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Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 49 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (614 download)
Download or read book External Costs of Trucks and Train written by and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 49 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : David J. Forkenbrock
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 86 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)
Download or read book External Costs of Truck and Rail Freight Transportation written by David J. Forkenbrock and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 86 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Transport Concepts
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 49 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (484 download)
Download or read book External Costs of Truck and Train written by Transport Concepts and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 49 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 49 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (484 download)
Download or read book External costs of truck and train written by and published by . This book was released on 1993* with total page 49 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Congressional Budget Office
Publisher : CreateSpace
ISBN 13 : 9781511718639
Total Pages : 44 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (186 download)
Download or read book Pricing Freight Transport to Account for External Costs written by Congressional Budget Office and published by CreateSpace. This book was released on 2015-04-14 with total page 44 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Freight transport plays a key role in the economy. Over the past several decades, as the U.S. economy and the role of international trade have grown, freight shipping activity has increased substantially. That activity has been accompanied by a considerable amount of public and private spending on the highway and rail infrastructure that supports it. The economic returns from such investments depend on the public and private value of the activities they support, including freight transport. The returns will be higher to the extent that investments are based on accurate information about value. For freight transport, information for private investments comes from the prices that freight carriers receive and the demand for their transport services at those prices. But because freight-transport prices largely do not reflect the external (or social) costs of those services-including pavement damage, traffic congestion, accident risk, and exhaust emissions of particulate matter (PM) and carbon dioxide (CO2)-those prices convey inaccurate information about public value. In particular, the external costs of transport by truck and by rail differ markedly.1 Thus, their market shares, and the size of the market, differ from what they would be if prices reflected external costs more accurately: More freight is shipped, and more is shipped by truck, than would otherwise occur. As a result, more time is lost to highway congestion, and more resources are devoted to building and maintaining highway capacity and to alleviating the effects of diesel emissions and accidents, than if shippers paid their share of those external costs. Taxing freight transport on the basis of external costs would cause shippers to "internalize" those costs. The untaxed external costs of truck transport tend to be much higher, per ton-mile, than those of rail transport, even after accounting for the taxes that freight carriers already pay. Taxes that more fully reflected external costs would cause some freight to shift from truck to rail. Because truck and rail are not perfect substitutes, the shift would probably be modest. But it would reduce external costs and allocate resources more efficiently, and the tax revenue could be used to lower other taxes, reduce the deficit, or increase spending for the nation's public transport infrastructure or for other purposes. This paper provides estimates of the effects of a variety of such taxes. Using a simulation model based on observed overland shipping activity in the United States, the analysis shows how each tax would affect shippers' choice of transport mode and the amounts of carload/truckload, bulk, intermodal freight (which travels by truck and rail), and automobiles that would be shipped. The model's predictions are based on estimates of shippers' sensitivity to changes in transport prices and of goods-producers' sensitivity to changes in commodity prices as the cost of transporting those commodities changes. This paper provides estimates of changes in the number of freight-haul trips, external costs, total fuel savings, and the tax revenue from each policy. The options examined here range from a tax on all external costs to more easily administered extensions of existing taxes that would only partially internalize those costs.
Author : Phillip Herr
Publisher : DIANE Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1437982352
Total Pages : 67 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (379 download)
Download or read book Surface Freight Transportation written by Phillip Herr and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on 2011-05 with total page 67 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Road, rail, and waterway freight transportation is vital to the nation's economy. Gov't., tax, regulatory, and infrastructure investment policies can affect the costs that shippers pass on to their customers. If gov't. policy gives one mode a cost advantage over another, then shipping prices and customers' use of freight modes can be distorted, reducing the overall efficiency of the nation's economy. This report: (1) describes how gov't. policies can affect competition and efficiency within the surface freight transportation sector; (2) determines what is known about the extent to which all costs are borne by surface freight customers; and (3) discusses the use of the findings when making surface freight transportation policy. Illus. A print on demand report.
Author : Brian A. Weatherford
Publisher : Rand Corporation
ISBN 13 : 0833046357
Total Pages : 65 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (33 download)
Download or read book The State of U.S. Railroads written by Brian A. Weatherford and published by Rand Corporation. This book was released on 2008-08-19 with total page 65 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: U.S. railroads have improved their productivity, but increasing freight volume threatens performance-degrading capacity constraints. This report describes the current state of railroad capacity and performance for freight transportation. The public consequences of private investment decisions justify a public role in addressing concerns about railroads, but better data and analysis are needed to inform transportation policymaking.
Author : Jeffrey Macher
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 0429633645
Total Pages : 309 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (296 download)
Download or read book U.S. Freight Rail Economics and Policy written by Jeffrey Macher and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2019-04-25 with total page 309 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The passage of the Staggers Rail Act in 1980 led brought a renaissance to the freight rail industry. In the decade following, economists documented the effects of the Act on a variety of important economic metrics including prices, costs, and productivity. Over the preceding years, and with the return of the industry to more stable footing, attention to the industry by economists faded. The lack of attention, however, has not been due to a dearth of ongoing economic and policy issues that continue to confront the industry. In this volume, we begin to rectify this inattention. Rather than retread older analyses or provide yet another look at the consequences of Staggers, we assemble a collection of ten chapters in four sections that collectively provide fresh and up-to-date analyses of the economic issues and policy challenges the industry faces: the first section sets the context through foundational discussion of freight rail; the second section highlights the role of freight rail in an increasingly interrelated economy; the third section examines industry structure and scope in freight rail; and the fourth section assesses current regulatory challenges that confront freight rail. This book will be of great value to researchers, academics, policymakers, and students interested in the fields of freight rail economics and policy, transportation, business history, and regulatory economics.
Author : Christopher Nash
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0080456030
Total Pages : 351 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (84 download)
Download or read book Measuring the Marginal Social Cost of Transport written by Christopher Nash and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2005-10-20 with total page 351 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many transport economists have for some time proposed marginal social cost as the principle on which prices in the transport sector should be based and, in recent years, their prescription has come to be taken more and more seriously by policy-makers. However, in order to properly test the possible implications of implementing pricing based on marginal social cost and, ultimately, to introduce such a system, it is necessary to actually measure the marginal social costs concerned, and how they vary according to mode, time and context. This book reviews the transport pricing policy debate and reports on the significant advances made in measuring the marginal social costs of transport, particularly through UNITE and other European research projects. We look in turn at infrastructure, operating costs, user costs (both of congestion and of charges in frequency of scheduled transport services) accidents and environmental costs, and how these estimates have been used to examine the impact of marginal cost pricing in transport. We finish by examining how the results of case studies might be generalised to obtain estimates of marginal social costs for all circumstances and, finally, presenting our conclusions.
Author : Klaus Rennings
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3642576699
Total Pages : 209 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (425 download)
Download or read book Social Costs and Sustainable Mobility written by Klaus Rennings and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 209 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fair and efficient pricing has become increasingly important in international environmental and transport policy. Thus the valuation and internalization of social costs is now a crucial element within strategies towards sustainable mobility. The book provides methods and results from major European and American studies evaluating both social costs of transport and first experiences with their internalization in different contexts: infrastructure planning, urban road pricing and highway tolling. Additionally, complementary non-monetary instruments for a transition towards sustainable mobility are presented and discussed.
Author : James H. Meisel
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 042960498X
Total Pages : 286 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (296 download)
Download or read book Cost-benefit Analysis written by James H. Meisel and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2020-10-11 with total page 286 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The world is increasingly concerned with bridging the developmental gap between the developed and developing countries. With the establishment of a number of institutions for funding the projects including the World Bank, Asian Development Bank, and many other agencies, the need to develop mechanisms to assess economically viable projects is more important than ever. The Social-Cost Benefit Analysis (SCBA) is an important technique used in formulating, appraising, and evaluating projects. It is a facet of applied welfare economics which is increasingly being used to identify and assess public projects in both developing and developed countries. This volume presents a comprehensive view of cost-benefit analysis in its theoretical and applied dimensions. Both theory and case studies are presented. The theoretical setting for Cost-Benefit Analysis is established by the first five chapters-"Spatial General Equilibrium and Cost-Benefit Analysis," by David M. Newbery; "Optimum Growth Theory and Social Time Preference: A Computerized Mathematical Modeling Exercise to Choose a Social Discount Rate," by Sardar M. N. Islam; "A Theoretical Inquiry of the Axiomatic Consistency of Distributional Weights used in Cost-Benefit Analysis," by Giuseppe Munda; "The Output Gap: Measurement, Related Concepts, and Policy Implications," by Parameswar Nandakumar; and "A Methodological Comparison of Theoretical Approaches in Dichotomous Choice Contingent Valuation," by John C. Whitehead. This book will be useful as a reference text by professors and students in project appraisal classes and will be of equal value to analysts, planners, and interested general readers.
Author : National Research Council (U.S.). Committee for Study of Public Policy for Surface Freight Transportation
Publisher : Transportation Research Board
ISBN 13 : 9780309062176
Total Pages : 184 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (621 download)
Download or read book Paying Our Way written by National Research Council (U.S.). Committee for Study of Public Policy for Surface Freight Transportation and published by Transportation Research Board. This book was released on 1996 with total page 184 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Provides a preliminary examination of whether shippers of domestic surface freight pay the full social costs of the services that they use. This study is intended not to provide definitive answers as to whether shippers pay their full social costs, but rather to determine the feasibility of making such estimates.
Author : National Research Council
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309155800
Total Pages : 506 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)
Download or read book Hidden Costs of Energy written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2010-05-26 with total page 506 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Despite the many benefits of energy, most of which are reflected in energy market prices, the production, distribution, and use of energy causes negative effects. Many of these negative effects are not reflected in energy market prices. When market failures like this occur, there may be a case for government interventions in the form of regulations, taxes, fees, tradable permits, or other instruments that will motivate recognition of these external or hidden costs. The Hidden Costs of Energy defines and evaluates key external costs and benefits that are associated with the production, distribution, and use of energy, but are not reflected in market prices. The damage estimates presented are substantial and reflect damages from air pollution associated with electricity generation, motor vehicle transportation, and heat generation. The book also considers other effects not quantified in dollar amounts, such as damages from climate change, effects of some air pollutants such as mercury, and risks to national security. While not a comprehensive guide to policy, this analysis indicates that major initiatives to further reduce other emissions, improve energy efficiency, or shift to a cleaner electricity generating mix could substantially reduce the damages of external effects. A first step in minimizing the adverse consequences of new energy technologies is to better understand these external effects and damages. The Hidden Costs of Energy will therefore be a vital informational tool for government policy makers, scientists, and economists in even the earliest stages of research and development on energy technologies.
Author : André de Palma
Publisher : Edward Elgar Publishing
ISBN 13 : 0857930877
Total Pages : 929 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (579 download)
Download or read book A Handbook of Transport Economics written by André de Palma and published by Edward Elgar Publishing. This book was released on 2011-01-01 with total page 929 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: 'This Handbook is a stellar compilation of up-to-date knowledge about the important topics in transport economics. Authors include the very best in the field, and they cover the most important topics for today's research and policy applications. Individual chapters contain sound, readable, well referenced explanations of each topic's history and current status. I cannot think of a better place to start for anyone wanting to become current in the field or in any of its parts.' – Kenneth Small, University of California-Irvine, US Bringing together insights and perspectives from close to 70 of the world's leading experts in the field, this timely Handbook provides an up-to-date guide to the most recent and state-of-the-art advances in transport economics. The comprehensive coverage includes topics such as the relationship between transport and the spatial economy, recent advances in travel demand analysis, the external costs of transport, investment appraisal, pricing, equity issues, competition and regulation, the role of public–private partnerships and the development of policy in local bus services, rail, air and maritime transport. This Handbook is designed both for use on postgraduate and advanced undergraduate courses and as a reference for anyone working in the field. It also complements the textbook Principles of Transport Economics.
Author : Paul F. Dienemann
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 110 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (555 download)
Download or read book External Costs and Benefits Analyses, NECTP written by Paul F. Dienemann and published by . This book was released on 1969 with total page 110 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Amir Tabesh
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 153 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (132 download)
Download or read book Development of a Framework to Estimate Social and Environmental Costs of Truck, Railroad, and Underground Freight Transportation written by Amir Tabesh and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 153 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Increasing freight transportation capacity is the most important factor to keep US economy viable. Trucks moved 11.5 billion tons of goods, or 63.8 percent of total freight shipments in 2015, which is projected to grow to 16.6 billion tons by 2045. It is predicted truck travel may increase from 282 million miles per day in 2012 to 488 million miles per day by 2045. The U.S. railroad system includes 138,000 rail miles, which 93,500 miles owned and operated by Class I railroad and the rest of them owned and operated by regional and local railroads. While the miles of railroad are decreasing due to the poor condition of railroad and lower structural capacity of bridges, it is projected the annual tonnage of freight transportation by railroad increase by 24%. Existing and anticipated increases in the number of freight vehicles and other conveyances on both public and private infrastructure are stressing the system as more segments of the network approach or reach the capacity. The purpose of this dissertation is to estimate social and environmental benefits of three different alternatives, which are (1) widening the highway,(2) increase railroad capacity, and (3) implementation of underground freight transportation, to increase freight transportation capacity by using conceptual case study route. Underground Freight Transportation (UFT) is a class of automated inland freight transportation system, which vehicles carry freight through tunnels and pipelines between intermodal terminals. For this study, two traffic models, which are (1) Traffic Volume Distribution Model (TVDM) and (2) Traffic Flow Speed Prediction (TFSP) are developed.For estimating social and environmental cost of heavy-duty trucks, railroad, and UFT,following items are considered: (1) Air pollution, (2) Noise pollution, (3) Traffic accidents,and (4) Traffic congestion. Since the amount of emitted air pollution is dependent on the vehicle speed, new equations to estimate the social costs of air pollution are developed.As a result, UFT was found to have the lowest environmental and social costs compared with truck and railroad. UFT reduces air pollution, noise pollution, and traffic accidents reduce approximately 10%, 30%, and 30% respectively.
Author : National Research Council
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309159474
Total Pages : 251 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)
Download or read book Technologies and Approaches to Reducing the Fuel Consumption of Medium- and Heavy-Duty Vehicles written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2010-07-30 with total page 251 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Technologies and Approaches to Reducing the Fuel Consumption of Medium- and Heavy-Duty Vehicles evaluates various technologies and methods that could improve the fuel economy of medium- and heavy-duty vehicles, such as tractor-trailers, transit buses, and work trucks. The book also recommends approaches that federal agencies could use to regulate these vehicles' fuel consumption. Currently there are no fuel consumption standards for such vehicles, which account for about 26 percent of the transportation fuel used in the U.S. The miles-per-gallon measure used to regulate the fuel economy of passenger cars. is not appropriate for medium- and heavy-duty vehicles, which are designed above all to carry loads efficiently. Instead, any regulation of medium- and heavy-duty vehicles should use a metric that reflects the efficiency with which a vehicle moves goods or passengers, such as gallons per ton-mile, a unit that reflects the amount of fuel a vehicle would use to carry a ton of goods one mile. This is called load-specific fuel consumption (LSFC). The book estimates the improvements that various technologies could achieve over the next decade in seven vehicle types. For example, using advanced diesel engines in tractor-trailers could lower their fuel consumption by up to 20 percent by 2020, and improved aerodynamics could yield an 11 percent reduction. Hybrid powertrains could lower the fuel consumption of vehicles that stop frequently, such as garbage trucks and transit buses, by as much 35 percent in the same time frame.
