surgery, ophthalmology, and dermatology, reflecting the multi-specialty nature of this dynamic field. Full-color clinical photographs and line drawings, along with high-quality surgical video clips, capture the latest, most effective facial reconstruction practices and methods. Clearly demonstrates practical and effective methods of reconstruction of skin defects in a variety of sizes, configurations, and locations on the head and neck. Covers the basic concepts of flap physiology, design, and mechanics of flap transfer, including multiple clinical examples for each flap; the second section describes the use of local flaps in reconstruction of individual facial structures including the auricles, lips, eyelids, cheeks, forehead, and nose. Contains many new clinical cases, new abstracts preceding each chapter, new algorithms for selecting the preferred local flap, an updated and expanded bibliography, newer approaches to facial reconstruction, and enlarged photographs to better view flap design, planes of dissection, and methods of flap transfer. Offers new, more complex clinical cases of nasal reconstruction, as well as updated coverage of new wound closure techniques and materials. Includes an outstanding video library demonstrating the design, dissection, and transfer of the majority of local flaps and grafts currently in use today, accompanied by expert commentary. Features more than 2,300 superb illustrations and photographs of rotation flaps, transposition flaps, advancement flaps, bilobe flaps, melolabial flaps, paramedian forehead flaps, rhombic flaps, and mucosal flaps.

Flaps and Reconstructive Surgery E-Book

Author : Fu-Chan Wei
Publisher : Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN 13 : 0323260705
Total Pages : 828 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (232 download)

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Book Synopsis Flaps and Reconstructive Surgery E-Book by : Fu-Chan Wei

Download or read book Flaps and Reconstructive Surgery E-Book written by Fu-Chan Wei and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2016-08-26 with total page 828 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With coverage of nearly twice the number of flaps as the previous edition, Flaps and Reconstructive Surgery, 2nd Edition provides trainees and practicing surgeons alike with the detailed, expert knowledge required to ensure optimal outcomes. It includes chapters and expert commentaries from more than 100 authors and world-renowned leaders in the field, while brand-new cases and high-quality illustrations focused on flap harvest, markings, and reconstruction keep you abreast of today's latest developments. Includes high-quality illustrations of regional anatomy, flap anatomy, and step-by-step flap dissections, as well as clear photographs demonstrating successful reconstructions. Detailed case studies illustrate how to optimize every aspect of care for the reconstructive surgery patient, including the postoperative period and long-term follow-up. Brand-new section on reconstruction takes an algorithmic approach to the reconstruction of defects around the body. Features chapters covering the entire spectrum of reconstructive surgery, including head and neck reconstruction, chest wall reconstruction, abdominal wall, upper and lower extremity, and facial reanimation. Content focuses on both local and free flaps. New section on reconstructive transplant surgery highlights major topics such as face and hand transplantations, abdominal wall transplantation, uterus transplantation, and nerve allotransplantation.

Skin Flaps in Facial Surgery

Author : Daniel Buchen
Publisher : McGraw-Hill Education / Medical
ISBN 13 : 9780071459433
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (594 download)

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Book Synopsis Skin Flaps in Facial Surgery by : Daniel Buchen

Download or read book Skin Flaps in Facial Surgery written by Daniel Buchen and published by McGraw-Hill Education / Medical. This book was released on 2006-12-25 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Publisher's Note: Products purchased from Third Party sellers are not guaranteed by the publisher for quality, authenticity, or access to any online entitlements included with the product. Sharpen your facial surgery skills--by mastering the design and execution of flaps This practical, all-encompassing sourcebook demystifies the planning and execution of flaps for anyone performing facial surgery. Written by leading facial surgery experts, the book starts with an introductory chapter that highlights the basic principles common to all flaps. Next, you'll get an in-depth look at flap physiology and random flap patterns, such as advancement and rotation flaps; split- and full-thickness grafts; the repair of eyelids, ears, and lips; the replacement of nasal lining and support; and free flaps. The high-yield coverage features multiple options for any procedure, and is supported by a quick-access format that features lines and arrows superimposed on full-color patient photos--a convenient tool that helps you visualize the design and movement of flaps. Features A step-by-step, technique-driven presentation that deepens your understanding of facial surgery involving flaps A skill-building presentation of multiple close options--including the pros and cons of each A graphic outline of each flap, accompanied by patient photos that include superimposed lines and arrows showing how the flap is designed Highly instructive, up-to-date chapters on random pattern flaps: advancement, rotation, transposition, and interpolation flaps Important coverage of split- and full-thickness grafts Unique single-chapter coverage of retracted eyelid repair and ectropion Approximately 500 full-color photographs throughout And much more!

Facial Reconstruction with Local and Regional Flaps

Author : Ferdinand F. Becker
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 240 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Facial Reconstruction with Local and Regional Flaps by : Ferdinand F. Becker

Download or read book Facial Reconstruction with Local and Regional Flaps written by Ferdinand F. Becker and published by . This book was released on 1985 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Local Flaps in Facial Reconstruction

Author : Velupillai Ilankovan
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3031494644
Total Pages : 506 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (314 download)

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Book Synopsis Local Flaps in Facial Reconstruction by : Velupillai Ilankovan

Download or read book Local Flaps in Facial Reconstruction written by Velupillai Ilankovan and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on with total page 506 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Cutaneous Flaps in Head and Neck Reconstruction

Author : Vasilios K. Thomaidis
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3642412548
Total Pages : 396 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (424 download)

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Book Synopsis Cutaneous Flaps in Head and Neck Reconstruction by : Vasilios K. Thomaidis

Download or read book Cutaneous Flaps in Head and Neck Reconstruction written by Vasilios K. Thomaidis and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-05-21 with total page 396 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This textbook, containing a plethora of illustrations and pictures, will serve as an atlas and as a superb guide to the use of cutaneous flaps in head and neck reconstruction. Each chapter depicts, in a layered manner, the anatomy of a particular donor site from which flaps are derived and used in head and neck defects, providing systematic steps in understanding the topographical anatomy of the various tissue layers. The flaps derived from each donor site are presented in detail, with step-by-step instructions in flap design and harvesting techniques based in anatomy. The author uses numerous high-quality color illustrations drawn from his own practice in order to demonstrate the techniques. His combined expertise as a maxillofacial surgeon and an assistant professor of anatomy enables him to explain clearly the transition from basic science anatomy to applied anatomy and to document reconstructive surgical techniques in precise detail. This beautifully illustrated book, including many basic and advanced flap designs, will be an illuminating reference for all who treat defects in the head and neck area.

Skin Flaps

Author : William C. Grabb
Publisher : Little, Brown Medical Division
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 584 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Skin Flaps by : William C. Grabb

Download or read book Skin Flaps written by William C. Grabb and published by Little, Brown Medical Division. This book was released on 1975 with total page 584 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Simply Local Flaps

Author : Michael F. Klaassen
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319594001
Total Pages : 207 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (195 download)

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Book Synopsis Simply Local Flaps by : Michael F. Klaassen

Download or read book Simply Local Flaps written by Michael F. Klaassen and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-02-26 with total page 207 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a useful framework for categorizing local flaps on the basis of their composition, blood supply, geometry and means of transfer. The initial chapters are dedicated to the fundamentals – the basic procedures, how to get started, and technical tips – as well as advice on wound care and scar management. These practical pointers are essential for students of plastic surgery, while also offering helpful refreshers for experienced practitioners. The subsequent chapters describe the types of flaps that are traditionally taught and the 10 most common flaps. There is also a practical guide to W-plasty, Z-plasty and their various modifications, which can be applied to both scar revision and the closure of the donor sites. The book also discusses the Keystone Perforator Island Flap (KPIF) and its application to various body sites, offering elegant solutions to some very tricky situations. In turn, the book’s final chapters are focused on assessment, decision-making an d lessons learned – essentially, how to decide if a skin graft is the better choice, matters relating to aesthetics, and dealing with complications. Rather than demonstrate exactly how to execute flaps, the book’s primary goal is to inspire students and trainees to think about the reconstructive problem, consider all patient-related and anatomical factors, and accurately recognize what can feasibly be achieved.

Flaps in Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery

Author : John van Aalst
Publisher : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
ISBN 13 : 1975142187
Total Pages : 2630 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (751 download)

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Book Synopsis Flaps in Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery by : John van Aalst

Download or read book Flaps in Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery written by John van Aalst and published by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. This book was released on 2019-05-01 with total page 2630 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Part of the best-selling Operative Techniques series, Operative Techniques in Plastic Surgery provides superbly illustrated, authoritative guidance on operative techniques along with a thorough understanding of how to select the best procedure, how to avoid complications and what outcomes to expect. This stand-alone book offers focused, easy-to-follow coverage of flaps for all anatomic regions, taken directly from the larger text. It covers nearly all flap techniques hat are in current use, and is ideal for residents and physicians in daily practice.

Atlas of Small Animal Wound Management and Reconstructive Surgery

Author : Michael M. Pavletic
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119949475
Total Pages : 727 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (199 download)

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Book Synopsis Atlas of Small Animal Wound Management and Reconstructive Surgery by : Michael M. Pavletic

Download or read book Atlas of Small Animal Wound Management and Reconstructive Surgery written by Michael M. Pavletic and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2011-11-16 with total page 727 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Atlas of Small Animal Wound Management and Reconstructive Surgery, Third Edition is a full-color atlas that maintains the surgical focus of earlier editions while now presenting essential information on basic principles of wound healing, wound management, and common wound complications. The new edition presents a wider variety of topics including skin fold disorders, urogenital surgery, new flap techniques, and an expanded chapter on facial reconstruction. It also features 40 new plate illustrations, new sections on bandage and splint techniques, and significant updates on wound healing physiology, equipment, and dressing materials.

Nasal Reconstruction

Author : Frederick J. Menick
Publisher : Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN 13 : 0702030082
Total Pages : 789 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (2 download)

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Book Synopsis Nasal Reconstruction by : Frederick J. Menick

Download or read book Nasal Reconstruction written by Frederick J. Menick and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2009 with total page 789 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A nasal reconstruction authority shows you how to obtain the best outcomes and repair unsatisfactory results from former surgeries. In addition to presenting the latest principles and techniques, this new resource also examines evolving concepts and methods, keeping you at the forefront of today's practice. The book emphasizes the restoration of nasal defects-from simple to complex-and achieving normal appearance and function. Comprehensive coverage of all nasal injuries and available surgical methods-both cutting edge as well as older, established approaches-help you choose the best approach for each patient and situation. Full-color clinical photos offer real-life clinical views of conditions and step-by-step surgical results, and a bonus DVD-featuring operative clips-shows techniques in action as well as providing hints and tips for obtaining optimal surgical outcomes. Offers detailed coverage of the principles of nasal reconstruction and application of the aesthetic principles as they apply to the whole face. Discusses design, planning, technique, and pitfalls to avoid for the full range of nasal reconstruction for complete surgical management guidance. Covers the latest topics in reconstruction including three-stage forehead flap . repair of the cocaine nose . advances in the use of free flaps for lining . forehead skin graft . microvascular reconstruction of the nose and face . and revision surgery to equip you to meet a wide range of surgical needs. Features guidance on reconstruction of nasal defects due to cancer, trauma, infection, congential deformity, drug abuse, and collagen vascular disease. Provides expert advice on revision surgery-as well as refinement/touch-up procedures-to effectively handle a previously repaired nose. Includes a DVD with 90 minutes of surgical footage-including cases with a complete 2 stage and a 3 stage folded forehead flap-as well as hints and tips for obtaining optimal surgical outcomes.

Mohs Micrographic Surgery

Author : Stephen N. Snow
Publisher : Univ of Wisconsin Press
ISBN 13 : 9780299204709
Total Pages : 464 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (47 download)

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Book Synopsis Mohs Micrographic Surgery by : Stephen N. Snow

Download or read book Mohs Micrographic Surgery written by Stephen N. Snow and published by Univ of Wisconsin Press. This book was released on 2004 with total page 464 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mohs Micrographic Surgery, an advanced treatment procedure for skin cancer, offers the highest potential for recovery--even if the skin cancer has been previously treated. This procedure is a state-of-the-art treatment in which the physician serves as surgeon, pathologist, and reconstructive surgeon. It relies on the accuracy of a microscope to trace and ensure removal of skin cancer down to its roots. This procedure allows dermatologists trained in Mohs Surgery to see beyond the visible disease and to precisely identify and remove the entire tumor, leaving healthy tissue unharmed. This procedure is most often used in treating two of the most common forms of skin cancer: basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. The cure rate for Mohs Micrographic Surgery is the highest of all treatments for skin cancer--up to 99 percent even if other forms of treatment have failed. This procedure, the most exact and precise method of tumor removal, minimizes the chance of regrowth and lessens the potential for scarring or disfigurement

Flaps and Grafts in Dermatologic Surgery E-Book

Author : Thomas E. Rohrer
Publisher : Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN 13 : 1437720722
Total Pages : 257 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (377 download)

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Book Synopsis Flaps and Grafts in Dermatologic Surgery E-Book by : Thomas E. Rohrer

Download or read book Flaps and Grafts in Dermatologic Surgery E-Book written by Thomas E. Rohrer and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2009-01-14 with total page 257 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Authored by experts in the field, this brand-new reference presents a systematic approach to which flap or graft to use in which clinical situation and how to cut and move the skin. More than 350 full-color photographs and line drawings offer you step-by-step guidance and demonstrates reconstructive procedures, including cutting, positioning, and suturing of flaps and grafts. Includes numerous reconstructive options for each specific region of the face, and explains why one may be better than another in a given situation. Features several chapters on the use of flaps and grafts in facial reconstruction and describes the finer points of their design, execution, and application. Discusses complications and pitfalls and how to avoid them. Devotes an entire chapter to facial anatomy with an emphasis on practical landmarks and danger areas. Uses a consistent format throughout for ease of reference.

Local Flaps in Head and Neck Reconstruction

Author : Ian T. Jackson
Publisher : Thieme
ISBN 13 : 1626239347
Total Pages : 911 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (262 download)

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Book Synopsis Local Flaps in Head and Neck Reconstruction by : Ian T. Jackson

Download or read book Local Flaps in Head and Neck Reconstruction written by Ian T. Jackson and published by Thieme. This book was released on 2007-06-30 with total page 911 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is truly a classic, beloved by plastic surgeons throughout the world. Its strength lies in its simple, elegant approach to solving common reconstructive problems encountered by plastic surgeons at all levels of training. Its appeal transcends specialty interests, with aesthetic and reconstructive surgeons alike finding this book to be an invaluable resource for daily practice. Its comprehensive coverage makes it an essential addition to any surgeon's library. Totally revised and updated with color throughout, this new edition has been totally revised and updated with over 150 additional pages, two new chapters, and numerous new cases, flaps, and problems. Additionally, there are color illustrations, summary tables highlighting the best flaps for various clinical situations, annotated bibliographies, and much, much more. Throughout these pages, the reader benefits from Dr. Jackson's enormous experience and wisdom as he makes note of special tips, critical maneuvers, and important principles that warrant emphasis. Each flap is accompanied by a description of potential problems, and each anatomic area for reconstruction ends with a technique of choice so that the reader can understand the decision-making process that is involved in flap selection. The book begins with a chapter on basic principles, which reviews the important oncologic concerns that must precede any reconstructive-surgery procedure. Principles of tissue movement and flap design are accompanied by drawings that aid the reader in planning. The next seven chapters address each anatomic region. Alternate methods for closing defects in each region are presented. Both simple and complex solutions are detailed. Each reconstructive option is presented in great detail with operative photos as well as beautiful illustrations to depict flap design, elevation, and closure, and to more clearly explicate complex flap reconstructions for difficult problems. Common mistakes and the limitations of each flap are clearly delineated. Chapters on each anatomic region conclude with new summary tables that help the reader quickly identify the best reconstructive options for specific problems. Two Totally New Chapters The final two chapters are new to this edition-Tissue Expansion and Problems and Complication. The chapter on tissue expansion fully details the advantages to be gained from tissue expansion and the applications in each area of the head and neck when local flaps are planned. The Problems and Complications chapter covers common problems encountered in head and neck reconstruction as well as avoidance and treatment of complications should they occur. It concludes with a section on tricks and innovations, which discusses diverse topics such as the use of scarlet red for wound healing, the aesthetic repair of torn earlobes, and the repair of cocaine-induced palatal fistula. There is clearly a wealth of information and much to be learned and applied by surgeons at all levels of expertise.