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Exploring Inductive Risk
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Book Synopsis Exploring Inductive Risk by : Kevin Christopher Elliott
Download or read book Exploring Inductive Risk written by Kevin Christopher Elliott and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2017 with total page 313 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book brings together eleven case studies of inductive risk-the chance that scientific inference is incorrect-that range over a wide variety of scientific contexts and fields. The chapters are designed to illustrate the pervasiveness of inductive risk, assist scientists and policymakers in responding to it, and productively move theoretical discussions of the topic forward.
Book Synopsis Science, Policy, and the Value-Free Ideal by : Heather E. Douglas
Download or read book Science, Policy, and the Value-Free Ideal written by Heather E. Douglas and published by University of Pittsburgh Pre. This book was released on 2009-07-15 with total page 227 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The role of science in policymaking has gained unprecedented stature in the United States, raising questions about the place of science and scientific expertise in the democratic process. Some scientists have been given considerable epistemic authority in shaping policy on issues of great moral and cultural significance, and the politicizing of these issues has become highly contentious. Since World War II, most philosophers of science have purported the concept that science should be "value-free." In Science, Policy and the Value-Free Ideal, Heather E. Douglas argues that such an ideal is neither adequate nor desirable for science. She contends that the moral responsibilities of scientists require the consideration of values even at the heart of science. She lobbies for a new ideal in which values serve an essential function throughout scientific inquiry, but where the role values play is constrained at key points, thus protecting the integrity and objectivity of science. In this vein, Douglas outlines a system for the application of values to guide scientists through points of uncertainty fraught with moral valence.Following a philosophical analysis of the historical background of science advising and the value-free ideal, Douglas defines how values should-and should not-function in science. She discusses the distinctive direct and indirect roles for values in reasoning, and outlines seven senses of objectivity, showing how each can be employed to determine the reliability of scientific claims. Douglas then uses these philosophical insights to clarify the distinction between junk science and sound science to be used in policymaking. In conclusion, she calls for greater openness on the values utilized in policymaking, and more public participation in the policymaking process, by suggesting various models for effective use of both the public and experts in key risk assessments.
Book Synopsis Values in Science by : Kevin C. Elliott
Download or read book Values in Science written by Kevin C. Elliott and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2022-06-23 with total page 138 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Element introduces the philosophical literature on values in science by examining four questions: (1) How do values influence science? (2) Should we actively incorporate values in science? (3) How can we manage values in science responsibly? (4) What are some next steps for those who want to help promote responsible roles for values in science? It explores arguments for and against the “value-free ideal” for science (i.e., the notion that values should be excluded from scientific reasoning) and concludes that it should be rejected. Nonetheless, this does not mean that value influences are always acceptable. The Element explores a range of strategies for distinguishing between appropriate and inappropriate value influences. It concludes by proposing an approach for managing values in science that relies on justifying, prioritising, and implementing norms for scientific research practices and institutions.
Book Synopsis A Tapestry of Values by : Kevin C. Elliott
Download or read book A Tapestry of Values written by Kevin C. Elliott and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2017-01-02 with total page 225 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The role of values in scientific research has become an important topic of discussion in both scholarly and popular debates. Pundits across the political spectrum worry that research on topics like climate change, evolutionary theory, vaccine safety, and genetically modified foods has become overly politicized. At the same time, it is clear that values play an important role in science by limiting unethical forms of research and by deciding what areas of research have the greatest relevance for society. Deciding how to distinguish legitimate and illegitimate influences of values in scientific research is a matter of vital importance. Recently, philosophers of science have written a great deal on this topic, but most of their work has been directed toward a scholarly audience. This book makes the contemporary philosophical literature on science and values accessible to a wide readership. It examines case studies from a variety of research areas, including climate science, anthropology, chemical risk assessment, ecology, neurobiology, biomedical research, and agriculture. These cases show that values have necessary roles to play in identifying research topics, choosing research questions, determining the aims of inquiry, responding to uncertainty, and deciding how to communicate information. Kevin Elliott focuses not just on describing roles for values but also on determining when their influences are actually appropriate. He emphasizes several conditions for incorporating values in a legitimate fashion, and highlights multiple strategies for fostering engagement between stakeholders so that value influences can be subjected to careful and critical scrutiny.
Book Synopsis Is a Little Pollution Good for You? by : Kevin C. Elliott
Download or read book Is a Little Pollution Good for You? written by Kevin C. Elliott and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2011-03-01 with total page 264 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Could low-level exposure to polluting chemicals be analogous to exercise -- a beneficial source of stress that strengthens the body? Some scientists studying the phenomenon of hormesis (beneficial or stimulatory effects caused by low-dose exposure to toxic substances) claim that that this may be the case. Is A Little Pollution Good For You? critically examines the current evidence for hormesis. In the process, it highlights the range of methodological and interpretive judgments involved in environmental research: choices about what questions to ask and how to study them, decisions about how to categorize and describe new information, judgments about how to interpret and evaluate ambiguous evidence, and questions about how to formulate public policy in response to debated scientific findings. The book also uncovers the ways that interest groups with deep pockets attempt to influence these scientific judgments for their benefit. Several chapters suggest ways to counter these influences and incorporate a broader array of societal values in environmental research: (1) moving beyond conflict-of-interest policies to develop new ways of safeguarding academic research from potential biases; (2) creating deliberative forums in which multiple stakeholders can discuss the judgments involved in policy-relevant research; and (3) developing ethical guidelines that can assist scientific experts in disseminating debated and controversial phenomena to the public. Kevin C. Elliott illustrates these strategies in the hormesis case, as well as in two additional case studies involving contemporary environmental research: endocrine disruption and multiple chemical sensitivity. This book should be of interest to a wide variety of readers, including scientists, philosophers, policy makers, environmental ethicists and activists, research ethicists, industry leaders, and concerned citizens.
Book Synopsis Soccer and Philosophy by : Ted Richards
Download or read book Soccer and Philosophy written by Ted Richards and published by Open Court. This book was released on 2010-04-10 with total page 503 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This collection of incisive articles gives a leading team of international philosophers a free kick toward exploring the complex and often hidden contours of the world of soccer. What does it really mean to be a fan (and why should we count Aristotle as one)? Why do great players such as Cristiano Ronaldo count as great artists (up there alongside Picasso, one author argues)? From the ethics of refereeing to the metaphysics of bent (like Beckham) space-time, this book shows soccer fans and philosophy buffs alike new ways to appreciate and understand the world's favorite sport.
Book Synopsis Explaining Cancer by : Anya Plutynski
Download or read book Explaining Cancer written by Anya Plutynski and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2018-07-18 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In Explaining Cancer, Anya Plutynski addresses a variety of philosophical questions that arise in the context of cancer science and medicine. She begins with the following concerns: · How do scientists classify cancer? Do these classifications reflect nature's "joints"? · How do cancer scientists identify and classify early stage cancers? · What does it mean to say that cancer is a "genetic" disease? What role do genes play in "mechanisms for" cancer? · What are the most important environmental causes of cancer, and how do epidemiologists investigate these causes? · How exactly has our evolutionary history made us vulnerable to cancer? Explaining Cancer uses these questions as an entrée into a family of philosophical debates. It uses case studies of scientific practice to reframe philosophical debates about natural classification in science and medicine, the problem of drawing the line between disease and health, mechanistic reasoning in science, pragmatics and evidence, the roles of models and modeling in science, and the nature of scientific explanation.
Book Synopsis Current Controversies in Values and Science by : Kevin C. Elliott
Download or read book Current Controversies in Values and Science written by Kevin C. Elliott and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-03-27 with total page 281 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Current Controversies in Values and Science asks ten philosophers to debate five questions (two philosophers per debate) that are driving contemporary work in this important area of philosophy of science. The book is perfect for the advanced student, building up her knowledge of the foundations of the field while also engaging its most cutting-edge questions. Introductions and annotated bibliographies for each debate, preliminary descriptions of each chapter, study questions, and a supplemental guide to further controversies involving values in science help provide clearer and richer snapshots of active controversies for all readers.
Book Synopsis Information Security Science by : Carl Young
Download or read book Information Security Science written by Carl Young and published by Syngress. This book was released on 2016-06-23 with total page 408 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Information Security Science: Measuring the Vulnerability to Data Compromises provides the scientific background and analytic techniques to understand and measure the risk associated with information security threats. This is not a traditional IT security book since it includes methods of information compromise that are not typically addressed in textbooks or journals. In particular, it explores the physical nature of information security risk, and in so doing exposes subtle, yet revealing, connections between information security, physical security, information technology, and information theory. This book is also a practical risk management guide, as it explains the fundamental scientific principles that are directly relevant to information security, specifies a structured methodology to evaluate a host of threats and attack vectors, identifies unique metrics that point to root causes of technology risk, and enables estimates of the effectiveness of risk mitigation. This book is the definitive reference for scientists and engineers with no background in security, and is ideal for security analysts and practitioners who lack scientific training. Importantly, it provides security professionals with the tools to prioritize information security controls and thereby develop cost-effective risk management strategies. Specifies the analytic and scientific methods necessary to estimate the vulnerability to information loss for a spectrum of threats and attack vectors Represents a unique treatment of the nexus between physical and information security that includes risk analyses of IT device emanations, visible information, audible information, physical information assets, and virtualized IT environments Identifies metrics that point to the root cause of information technology risk and thereby assist security professionals in developing risk management strategies Analyzes numerous threat scenarios and specifies countermeasures based on derived quantitative metrics Provides chapter introductions and end-of-chapter summaries to enhance the reader’s experience and facilitate an appreciation for key concepts
Book Synopsis Problems of Religious Luck by : Guy Axtell
Download or read book Problems of Religious Luck written by Guy Axtell and published by Lexington Books. This book was released on 2018-12-06 with total page 308 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book develops an inductive risk account of the limits of reasonable religious disagreement. The riskiness of different people’s methods for forming religious beliefs is shown central both to understanding fundamentalist orientation and to concerns that philosophers and theologians share for “ownership” of risk in people’s faith ventures.
Book Synopsis Research Ethics for Environmental Health by : Friedo Zölzer
Download or read book Research Ethics for Environmental Health written by Friedo Zölzer and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2021-12-20 with total page 214 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Research Ethics for Environmental Health explores the ethical basis of environmental health research and related aspects of risk assessment and control. Environmental health encompasses the assessment and control of those environmental factors that can potentially affect human health, such as radiation, toxic chemicals and other hazardous agents. It is often assumed that the assessment part is just a matter of scientific research, and that control is a matter of implementing standards that unambiguously follow from that research. But it is less commonly understood that environmental health also requires addressing questions of an ethical nature. Coming from multiple disciplines and nine different countries, the contributors to this book critically examine a diverse range of ethical concerns in modern environmental health research. This book will be of great interest to scholars and practitioners of environmental health, as well as researchers in applied ethics, environmental ethics, medical ethics, bioethics and those concerned with chemical and radiation protection.
Book Synopsis Politics and Expertise by : Zeynep Pamuk
Download or read book Politics and Expertise written by Zeynep Pamuk and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2024-11-26 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A new model for the relationship between science and democracy that spans policymaking, the funding and conduct of research, and our approach to new technologies Our ability to act on some of the most pressing issues of our time, from pandemics and climate change to artificial intelligence and nuclear weapons, depends on knowledge provided by scientists and other experts. Meanwhile, contemporary political life is increasingly characterized by problematic responses to expertise, with denials of science on the one hand and complaints about the ignorance of the citizenry on the other. Politics and Expertise offers a new model for the relationship between science and democracy, rooted in the ways in which scientific knowledge and the political context of its use are imperfect. Zeynep Pamuk starts from the fact that science is uncertain, incomplete, and contested, and shows how scientists’ judgments about what is significant and useful shape the agenda and framing of political decisions. The challenge, Pamuk argues, is to ensure that democracies can expose and contest the assumptions and omissions of scientists, instead of choosing between wholesale acceptance or rejection of expertise. To this end, she argues for institutions that support scientific dissent, proposes an adversarial “science court” to facilitate the public scrutiny of science, reimagines structures for funding scientific research, and provocatively suggests restricting research into dangerous new technologies. Through rigorous philosophical analysis and fascinating examples, Politics and Expertise moves the conversation beyond the dichotomy between technocracy and populism and develops a better answer for how to govern and use science democratically.
Book Synopsis Cartographies of Knowledge by : Celine-Marie Pascale
Download or read book Cartographies of Knowledge written by Celine-Marie Pascale and published by SAGE. This book was released on 2010-11-04 with total page 217 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mapping geographies of power and knowledge in qualitative research "In this foundational tome, Professor Celine-Marie Pascale critiques methodology in relationship to specific qualitative methods and argues cogently that despite good intentions, most of this research is still tethered to the Cartesian paradigm thus limiting its emancipatory potential. This is an impressive book that will likely become a classic!" — Eduardo Bonilla-Silva, Duke University, co-author with Tukufu Zuberi, White Logic, White Methods: Racism and Methodology 2012 Winner of the International Congress of Qualitative Inquiry Distinguished Book Award! Using clear language and concrete examples, this text examines theoretical and historical foundations that shape the premise and logic of qualitative social research. It analyzes qualitative methodology and methods in relationship to issues of agency, subjectivity, and experience. Rooted to feminist, critical race, and post-structural literature, it is concerned with social justice as it critiques current research paradigms and advances broad alternatives. This is an ideal text for students in graduate-level courses in Methodology, Epistemology, Qualitative Research Methods, Data Analysis, Ethnomethodology, Symbolic Interaction, Phenomenology, Grounded Theory, and related courses the social, behavioral, and health sciences.
Download or read book Uncertainty written by Kostas Kampourakis and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2020 with total page 273 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Anti-evolutionists, climate denialists, and anti-vaxxers, among others, question some of the best-established scientific findings by referring to the uncertainties in these areas of research. Uncertainty: How It Makes Science Advance shows that uncertainty is an inherent feature of science that makes it advance by motivating further research.
Book Synopsis Scientific Method in Practice by : Hugh G. Gauch
Download or read book Scientific Method in Practice written by Hugh G. Gauch and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2003 with total page 458 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As the gateway to scientific thinking, an understanding of the scientific method is essential for success and productivity in science. This book is the first synthesis of the practice and the philosophy of the scientific method. It will enable scientists to be better scientists by offering them a deeper understanding of the underpinnings of the scientific method, thereby leading to more productive research and experimentation. It will also give scientists a more accurate perspective on the rationality of the scientific approach and its role in society. Beginning with a discussion of today's 'science wars' and science's presuppositions, the book then explores deductive and inductive logic, probability, statistics, and parsimony, and concludes with an examination of science's powers and limits, and a look at science education. Topics relevant to a variety of disciplines are treated, and clarifying figures, case studies, and chapter summaries enhance the pedagogy. This adeptly executed, comprehensive, yet pragmatic work yields a new synergy suitable for scientists and instructors, and graduate students and advanced undergraduates.
Book Synopsis Risk Management by : Glen B. Alleman
Download or read book Risk Management written by Glen B. Alleman and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2024-03-15 with total page 331 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Project success is an elusive goal in every business or technical domain. Project failure usually results from unhandled risks to the technical, cost, and schedule aspects of the project. There are four primary root causes of project failure. Unrealistic performance expectation, with missing Measures of Effectiveness Unrealistic cost and schedule estimates based on inadequate risk adjusted growth models Inadequate assessment of risk and unmitigated exposure to these risks without proper handling strategies Unanticipated technical issues with alternative plans and solutions to maintain the effectiveness of the project processes and its deliverables Risk Management provides a comprehensive overview of the people, principles, processes, and practices as the fundamental base upon which an effective risk management system resides. However, this does not guarantee effective risk management and successful projects and businesses. The first half of the book describes risk management processes, as well as a delineation between risk and hazards and how these are connected. The second half of the book provides industry examples of the approach to risk management in specific context and with specific approaches and artifacts where applicable. The book focuses on risks created by uncertainty, their identification, and the corrective and preventive actions needed to address these risks to increase the probability of project success. The book’s goal is to provide a context-driven framework, developing a foundation for a rational approach to risk management that makes adaptation to circumstances as easy as possible.
Book Synopsis Rethinking Thomas Kuhn’s Legacy by : Yafeng Shan
Download or read book Rethinking Thomas Kuhn’s Legacy written by Yafeng Shan and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on with total page 341 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
