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External Radiation Levels On Bikini Atoll
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Book Synopsis External Radiation Levels on Bikini Atoll by : Harold L. Beck
Download or read book External Radiation Levels on Bikini Atoll written by Harold L. Beck and published by . This book was released on 1967 with total page 104 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The large amount and consistency of the data indicate that a reliable and comprehensive picture has been obtained of the external gamma radiation environment of the atoll.
Book Synopsis External Exposure Measurements at Bikini Atoll by :
Download or read book External Exposure Measurements at Bikini Atoll written by and published by . This book was released on 1979 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: External exposure rate surveys from 1975 to 1977 on the islands Nam, Eneu and Bikini of Bikini Atoll gave average external exposure rates of 24, 5.7, and 32 .mu. R/hr respectively. The exposure rate on Eneu Island is uniform, whereas those on Bikini and Nam range from 7.0 to 80. .mu. R/hr. Based on an assumed living pattern at Bikini Island, the adult male Bikinian is estimated to be in the presence of an external radiation field corresponding to 16 .mu. R/hr due to debris and fallout from the 1954 BRAVO incident. This corresponds to a 30 year dose equivalent of 2.8 rem.
Book Synopsis Radiological Conditions at Bikini Atoll by : International Atomic Energy Agency
Download or read book Radiological Conditions at Bikini Atoll written by International Atomic Energy Agency and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 82 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The general concern about the state of the environment has focused the attention of many countries in recent years on the need to remediate areas affected by radioactive residues. The present assessment was requested by the Government of the Republic of the Marshall Islands, with the purpose of obtaining an independent view of the radiological situation on Bikini Atoll, the site of nuclear weapons testing in the period 1946 -1958. In particular, questions were posed about whether the former inhabitants should be permitted to return to their homes and about the nature and extent of any remedial actions which might be necessary. This report presents the results and conclusions of a meeting of international experts convened by the IAEA and chaired by K. Lokan, Australia, in December 1995 to review the available information on the subject.
Book Synopsis Assessment of the Scientific Information for the Radiation Exposure Screening and Education Program by : National Research Council
Download or read book Assessment of the Scientific Information for the Radiation Exposure Screening and Education Program written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2005-10-01 with total page 431 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Radiation Exposure Compensation Act (RECA) was set up by Congress in 1990 to compensate people who have been diagnosed with specified cancers and chronic diseases that could have resulted from exposure to nuclear-weapons tests at various U.S. test sites. Eligible claimants include civilian onsite participants, downwinders who lived in areas currently designated by RECA, and uranium workers and ore transporters who meet specified residence or exposure criteria. The Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), which oversees the screening, education, and referral services program for RECA populations, asked the National Academies to review its program and assess whether new scientific information could be used to improve its program and determine if additional populations or geographic areas should be covered under RECA. The report recommends Congress should establish a new science-based process using a method called "probability of causation/assigned share" (PC/AS) to determine eligibility for compensation. Because fallout may have been higher for people outside RECA-designated areas, the new PC/AS process should apply to all residents of the continental US, Alaska, Hawaii, and overseas US territories who have been diagnosed with specific RECA-compensable diseases and who may have been exposed, even in utero, to radiation from U.S. nuclear-weapons testing fallout. However, because the risks of radiation-induced disease are generally low at the exposure levels of concern in RECA populations, in most cases it is unlikely that exposure to radioactive fallout was a substantial contributing cause of cancer.
Book Synopsis External exposure measurements at Bikini Atoll by : N. A. Greenhouse
Download or read book External exposure measurements at Bikini Atoll written by N. A. Greenhouse and published by . This book was released on 1979 with total page 24 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: External exposure rate surveys from 1975 to 1977 on the islands Nam, Eneu and Bikini of Bikini Atoll gave average external exposure rates of 24, 5.7, and 32 [micro]R/hr respectively. The exposure rate on Eneu Island is uniform, whereas those on Bikini and Nam range from 7.0 to 80. [micro]R/hr. Based on an assumed living pattern at Bikini Island, the adult male Bikinian is estimated to be in the presence of an external radiation field corresponding to [micro]R/hr due to debris and fallout from the 1954 BRAVO incident. This corresponds to a 30 year dose equivalent of 2.8 rem.
Book Synopsis Survey of Radioactivity in the Sea Near Bikini and Eniwetok Atolls by : Lauren Russell Donaldson
Download or read book Survey of Radioactivity in the Sea Near Bikini and Eniwetok Atolls written by Lauren Russell Donaldson and published by . This book was released on 1956 with total page 58 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Radiation Doses for Marshall Islands Atolls Affected by U.S. Nuclear Testing by :
Download or read book Radiation Doses for Marshall Islands Atolls Affected by U.S. Nuclear Testing written by and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 33 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The United States conducted 24 nuclear tests at Bikini Atoll with a total yield of 76.8 Megatons (MT). The Castle series produced about 60% of this total and included the Bravo test that was the primary source of contamination of Bikini Island and Rongelap and Utrok Atolls. One of three aerial drops missed the atoll and the second test of the Crossroads series, the Baker test, was an underwater detonation. Of the rest, 17 were on barges on water and 3 were on platforms on an island; they produced most of the contamination of islands at the atoll. There were 42 tests conducted at Enewetak Atoll with a total yield of 31.7 MT (Simon and Robison, 1997; UNSCEAR, 2000). Of these tests, 18 were on a barge over wateror reef, 7 were surface shots, 2 aerial drops, 2 under water detonations, and 13 tower shots on either land or reef. All produced some contamination of various atoll islands. Rongelap Atoll received radioactive fallout as a result of the Bravo test on March 1, 1954 that was part of the Castle series of tests. This deposition was the result of the Bravo test producing a yield of 15 MT, about a factor of three to four greater than the predicted yield that resulted in vaporization of more coral reef and island than expected and in the debris-cloud reaching a much higher altitude than anticipated. High-altitude winds were to the east at the time of detonation and carried the debris-cloud toward Rongelap Atoll. Utrok Atoll also received fallout from the Bravo test but at much lower air and ground-level concentrations than at Rongelap atoll. Other atolls received Bravo fallout at levels below that of Utrok [other common spellings of this island and atoll (Simon, et al., 2009)]. To avoid confusion in reading other literature, this atoll and island are spelled in a variety of ways (Utrik, Utirik, Uterik or Utrok). Dose assessments for Bikini Island at Bikini Atoll (Robison et al., 1997), Enjebi Island at Enewetak Atoll (Robison et al., 1987), Rongelap Island at Rongelap Atoll (Robison et al., 1994; Simon et al., 1997), and Utrok Island at Utrok Atoll (Robison, et al., 1999) indicate that about 95-99% of the total estimated dose to people who may return to live at the atolls today (Utrok Island is populated) is the result of exposure to 137Cs. External gamma exposure from 137Cs in the soil accounts for about 10 to 15% of the total dose and 137Cs ingested during consumption of local food crops such as drinking coconut meat and fluid (Cocos nucifera L.), copra meat and milk, Pandanus fruit, and breadfruit accounts for about 85 to 90%. The other 1 to 2% of the estimated dose is from 9°Sr, {sup 239+240}Pu, and 241Am. The 9°Sr exposure is primarily through the food chain while the exposure to {sup 239+240}Pu, and 241Am is primarily via the inhalation pathway as a result of breathing re-suspended soil particles.
Book Synopsis Mortality of Veteran Participants in the CROSSROADS Nuclear Test by : Institute of Medicine
Download or read book Mortality of Veteran Participants in the CROSSROADS Nuclear Test written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1996-11-11 with total page 159 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 1946, approximately 40,000 U.S. military personnel participated in Operation CROSSROADS, an atmospheric nuclear test that took place at Bikini Atoll in the Marshall Islands. Congress passed a law directing the Veterans Administration to determine whether there were any long-term adverse health effects associated with exposure to ionizing radiation from the detonation of nuclear devices. This book contains the results of an extensive epidemiological study of the mortality of participants compared with a similar group of nonparticipants. Topics of discussion include a breakdown of the study rationale; an overview of other studies of veteran participants in nuclear tests; and descriptions of Operation CROSSROADS, data sources for the study, participant and comparison cohorts, exposure details, mortality ascertainment, and findings and conclusions.
Book Synopsis Radioactive Contamination of Certain Areas in the Pacific Ocean from Nuclear Tests by : Gordon M Dunning
Download or read book Radioactive Contamination of Certain Areas in the Pacific Ocean from Nuclear Tests written by Gordon M Dunning and published by . This book was released on 1957 with total page 92 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis External Dose Estimates for Future Bikini Atoll Inhabitants by : Paul H. Gudiksen
Download or read book External Dose Estimates for Future Bikini Atoll Inhabitants written by Paul H. Gudiksen and published by . This book was released on 1976 with total page 64 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author :United States. Congress. House. Committee on Natural Resources. Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations Publisher : ISBN 13 : Total Pages :508 pages Book Rating :4.0/5 ( download)
Book Synopsis Radiation Exposure from Pacific Nuclear Tests by : United States. Congress. House. Committee on Natural Resources. Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations
Download or read book Radiation Exposure from Pacific Nuclear Tests written by United States. Congress. House. Committee on Natural Resources. Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 508 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Nuclear Test Environment by : Ostenfosh Burnns
Download or read book Nuclear Test Environment written by Ostenfosh Burnns and published by . This book was released on 2017-11-20 with total page 150 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nuclear test Environment. Marshall Islands: Bikini Atoll, Enewetak Atoll, Rongelap Atoll, Utrōk Atoll. The United States Department of Energy has recently implemented a series of strategic initiatives to address long-term radiological surveillance needs at former U.S. nuclear test sites in the Marshall Islands. The plan is to engage local atoll communities in developing shared responsibilities for implementing radiation surveillance monitoring programs for resettled and resettling populations in the northern Marshall Islands.
Book Synopsis Distribution and Administration of Potassium Iodide in the Event of a Nuclear Incident by : National Research Council
Download or read book Distribution and Administration of Potassium Iodide in the Event of a Nuclear Incident written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2003-12-17 with total page 262 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Radioactive iodines are produced during the operation of nuclear power plants and during the detonation of nuclear weapons. In the event of a radiation incident, radioiodine is one of the contaminants that could be released into the environment. Exposure to radioiodine can lead to radiation injury to the thyroid, including thyroid cancer. Radiation to the thyroid from radioiodine can be limited by taking a nonradioactive iodine (stable iodine) such as potassium iodide. This book assesses strategies for the distribution and administration of potassium iodide (KI) in the event of a nuclear incident. The report says that potassium iodide pills should be available to everyone age 40 or youngerâ€"especially children and pregnant and lactating womenâ€"living near a nuclear power plant. States and municipalities should decide how to stockpile, distribute, and administer potassium iodide tablets, and federal agencies should keep a backup supply of tablets and be prepared to distribute them to affected areas.
Book Synopsis Human Radiation Exposures Related to Nuclear Weapons Industries by : Richard G. Cuddihy
Download or read book Human Radiation Exposures Related to Nuclear Weapons Industries written by Richard G. Cuddihy and published by . This book was released on 1985 with total page 180 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Analysis of Radiation Exposure: Service Personnel on Rongerik Atoll, Operation Castle-Shot Bravo by :
Download or read book Analysis of Radiation Exposure: Service Personnel on Rongerik Atoll, Operation Castle-Shot Bravo written by and published by . This book was released on 1987 with total page 60 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Interim Report, Resettlement of Bikini Atoll by : Bikini Atoll Rehabilitation Committee
Download or read book Interim Report, Resettlement of Bikini Atoll written by Bikini Atoll Rehabilitation Committee and published by . This book was released on 1983 with total page 61 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Adverse Reproductive Outcomes in Families of Atomic Veterans by : Institute of Medicine
Download or read book Adverse Reproductive Outcomes in Families of Atomic Veterans written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1995-07-17 with total page 107 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over the past several decades, public concern over exposure to ionizing radiation has increased. This concern has manifested itself in different ways depending on the perception of risk to different individuals and different groups and the circumstances of their exposure. One such group are those U.S. servicemen (the "Atomic Veterans" who participated in the atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons at the Nevada Test Site or in the Pacific Proving Grounds, who served with occupation forces in or near Hiroshima and Nagasaki, or who were prisoners of war in or near those cities at the time of, or shortly after, the atomic bombings. This book addresses the feasibility of conducting an epidemiologic study to determine if there is an increased risk of adverse reproductive outcomes in the spouses, children, and grandchildren of the Atomic Veterans.
