Exercise training and testing in patients with heart failure

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Author :
Publisher : Linköping University Electronic Press
ISBN 13 : 9179297420
Total Pages : 63 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (792 download)

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Book Synopsis Exercise training and testing in patients with heart failure by : Charlotta Lans

Download or read book Exercise training and testing in patients with heart failure written by Charlotta Lans and published by Linköping University Electronic Press. This book was released on 2020-12-15 with total page 63 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Patients with heart failure (HF) suffer from symptoms such as dyspnea, fatigue and reduced quality of life, which affect their physical function and often lead to immobilization and poor survival prognosis. Exercise training in cardiac rehabilitation should be offered to every patient with HF and can be performed both in a hospital-setting and with a home training programme. Exercise, in patients with HF, improves physical function and functional capacity as well as health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and reduces the need for hospital care. There are several barriers against participating in exercise based cardiac rehabilitation despite information about its benefits. The patient may anticipate not being able to exercise, that the exercise would be too hard, lives far away or has not been referred. Aim: The aim of this thesis was to evaluate the effects of exercise in heart failure patients, of a one-year training programme, with hospital-based training followed by a home-based setting or only home-based, with special emphasis on peripheral muscle training (PMT). Furthermore, to study frequently used methods for evaluation of the effects, i.e the 6-minute walk test and instruments for estimating health-related quality of life. Methods and findings: In study I, PMT was evaluated and the PMT programme in a hospital-setting (with equipment) and subsequent homebased training (with elastic bands) was compared with solely home-based training, over 1 year. At follow-up every third month, duplicated six minute walk test (6MWT) and two HRQoL questionnaires were used. The walking distance increased significantly after three months in both groups and was maintained thereafter. Also HRQoL increased but at different time points. In study II, PMT was compared with interval training on an ergometer bike/free walking. Both groups started under supervision of a physiotherapist in a hospital-setting, for three months and thereafter at home for nine months. The same measurements were used as in study I. Neither walking distance nor HRQoL changed over the study period. However, this may be regarded as a positive effect in the light of the known progressive nature of heart failure. In study III, the 6MWTs from study I and II were used to evaluate the necessity of performing duplicated 6MWTs in follow-ups clinically and for research purposes. We found that it is sufficient to perform one 6MWT. In study IV, both 6MWT and HRQoL forms from study I and II were used to investigate the relationship between walking distance and perceived HRQoL in HF patients. Patients with shorter walking distance, than the group median, experienced poorer general HRQoL but not HRQoL related to HF, than the higher performing half of the study group. There were no longitudinal trends in these relationships. Conclusion: PMT can be used as an exercise modality in patients with HF, both in hospital and at home, and may be evaluated with a single 6MWT. Shorter walking distance was related to a lower general HRQoL as judged by the patients but there was no significant relation between short walking distance and the HF-related HRQoL. Individualizing the training programme and methods, and offering the choice of exercise modality and the possibility of exercising at home, might be a way to increase adherence in cardiac rehabilitation. Patienter med hjärtsvikt besväras av andfåddhet och trötthet vilket påverkar deras fysiska funktion och ofta leder till immobilisering, nedsatt livskvalitet och dålig prognos. Träning inom hjärtrehabilitering bör erbjudas alla patienter med hjärtsvikt och kan utföras såväl på sjukhus som hemma med hemträningsprogram. Träning vid hjärtsvikt förbättrar fysisk funktion och funktionell kapacitet, hälsorelaterad livskvalitet, och minskar behovet av vård på sjukhus. Det finns många barriärer till att delta i hjärtrehabilitering trots information om vinster, t ex att patienten tror sig inte klara av att träna, bor långt ifrån, har inte fått remiss för att nämna några. Syfte: Syftet med avhandlingen var att utvärdera effekterna av ett träningsprogram för patienter med hjärtsvikt under 1 år, träning på sjukhus följt av hemträning eller enbart hemträning. Ett specifikt syfte var att utvärdera perifer muskelträning (PMT) som en möjlig, lämplig träningsmetod för hjärtsviktspatienter. Vidare var syftet att utvärdera effekten av sex minuters gångtest och hälsorelaterad livskvalitet. Metod och resultat: I studie I utvärderades PMT och jämförde träning på sjukhus (med redskap) med efterföljande hemträning (med elastiska band) med enbart hemträning under 1 år. Vid utvärdering var tredje månad användes dubbla sex minuters gångtest och frågeformulär om livskvalitet. Gångsträckan ökade signifikant efter träning och höll i sig hela träningsperioden i båda grupperna. Även livskvaliteten ökade men vid olika tidpunkter. I studie II, jämfördes PMT med intervallträning på ergometercykel/promenader. Båda grupperna tränade under ledning av fysioterapeut i tre månader och därefter hemma upp till 1 år. Samma utvärdering som i studie I. Gångsträcka och livskvaliteten ändrade sig inte under studietiden. Det kan dock ses som en positiv effekt eftersom hjärtsviktspatienter vanligen försämras över tid. I studie III, användes gångtesten från studie I och II för att utvärdera om det är nödvändighet att utföra dubbla sex minuters gångtest vid utvärdering. Ingen kliniskt betydelsefull skillnad sågs mellan gångtest ett och två. I studie IV, användes både gångtest och livskvalitetsformulär, från studie I och II, för att undersöka samband mellan gångsträcka och upplevd livskvalitet och om detta samband ändrades med tiden. Patienter med kortare gångsträcka upplevde sämre allmän hälsorelaterad livskvalitet men inte livskvalitet relaterad till hjärtsvikten, någon kliniskt signifikant förändring över tid kunde inte påvisas. Konklusion: Perifer muskelträning kan användas som en säker träningsform för patienter med hjärtsvikt, både på sjukhus och som hemträning och kan utvärderas med endast ett sex minuters gångtest. Patienter med kortare gångsträcka upplever sämre allmän livskvalitet vilket förefaller relativt oberoende av de olika testtidpunkterna.

Exercise and Heart Failure

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Author :
Publisher : Wiley-Blackwell
ISBN 13 : 9780879936679
Total Pages : 370 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (366 download)

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Book Synopsis Exercise and Heart Failure by : Gary Balady

Download or read book Exercise and Heart Failure written by Gary Balady and published by Wiley-Blackwell. This book was released on 1997-09-09 with total page 370 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Exercise testing has become an integral component of the management of patients with chronic heart failure. Exercise and heart failure can be seen to have a dynamic interrelationship, in which exercise can provide important diagnostic information, yet can also be used to assess the effectiveness of treatment regimes, and as a therapeutic intervention in itself. This is the first book that directly and comprehensively addresses the issues involving exercise patients with heart failure and heart transplants. It presents a unique and comprehensive overview of epidemiological, physiological and clinical aspects of this relationship. The text covers the physiology of myocardial dysfunction, the transplanted heart, and ventricular assist devices as they affect exercise capacity and responses during exercise and exertion. It goes on to discuss in more depth the exercise testing of patients, including the methods and utility of ventilatory gas analysis, the physiologic and clinical effects of exercise training on these patients, and ecommended exercise training programs This text, part of the American Heart Association Monograph Series, provides a cogent and comprehensive overview of its topic that should be of practical value to a broad range of physicians, exercise physiologists and consultants working in this field.

Exercise and Rehabilitation in Heart Failure, An Issue of Heart Failure Clinics

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Author :
Publisher : Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN 13 : 0323341934
Total Pages : 201 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (233 download)

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Book Synopsis Exercise and Rehabilitation in Heart Failure, An Issue of Heart Failure Clinics by : Ross Arena

Download or read book Exercise and Rehabilitation in Heart Failure, An Issue of Heart Failure Clinics written by Ross Arena and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2014-12-26 with total page 201 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This multidisciplinary issue of Heart Failure Clinics examines a critical element in the management and treatment of heart failure (HF)—exercise and rehabilitation. Topics include the reversal of HF-associated pathophysiology with exercise; quantifying function; prognosis; rehabilitation practice patterns in the United States, Canada, South America, Asia, and Europe; special considerations such as obesity, high-intensity interval training, inspiratory muscle training, and technology to promote and increase physical activity.

Adult Congenital Heart Disease

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Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 140514453X
Total Pages : 288 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (51 download)

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Book Synopsis Adult Congenital Heart Disease by : Michael A. Gatzoulis

Download or read book Adult Congenital Heart Disease written by Michael A. Gatzoulis and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2008-04-15 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Congenital heart disease with its worldwide incidence of 1% is themost common inborn defect. Increasingly, patients are living intoadulthood, with ongoing congenital heart and other medical needs.Sadly, only a small minority have specialist follow-up. However,all patients see their family doctor and may also seek advice fromother health professionals. This practical guide with its straightforward a,b,c approach iswritten for those professionals. Special features of this book: • Introduces the principles of congenital heart diseaseand tells you whom and when to refer for specialist care • Discusses common congenital heart lesions in a practical,easy-to-follow way, with an emphasis on diagnosis and managementissues • Includes an extensive chapter on 'Pregnancy andContraception' (by Philip J. Steer), essential both for familyplanning and for managing safely the pregnant woman with congenitalheart disease • Includes chapters on non-cardiac surgery and lifestyleissues such as work, insurability, travel and driving • Provides invaluable information on dealing with commonemergencies; what to do and what not to do With a wealth of illustrations (including diagrams, EKGs, CXRs,Echos and cardiac MRIs) and with key point tables, this is anessential guide for all health care professionals managing patientswith adult congenital heart disease.

Regulation of Coronary Blood Flow

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Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 4431683674
Total Pages : 330 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (316 download)

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Book Synopsis Regulation of Coronary Blood Flow by : Michitoshi Inoue

Download or read book Regulation of Coronary Blood Flow written by Michitoshi Inoue and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-11-09 with total page 330 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Research centering on blood flow in the heart continues to hold an important position, especially since a better understanding of the subject may help reduce the incidence of coronary arterial disease and heart attacks. This book summarizes recent advances in the field; it is the product of fruitful cooperation among international scientists who met in Japan in May, 1990 to discuss the regulation of coronary blood flow.

The Statistical Analysis of Failure Time Data

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Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118031237
Total Pages : 462 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (18 download)

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Book Synopsis The Statistical Analysis of Failure Time Data by : John D. Kalbfleisch

Download or read book The Statistical Analysis of Failure Time Data written by John D. Kalbfleisch and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2011-01-25 with total page 462 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Contains additional discussion and examples on left truncationas well as material on more general censoring and truncationpatterns. Introduces the martingale and counting process formulation swillbe in a new chapter. Develops multivariate failure time data in a separate chapterand extends the material on Markov and semi Markovformulations. Presents new examples and applications of data analysis.

Exercise Testing and Exercise Training in Coronary Heart Disease

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 504 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Exercise Testing and Exercise Training in Coronary Heart Disease by : John Naughton

Download or read book Exercise Testing and Exercise Training in Coronary Heart Disease written by John Naughton and published by . This book was released on 1973 with total page 504 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Exercise Testing and Training in Coronary Heart Disease

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Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9401023611
Total Pages : 85 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (1 download)

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Book Synopsis Exercise Testing and Training in Coronary Heart Disease by : J.M.R. Detry

Download or read book Exercise Testing and Training in Coronary Heart Disease written by J.M.R. Detry and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 85 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study on "Exercise testing and training in coronary heart disease" is a remarkable compilation of numerous research studies, primarily from labora tories in Europe and the United States over the last decade or more. The topic reflects a growing awareness of and concern about the rapidly expanding understanding of the pathophysiology of coronary atherosclerotic heart disease. Since muscular exercise increases aerobic metabolism of myocardial and working skeletal muscles, greater flow of oxygenated blood is required by each; yet underlying vascular disease restricts these responses. This implicit paradox is here considered forthrightly. Examination of these relationships in symptomatic patients requires care and caution, because of the potential and occasionally real risks entailed. Accordingly, indirect assessment, particularly by noninvasive techniques, becomes increasingly important to detecting and monitoring - for the safety of the patients studied - the evidence of myocardial ischemia and impairment of left ventricular function under stress. Adequate assessment requires well-designed experimental studies to quantify true relationships and to measure the limits of functional capacity and the mechanisms of its impairment. Further more, alterations can be induced by therapy, whether this be pharmacological, medical or surgical, or achieved by physical reconditioning through exercise training. Not only is the cardiovascular system impaired by discrete and diffuse vascular lesions at central sites, but the degree of impairment is dynamic rather than static.

Disease Control Priorities, Third Edition (Volume 5)

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Publisher : World Bank Publications
ISBN 13 : 1464805202
Total Pages : 948 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (648 download)

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Book Synopsis Disease Control Priorities, Third Edition (Volume 5) by : Dorairaj Prabhakaran

Download or read book Disease Control Priorities, Third Edition (Volume 5) written by Dorairaj Prabhakaran and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2017-11-17 with total page 948 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cardiovascular, respiratory, and related conditions cause more than 40 percent of all deaths globally, and their substantial burden is rising, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Their burden extends well beyond health effects to include significant economic and societal consequences. Most of these conditions are related, share risk factors, and have common control measures at the clinical, population, and policy levels. Lives can be extended and improved when these diseases are prevented, detected, and managed. This volume summarizes current knowledge and presents evidence-based interventions that are effective, cost-effective, and scalable in LMICs.

Exercise Testing and Training in the Elderly Cardiac Patient

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 140 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Exercise Testing and Training in the Elderly Cardiac Patient by : Mark Alan Williams

Download or read book Exercise Testing and Training in the Elderly Cardiac Patient written by Mark Alan Williams and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 140 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Each book in the Current Issues in Cardiac Rehabilitation series is written by leaders in the field and presents a thorough review of the latest research on a cardiac rehabilitation topic, identifies implications for professional practice and describes how model cardiac rehabilitation programs have applied these findings in innovative ways.

ABC of Clinical Electrocardiography

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Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1444312499
Total Pages : 112 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (443 download)

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Book Synopsis ABC of Clinical Electrocardiography by : Francis Morris

Download or read book ABC of Clinical Electrocardiography written by Francis Morris and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2009-04-15 with total page 112 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Electrocardiography is an essential tool in diagnosing cardiacdisorders. This second edition of the ABC of ClinicalElectrocardiography allows readers to become familiar with the widerange of patterns seen in the electrocardiogram in clinicalpractice and covers the fundamentals of ECG interpretation andanalysis. Fully revised and updated, this edition includes a self-assessmentsection to aid revision and check comprehension, clear anatomicaldiagrams to illustrate key points and a larger format to show12-lead ECGs clearly and without truncation. Edited and written by leading experts, the ABC of ClinicalElectrocardiography is a valuable text for anyone managing patientswith heart disorders, both in general practice and in hospitals.Junior doctors and nurses, especially those working in cardiologyand emergency departments, as well as medical students, will findthis a vaulable introduction to the understanding of this keyclinical tool.

Exercise and the Heart in Health and Disease

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Publisher : Marcel Dekker
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 570 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Exercise and the Heart in Health and Disease by : Roy J. Shephard

Download or read book Exercise and the Heart in Health and Disease written by Roy J. Shephard and published by Marcel Dekker. This book was released on 1992 with total page 570 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This comprehensive volume examines the current issues involved in prescribing exercise for assorted age groups as well as recent recommendations of exercise for patients with various cardiac problems. Health and Disease: reviews the physiological, biochemical, and psychological responses to exercise and the principles underlying exercise evaluations and prescriptions in healthy individuals; considers how assessment and prescriptions are modified in childhood, youth, middle age, old age, high-risk patients, and those with cardiovascular disease; discusses exercise in relation to such conditions as silent ischemia, angina, myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, coronary bypass, angioplasty, cardiac transplantation, and hypertension; covers areas of growing interest, including cardioactive drugs, the wheelchair disabled, and the costs and benefits of exercise in cardiac disease; and offers new insights into the regulation of cardiac output during exercise. Heart in Health and Disease is for cardiologists, physiologists, cardiac rehabilitation and sports medicine specialists, internists, and medical and graduate school students in these disciplines.

Exercise and the Heart in Health and Disease

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Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 9781420002867
Total Pages : 670 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (28 download)

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Book Synopsis Exercise and the Heart in Health and Disease by : Shepherd

Download or read book Exercise and the Heart in Health and Disease written by Shepherd and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 1998-11-05 with total page 670 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This new edition of Exercise and the Heart in Health and Disease greatly advances the details of the first edition, expanding the amount of data on how to maximize cardiovascular health through exercise. A marriage of clinical cardiology and exercise physiology, this unique study improves assessment and prescription options for cardiologists, sports physicians, and other health professionals. Presenting the up-to-date work of 23 world-renowned experts, Exercise and the Heart in Health and Disease, Second Edition now contains new chapters and the latest findings on cardiovascular effects of exercise on women, emphasizing access to treatment the emerging issue of overtraining and the potential danger of hypertrophy of the myocardium in athletes the links between sudden cardiac death and exercise prescribing practices that focus on a more moderate active living approach exercise as a means of ameliorating vascular stress and hypertension tailoring exercise to different age groups and for high-risk patients with cardiovascular disorders the effects of exercise on conditions such as silent ischemia, angina, myocardial infarction, and congestive heart failure the role of exercise in rehabilitation from coronary bypass surgery, angioplasty, and cardiac transplantation and much more! Clarifies the various prescription options, matching type, frequency, duration, and intensity of exercise with the individualized needs of patients! Prodigiously referenced with almost 2000 literature citations-700 more than the previous edition-and featuring over 100 highly instructive tables, graphs, and drawings, Exercise and the Heart in Health and Disease, Second Edition is indispensable for cardiologists and cardiac rehabilitation specialists, nurses, physiotherapists, exercise physiologists, sports medicine physicians, internists, family practitioners, and medical school and graduate students in these disciplines.

Exercise and the Heart

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Publisher : Saunders
ISBN 13 : 9780721684505
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (845 download)

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Book Synopsis Exercise and the Heart by : Victor F. Froelicher

Download or read book Exercise and the Heart written by Victor F. Froelicher and published by Saunders. This book was released on 2000 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Here's authoritative, step-by-step guidance on performing a full range of cardiac exercise tests. The New Edition of this respected resource has been thoroughly revised and updated to reflect the most current techniques and latest clinical data. Provides comprehensive coverage of cardiopulmonary physiology and methodology, nuclear testing, and echocardiography helps readers avoid complications by detailing the most dangerous testing circumstances and citing instances when cool down walks, pre-test physical exams or echocardiograms are advisable Discusses the proper ways to adjust treadmill protocols, calculate target heart rates, position the patient post-exercise, report exercise capacity and include predicative equations as part of the treadmill report Provides tabular summaries of major studies, accompanied by expert commentary Follows the new evidence-based ACC/AHA guideline format, class I, II, or III Reflects the latest guidelines on exercise testing from the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research Practice Guidelines on Cardiac Rehabilitation, the Surgeon Generals Report on Physical Activity and Health, the new editions of the AACVPR, and the ASCM Guidelines on Exercise Testing and Prescription

Exercise Prescription for the High-risk Cardiac Patient

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Publisher : Human Kinetics
ISBN 13 : 9780873229807
Total Pages : 224 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (298 download)

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Book Synopsis Exercise Prescription for the High-risk Cardiac Patient by : Ray White Squires

Download or read book Exercise Prescription for the High-risk Cardiac Patient written by Ray White Squires and published by Human Kinetics. This book was released on 1998 with total page 224 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Exercise Prescription for the High-Risk Cardiac Patient is the first book to provide comprehensive coverage of exercise prescription for chronic heart failure and myocardial ischemia. Dr. Ray W. Squires, director of the Cardiovascular Health Clinic at the Mayo Clinic, reviews the disease processes, basic treatment, exercise physiology, and outpatient exercise rehabilitation of patients with chronic left ventricular dysfunction, myocardial ischemia, or both. Specific case examples are included to illustrate the practical aspects of assessment and formulation of rehabilitation plans. Exercise training provides critical benefits for most cardiac patients. Exercise Prescription for the High-Risk Cardiac Patient offers in-depth information to help high-risk patients see improvement in areas such as aerobic exercise capacity, symptoms, and morbidity and mortality. Exercise Prescription for the High-Risk Cardiac Patient is organized into five chapters: defining the high-risk patient, pathophysiology and treatment options, responses to acute exercise and exercise testing, benefits of exercise training, and suggestions for exercise programming. Complete with dozens of helpful figures and tables, this book is specifically designed for cardiac rehabilitation specialists--MDs, nurses, physical therapists, and exercise physiologists.

Exercise for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Treatment

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Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9811043043
Total Pages : 382 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (11 download)

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Book Synopsis Exercise for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Treatment by : Junjie Xiao

Download or read book Exercise for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Treatment written by Junjie Xiao and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-11-02 with total page 382 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book provides an intensive overview on exercise for cardiovascular disease prevention and treatment, from basic research to clinical practice. The volume firstly summarizes the acute and chronic response to exercise. Secondly, evidence for exercise as medicine for the heart based on clinical studies and basic research is summarized. Thirdly, molecular mechanisms mediating the beneficial effects of exercise including IGF-1-PI3K-AKT signalling, NO signalling, C/EBPB-Cited4 signalling, Non-coding RNAs, epigenetic regulators, mitochondria adaption and exosomes are presented. Finally, exercise dosing, prescription and future prospects are provided. This book will provide valuable reference for researchers in cell biology, physiology, as well as physician, physical therapist in cardiology, sport medicine, etc.

Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing and Cardiovascular Health

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Publisher : Wiley-Blackwell
ISBN 13 : 9780879937003
Total Pages : 258 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (37 download)

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Book Synopsis Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing and Cardiovascular Health by : Karlman Wasserman

Download or read book Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing and Cardiovascular Health written by Karlman Wasserman and published by Wiley-Blackwell. This book was released on 2002-05-08 with total page 258 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing and Cardiovascular Health describes new research and findings relevant to cardiovascular health as assessed by cardiopulmonary exercise testing. It brings together investigational cardiologists, pulmonologists and scientists who share a wealth of experience needed to judge the cardiovascular health, and the impairments of patients with a variety of illnesses. It presents the latest applications of cardiopulmonary exercise testing, including the use of computers and rapidly responding gas analysers, which make it possible to evaluate the cardiovascular system in a quantitative way. This book provides a comprehensive, updated presentation of the information that can be gained by cardiopulmonary exercise testing to assess the health of the cardiovascular system as a whole, and its individual components. It heralds a new era in which the instrumentation provides accurate measurements and the functions of the heart, pulmonary, and peripheral circulations and the lungs can be described quantitatively in graphical form. This enables the physician and investigator to measure the degree of success with which the cardiovascular system supports the O2 supply for the energy-generating mechanisms needed to sustain life.