Examining The Effect Of Cemented Natural Fractures On Hydraulic Fracture Propagation In Hydrostone Block Experiments

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Examining the Effect of Cemented Natural Fractures on Hydraulic Fracture Propagation in Hydrostone Block Experiments

Author : Benjamin Lee Bahorich
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 122 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (816 download)

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Book Synopsis Examining the Effect of Cemented Natural Fractures on Hydraulic Fracture Propagation in Hydrostone Block Experiments by : Benjamin Lee Bahorich

Download or read book Examining the Effect of Cemented Natural Fractures on Hydraulic Fracture Propagation in Hydrostone Block Experiments written by Benjamin Lee Bahorich and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 122 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Micro seismic data and coring studies suggest that hydraulic fractures interact heavily with natural fractures creating complex fracture networks in naturally fractured reservoirs such as the Barnett shale, the Eagle Ford shale, and the Marcellus shale. However, since direct observations of subsurface hydraulic fracture geometries are incomplete or nonexistent, we look to properly scaled experimental research and computer modeling based on realistic assumptions to help us understand fracture intersection geometries. Most experimental analysis of this problem has focused on natural fractures with frictional interfaces. However, core observations from the Barnett and other shale plays suggest that natural fractures are largely cemented. To examine hydraulic fracture interactions with cemented natural fractures, we performed 9 hydraulic fracturing experiments in gypsum cement blocks that contained embedded planar glass, sandstone, and plaster discontinuities which acted as proxies for cemented natural fractures. There were three main fracture intersection geometries observed in our experimental program. 1) A hydraulic fracture is diverted into a different propagation path(s) along a natural fracture. 2) A taller hydraulic fracture bypasses a shorter natural fracture by propagating around it via height growth while also separating the weakly bonded interface between the natural fracture and the host rock. 3) A hydraulic fracture bypasses a natural fracture and also diverts down it to form separate fractures. The three main factors that seemed to have the strongest influence on fracture intersection geometry were the angle of intersection, the ratio of hydraulic fracture height to natural fracture height, and the differential stress. Our results show that bypass, separation of weakly bonded interfaces, diversion, and mixed mode propagation are likely in hydraulic fracture intersections with cemented natural fractures. The impact of this finding is that we need fully 3D computer models capable of accounting for bypass and mixed mode I-III fracture propagation in order to realistically simulate subsurface hydraulic fracture geometries.

The Effect of Cemented Natural Fractures on Hydraulic Fracture Propagation

Author : Weiwei Wang
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 368 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (1 download)

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Book Synopsis The Effect of Cemented Natural Fractures on Hydraulic Fracture Propagation by : Weiwei Wang

Download or read book The Effect of Cemented Natural Fractures on Hydraulic Fracture Propagation written by Weiwei Wang and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Microseismic events, which are generated during hydraulic fracturing treatments, suggest that a complicated fracture network develops in many naturally−fractured unconventional reservoirs. Deformation along weak planes, such as cemented natural fractures, has been proposed as one of the possible reasons for fracture network complexity. Cemented natural fractures widely exist in shale reservoirs. They are diverse in composition and size, depending on the burial condition, the composition of the rock matrix, and the geochemical environment. The interaction between cemented natural fractures with hydraulic fractures generated as part of the reservoir stimulation are thought to impact hydraulic fracture propagation. Previous studies mostly treated natural fractures as frictional interfaces without considering the actual cement fillings. In this study, I analyzed the effect of cemented natural fractures on hydraulic fracture propagation by considering natural fracture thickness, mechanical properties and rock−cement interface bond strength. Firstly, I conducted a series of semi−circular bend (SCB) tests and corresponding numerical simulations to study the interaction between hydraulic and natural fractures. The SCB tests are attractive in general because of their simple setup with consistent results. The experimental results also served as a validation for numerical model. Two drawbacks of the SCB tests include that the test is unconfined and there is no fluid component. Numerical modeling can then be applied to extend results beyond these shortcomings. Synthetic hydrostone samples with embedded inclusions of different mechanical properties were used to mimic rock with cemented natural fractures. Experimental results identified several parameters that could be used to explain hydraulic fractures interaction with cemented natural fractures. The SCB test conditions that promoted fracture crossing were near−orthogonal approach angles, small natural fracture thicknesses, and strong rock−cement interfaces. Such conditions in a reservoir would promote long hydraulic fractures and less complicated fracture networks. In contrast, the SCB test conditions that caused fracture diverting were more oblique approach angles, large natural fracture thicknesses, and weak rock−cement interfaces, resulting in short hydraulic fractures and more complicated fracture networks. The SCB tests using synthetic rock samples provided insights into the hydraulic fracture propagation in naturally−fractured reservoirs. Through the numerical modeling with the finite element code in Abaqus, the impact of fluid driven fracturing on fracture−fracture interaction was investigated. Fracture propagation in two dimensions was modeled using the cohesive elements and anisotropic compressive remote stress conditions. Results suggest that if the natural fracture thickness is considered, the commonly used fracture crossing/diverting criterion will overestimate the hydraulic fracture crossing scenario. Factors including modulus contrast and coefficient of friction also influence hydraulic fracture interaction with natural fractures. An application of this work is the case of how bedding−parallel veins will affect hydraulic fracture height growth. Such natural fractures are abundant in the unconventional resource play in the Vaca Muerta formation in Argentina. When the rock−cement coefficient of friction is around 0.4−0.5, which most likely represents shale reservoirs, hydraulic fracture crossing behavior is affected by the modulus contrast between natural fractures and host rock as well as the natural fracture thickness.

Proceedings of the International Field Exploration and Development Conference 2023

Author : Jia’en Lin
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 981970264X
Total Pages : 1909 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (197 download)

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Book Synopsis Proceedings of the International Field Exploration and Development Conference 2023 by : Jia’en Lin

Download or read book Proceedings of the International Field Exploration and Development Conference 2023 written by Jia’en Lin and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on with total page 1909 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Study of Natural and Hydraulic Fracture Interaction Using Semi-circular Bending Experiments

Author : Weiwei Wang
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 120 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (885 download)

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Book Synopsis Study of Natural and Hydraulic Fracture Interaction Using Semi-circular Bending Experiments by : Weiwei Wang

Download or read book Study of Natural and Hydraulic Fracture Interaction Using Semi-circular Bending Experiments written by Weiwei Wang and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 120 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Hydraulic fracturing is an indispensable technique for developing unconventional resources such as shale gas and tight oil. According to micro-seismic data, when hydraulic fractures interact with pre-existing natural fractures, the result can be a complex fracture network. While most simulation studies treat natural fractures as frictional interfaces with cohesion, core observations show that partially cemented and fully cemented natural fractures are widely present. We use semi-circular bending tests to examine propagation paths and strength of samples with pre-existing cemented fractures. In this study, synthetic Hydrostone samples with embedded inclusions of different mechanical properties are used to mimic cemented natural fractures. In a series of experiments, we assess the influence of the fracture approach angle, inclusion strength, and inclusion thickness on fracture propagation. Results show that fractures tend to cross inclusion with high approach angle and divert into the inclusion with low approach angle. The inclusion thickness does not change the crossing/diverting behavior for orthogonal approaching samples, but it changes the jog distance along the interface. Preliminary simulation results are used to explain the experimental observation. The assessments of fracture interaction in this study are in good agreement with previous work and theories.

Geomechanics and Hydraulic Fracturing for Shale Reservoirs

Author : Yu Wang
Publisher : Scientific Research Publishing, Inc. USA
ISBN 13 : 1618968963
Total Pages : 383 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (189 download)

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Book Synopsis Geomechanics and Hydraulic Fracturing for Shale Reservoirs by : Yu Wang

Download or read book Geomechanics and Hydraulic Fracturing for Shale Reservoirs written by Yu Wang and published by Scientific Research Publishing, Inc. USA. This book was released on 2020-07-01 with total page 383 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is intended as a reference book for advanced graduate students and research engineers in shale gas development or rock mechanical engineering. Globally, there is widespread interest in exploiting shale gas resources to meet rising energy demands, maintain energy security and stability in supply and reduce dependence on higher carbon sources of energy, namely coal and oil. However, extracting shale gas is a resource intensive process and is dependent on the geological and geomechanical characteristics of the source rocks, making the development of certain formations uneconomic using current technologies. Therefore, evaluation of the physical and mechanical properties of shale, together with technological advancements, is critical in verifying the economic viability of such formation. Accurate geomechanical information about the rock and its variation through the shale is important since stresses along the wellbore can control fracture initiation and frac development. In addition, hydraulic fracturing has been widely employed to enhance the production of oil and gas from underground reservoirs. Hydraulic fracturing is a complex operation in which the fluid is pumped at a high pressure into a selected section of the wellbore. The interaction between the hydraulic fractures and natural fractures is the key to fracturing effectiveness prediction and high gas development. The development and growth of a hydraulic fracture through the natural fracture systems of shale is probably more complex than can be described here, but may be somewhat predictable if the fracture system and the development of stresses can be explained. As a result, comprehensive shale geomechanical experiments, physical modeling experiment and numerical investigations should be conducted to reveal the fracturing mechanical behaviors of shale.

Mechanics of Hydraulic Fracturing

Author : Xin-rong Zhang
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 111974234X
Total Pages : 291 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (197 download)

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Book Synopsis Mechanics of Hydraulic Fracturing by : Xin-rong Zhang

Download or read book Mechanics of Hydraulic Fracturing written by Xin-rong Zhang and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2023-01-05 with total page 291 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mechanics of Hydraulic Fracturing Comprehensive single-volume reference work providing an overview of experimental results and predictive methods for hydraulic fracture growth in rocks Mechanics of Hydraulic Fracturing: Experiment, Model, and Monitoring provides a summary of the research in mechanics of hydraulic fractures during the past two decades, plus new research trends to look for in the future. The book covers the contributions from theory, modeling, and experimentation, including the application of models to reservoir stimulation, mining preconditioning, and the formation of geological structures. The four expert editors emphasize the variety of diverse methods and tools in hydraulic fracturing and help the reader understand hydraulic fracture mechanics in complex geological situations. To aid in reader comprehension, practical examples of new approaches and methods are presented throughout the book. Key topics covered in the book include: Prediction of fracture shapes, sizes, and distributions in sedimentary basins, plus their importance in petroleum industry Real-time monitoring methods, such as micro-seismicity and trace tracking How to uncover geometries of fractures like dikes and veins Fracture growth of individual foundations and its applications Researchers and professionals working in the field of fluid-driven fracture growth will find immense value in this comprehensive reference on hydraulic fracturing mechanics.

Rock Mechanics and Engineering Volume 5

Author : Xia-Ting Feng
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1317481887
Total Pages : 748 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (174 download)

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Book Synopsis Rock Mechanics and Engineering Volume 5 by : Xia-Ting Feng

Download or read book Rock Mechanics and Engineering Volume 5 written by Xia-Ting Feng and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2017-07-20 with total page 748 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Surface and Underground Projects is the last volume of the five-volume set Rock Mechanics and Engineering and contains twenty-one chapters from key experts in the following fields: - Slopes; - Tunnels and Caverns; - Mining; - Petroleum Engineering; - Thermo-/Hydro-Mechanics in Gas Storage, Loading and Radioactive Waste Disposal. The five-volume set “Comprehensive Rock Engineering”, which was published in 1993, has had an important influence on the development of rock mechanics and rock engineering. Significant and extensive advances and achievements in these fields over the last 20 years now justify the publishing of a comparable, new compilation. Rock Mechanics and Engineering represents a highly prestigious, multi-volume work edited by Professor Xia-Ting Feng, with the editorial advice of Professor John A. Hudson. This new compilation offers an extremely wideranging and comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art in rock mechanics and rock engineering and is composed of peer-reviewed, dedicated contributions by all the key experts worldwide. Key features of this set are that it provides a systematic, global summary of new developments in rock mechanics and rock engineering practices as well as looking ahead to future developments in the fields. Contributors are worldrenowned experts in the fields of rock mechanics and rock engineering, though younger, talented researchers have also been included. The individual volumes cover an extremely wide array of topics grouped under five overarching themes: Principles (Vol. 1), Laboratory and Field Testing (Vol. 2), Analysis, Modelling and Design (Vol. 3), Excavation, Support and Monitoring (Vol. 4) and Surface and Underground Projects (Vol. 5). This multi-volume work sets a new standard for rock mechanics and engineering compendia and will be the go-to resource for all engineering professionals and academics involved in rock mechanics and engineering for years to come.

Fracture Mechanics

Author : Lucas Alves
Publisher : BoD – Books on Demand
ISBN 13 : 953512708X
Total Pages : 334 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (351 download)

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Book Synopsis Fracture Mechanics by : Lucas Alves

Download or read book Fracture Mechanics written by Lucas Alves and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2016-10-19 with total page 334 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is a collection of 13 chapters divided into seven sections: Section I: "General Foundations of the Stress Field and Toughness" with one chapter, Section II: "Fractography and Impact Analysis" with two chapters, Section III: "Toughness Fracture" with three chapters, Section IV: "Fracture Behavior" with two chapters, Section V: "Natural and Hydraulic Fractures" with two chapters, section VI: "Fatigue" with one chapter and Section VII: "Fracture Biomaterials and compatible" with two chapters. This book covers a wide range of application of fracture mechanics in materials science, engineering, rock prospecting, dentistry and medicine. The book is aimed towards materials scientists, metallurgists, mechanical and civil engineers, doctors and dentists and can also be well used in education, research and industry.

Embedded Discrete Fracture Modeling and Application in Reservoir Simulation

Author : Kamy Sepehrnoori
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0128196882
Total Pages : 306 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (281 download)

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Book Synopsis Embedded Discrete Fracture Modeling and Application in Reservoir Simulation by : Kamy Sepehrnoori

Download or read book Embedded Discrete Fracture Modeling and Application in Reservoir Simulation written by Kamy Sepehrnoori and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2020-08-27 with total page 306 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The development of naturally fractured reservoirs, especially shale gas and tight oil reservoirs, exploded in recent years due to advanced drilling and fracturing techniques. However, complex fracture geometries such as irregular fracture networks and non-planar fractures are often generated, especially in the presence of natural fractures. Accurate modelling of production from reservoirs with such geometries is challenging. Therefore, Embedded Discrete Fracture Modeling and Application in Reservoir Simulation demonstrates how production from reservoirs with complex fracture geometries can be modelled efficiently and effectively. This volume presents a conventional numerical model to handle simple and complex fractures using local grid refinement (LGR) and unstructured gridding. Moreover, it introduces an Embedded Discrete Fracture Model (EDFM) to efficiently deal with complex fractures by dividing the fractures into segments using matrix cell boundaries and creating non-neighboring connections (NNCs). A basic EDFM approach using Cartesian grids and advanced EDFM approach using Corner point and unstructured grids will be covered. Embedded Discrete Fracture Modeling and Application in Reservoir Simulation is an essential reference for anyone interested in performing reservoir simulation of conventional and unconventional fractured reservoirs. Highlights the current state-of-the-art in reservoir simulation of unconventional reservoirs Offers understanding of the impacts of key reservoir properties and complex fractures on well performance Provides case studies to show how to use the EDFM method for different needs

Experimental Studies in Hydraulic Fracture Growth

Author : Murtadha Jawad Al Tammar
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (11 download)

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Book Synopsis Experimental Studies in Hydraulic Fracture Growth by : Murtadha Jawad Al Tammar

Download or read book Experimental Studies in Hydraulic Fracture Growth written by Murtadha Jawad Al Tammar and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Novel experimental capabilities to study hydraulic fracturing in the laboratory are developed and utilized in this research. Fracturing experiments are conducted using two-dimensional (2-D) test specimens that are made from synthetic, porous materials with well-characterized properties. Fracture growth during the experiments is captured with clear, high resolution images and subsequent image processing using Digital Image Correlation (DIC) analyses. First, we investigated the problem of a hydraulic fracture induced in a soft layer bounded by harder layers. The experiments reveal a clear tendency for induced fractures to avoid harder bounding layers. This is seen as fracture deflection or kinking away from the harder layers, fracture curving between the harder bounding layers, and fracture tilt from the maximum far-field stress direction. In addition, when a fracture is induced in a relatively thin layer, the fracture avoids the harder bounding layers by initiating and propagating parallel to the bounding interfaces. Fracture propagation parallel to the bounding layers is also observed in relatively wide layers when the far-field stress is isotropic or very low. Complex fracture trajectories are induced in layered specimens when the far-field differential stress is low or intermediate. In a second set of experiments, we used homogeneous specimens with multiple fluid injection ports. It is clearly shown that injection-induced stresses can appreciably affect hydraulic fracture trajectories and fracturing pressures. We show that induced hydraulic fractures, under our laboratory conditions, are attracted to regions of high pore pressure. Induced fractures tend to propagate towards neighboring high pore pressure injection ports. The recorded breakdown pressure in the fracturing experiments decreases significantly as the number of neighboring injectors increases. The influence of an adjacent fluid injection source on the hydraulic fracture trajectory can be minimized or suppressed when the applied far-field differential stress is relatively high. Preferential fracture growth due to changes in pore pressure in field applications as compared to our laboratory observations is also discussed. In a third set of experiments, we show that the breakdown pressure of test specimens can be reduced markedly with low injection rates, cyclic borehole pressurization, and/or constant pressure injection. This is largely related to the extent of pressurized region around the borehole caused by fluid leakoff in dry specimens and possible specimen weakening by fluid contact. The breakdown pressure can also be reduced by notching the specimen borehole when the injection fluid is allowed to flow and leak off along the borehole notch. In a fourth set of experiments, we compared fracture growth induced by a viscous liquid and a gas which are glycerin and nitrogen, respectively. The experiments show that fractures propagate through test specimens in a gradual manner when induced by glycerin at various injection rates. By contrast, nitrogen injection induces fractures that grow much more rapidly, which we attribute to its compressible nature and ultralow viscosity. The breakdown pressure is also shown to be markedly lower for nitrogen fractures compared to glycerin fractures. Moreover, an experimental evidence of fluid lag when fractures are induced with viscous fluids is demonstrated. Lastly, experiments were conducted to examine the behavior of an induced hydraulic fracture as it approaches a cemented natural fracture. We show a tendency for the induced hydraulic fracture to cross thick natural fractures filled with softer materials than the host rock and to be diverted by thick natural fractures with harder filling materials. The induced hydraulic fracture also tends to cross hard natural fractures when the natural fractures are relatively thin. In addition, the induced hydraulic fracture from the injection port is shown to be diverted by a thin, hard natural fracture that is placed relatively close to the injection port but crosses the same natural fracture when placed farther away from the injection port. These observations, and numerous others, documented in this dissertation provide fundamental insights on various aspects of hydraulic fracture propagation. Our extensive set of laboratory observations are also very useful in validating numerical hydraulic fracturing simulators due to the small-scale, 2-D nature, and characterized properties of the test specimens used in the experiments

Fracture Propagation in Naturally Fractured Reservoirs

Author : Hunjoo Peter Lee
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 378 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (989 download)

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Book Synopsis Fracture Propagation in Naturally Fractured Reservoirs by : Hunjoo Peter Lee

Download or read book Fracture Propagation in Naturally Fractured Reservoirs written by Hunjoo Peter Lee and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 378 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Investigations of hydrocarbons in tight formations require understanding of hydraulic fracturing in order to optimize the production and recovery of oil and natural gas. The classic description of hydraulic fracture is a single bi-wing planar feature, however, field observations show that hydraulic fracture growth in naturally fractured formations like shale is complex. Lack of knowledge concerning the remote stress impact and the interaction with planes of weakness on a fracture propagation trajectory leads to inaccurate predictions of the fracture geometry and the surface area required for the production estimation. Most studies in engineering mechanics extended the standard mixed-mode fracture propagation models, based on the near tip approximations, to include the impact of the tensile crack-parallel stress on the fracture propagation path. However, for fractures in the subsurface, the remote stress is compression, and internal fluid pressure or frictional stress become important in the near-tip stress field and the propagation trajectory. The Modified Maximum Tangential Principal Stress criterion (MMTPS-criterion) was introduced to address and evaluate the remote and internal crack stresses in the propagation path. The predictions of the fracture propagation angles by the MMTPS-criterion agreed with published experimental results of fractures propagating under both tensile and compressive external loads. In addition, the predictions matched well with uniaxial compression tests on hydrostone samples with the critical radial distance, defined by the process zone size, for open fractures that satisfy the Small Scale Yielding conditions. For short open fractures, a larger critical radial distance was required to correspond with the experimental results. The MMTPS-criterion was also capable of predicting lower propagation angles for closed cracks with higher friction coefficients. Preexisting discontinuities in shale, including natural fractures and bedding, act as planes of weakness that divert fracture propagation. To investigate the influences of weak planes on hydraulic fracture propagation, I performed Semi-Circular Bend (SCB) tests on Marcellus shale core samples containing calcite-filled natural fractures (veins). The approach angle of the induced fracture to the veins and the thickness of the veins had a strong influence on propagation. As the apprach angle became more oblique to the induced fracture plane, and as the vein got thicker, the induced fracture was more likely to divert into the vein. Microstructural analysis of tested samples showed that the induced fracture propagated in the middle of the vein rahter than the interface between vein and the rock matrix. Cleavage planes and fluid inclusion trails in the vein cements exerted some control on the fracture path. By combining the experimental results with theoretical fracture-mechanics arguments, the fracture toughness of the calcite veins was estimated to range from 0.99 MPa [square root of m] to 1.14 MPa [square root of m], depending on the value used for the Young's modulus of the calcite vein material. Measured fracture toughness of unfractured Marcellus shale was 0.64 MPa [square root of m]. A Discrete Element Method (DEM) based numerical modeling software, Particle Flow Code in three-dimensions (PFC3D), was utilized to reproduce and analyze the experimental results of Marcellus shale samples. The trend of numerical results correlated with the interaction feature of the experimental results for various approach angel and thickness (i.e., aperture) of the vein. Further sensitivity analysis on vein properties indicated that veins with lower stranght and higher stiffness contribute to more fracture diversion than veins with higher strenght and lower stiffness. Additionally, parallel bond breakages in the model show that microcracks were generated inside the vein before the induced fracture encountered the vein especially for the veins with higher stiffnesses when compared to the rock matrix. Most of the bond failure mode inside the vein and the induced fracture was tensile rather that shear mode.

Experimental Investigation of Geomechanical Aspects of Hydraulic Fracturing Unconventional Formations

Author : Emad Abbad Alabbad
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (893 download)

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Book Synopsis Experimental Investigation of Geomechanical Aspects of Hydraulic Fracturing Unconventional Formations by : Emad Abbad Alabbad

Download or read book Experimental Investigation of Geomechanical Aspects of Hydraulic Fracturing Unconventional Formations written by Emad Abbad Alabbad and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Understanding the mechanisms that govern hydraulic fracturing applications in unconventional formations, such as gas-bearing shales, is of increasing interest to the petroleum upstream industry. Among such mechanisms, the geomechanical interactions between hydraulic fractures and pre-existing fractures on one hand, and simultaneous multiple hydraulic fractures on the other hand are seen of high importance. Although the petroleum engineering and related literature contains a number of studies that discusses such topics of hydraulic fracture interactions, there still remain some aspects that require answers, validations, or further supporting data. Particularly, experimental evidence is fairly scarce and keenly needed to solidify the understanding of such complex applications. In this work, the investigation methodology uses a series of hydraulic fracturing laboratory tests performed on synthetic rocks made of gypsum-based cements such as hydrostone and plaster in various experimental set ups. Those laboratory tests aim to closely investigate hydraulic fracture intersection with pre-existing fractures by assessing some factors that govern its outcomes. Specifically, the roles of the pre-existing fracture cementation, aperture, and relative height on the intersection mode are examined. The results show dominant effect of the cement-fill type relative to the host-rock matrix in determining whether hydraulic fracture crossing the pre-existing interface may occur. Similarly, hydraulic fracture height relative to the height of the pre-existing fracture may dictate the intersection results. However, the intersection mode seems to be insensitive of the pre-existing fracture aperture. Moreover, simultaneous multi-fracture propagation is examined and found to be impacted by the interference of the stresses induced from each fracturing source on neighboring fracturing sources. Such stress interference increases as the number of the propagating hydraulic fractures increase. While hydraulic fractures initiating from fracturing sources located in the middle of the fracturing stage seem to have inhibited propagation, outer hydraulic fractures may continue propagating with outward curvatures. Overall, the experimental results and analyses offer more insights for understanding hydraulic fracture complexity in unconventional formations.

Analysis of Hydraulic Fracture Propagation in Fractured Reservoirs

Author : Arash Dahi Taleghani
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (851 download)

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Book Synopsis Analysis of Hydraulic Fracture Propagation in Fractured Reservoirs by : Arash Dahi Taleghani

Download or read book Analysis of Hydraulic Fracture Propagation in Fractured Reservoirs written by Arash Dahi Taleghani and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Large volumes of natural gas exist in tight fissured reservoirs. Hydraulic fracturing is one of the main stimulating techniques to enhance recovery from these fractured reservoirs. Although hydraulic fracturing has been used for decades for the stimulation of tight gas reservoirs, a thorough understanding of the interaction between induced hydraulic fractures and natural fractures is still lacking. Recent examples of hydraulic fracture diagnostic data suggest complex, multi-stranded hydraulic fracture geometry is a common occurrence. The interaction between pre-existing natural fractures and the advancing hydraulic fracture is a key condition leading to complex fracture patterns. Large populations of natural fractures that exist in formations such as the Barnett shale are sealed by precipitated cements which could be quartz, calcite, etc. Even though there is no porosity in the sealed fractures, they may still serve as weak paths for fracture initiation and/or for diverting the path of the growing hydraulic fractures. Performing hydraulic fracture design calculations under these complex conditions requires modeling of fracture intersections and tracking fluid fronts in the network of reactivated fissures. In this dissertation, the effect of the cohesiveness of the sealed natural fractures and the intact rock toughness in hydraulic fracturing are studied. Accordingly, the role of the pre-existing fracture geometry is also investigated. The results provide some explanations for significant differences in hydraulic fracturing in naturally fractured reservoirs from non-fractured reservoirs. For the purpose of this research, an extended finite element method (XFEM) code is developed to simulate fracture propagation, initiation and intersection. The motivation behind applying XFEM are the desire to avoid remeshing in each step of the fracture propagation, being able to consider arbitrary varying geometry of natural fractures and the insensitivity of fracture propagation to mesh geometry. New modifications are introduced into XFEM to improve stress intensity factor calculations, including fracture intersection criteria into the model and improving accuracy of the solution in near crack tip regions. The presented coupled fluid flow-fracture mechanics simulations extend available modeling efforts and provide a unified framework for evaluating fracture design parameters and their consequences. Results demonstrate that fracture pattern complexity is strongly controlled by the magnitude of in situ stress anisotropy, the rock toughness, the natural fracture cement strength, and the approach angle of the hydraulic fracture to the natural fracture. Previous studies (mostly based on frictional fault stability analysis) have concentrated on predicting the onset of natural fracture failure. However, the use of fracture mechanics and XFEM makes it possible to evaluate the progression of fracture growth over time as fluid is diverted into the natural fractures. Analysis shows that the growing hydraulic fracture may exert enough tensile and/or shear stresses on cemented natural fractures that they may be opened or slip in advance of hydraulic fracture tip arrival, while under some conditions, natural fractures will be unaffected by the hydraulic fracture. A threshold is defined for the fracture energy of cements where, for cases below this threshold, hydraulic fractures divert into the natural fractures. The value of this threshold is calculated for different fracture set orientations. Finally, detailed pressure profile and aperture distributions at the intersection between fracture segments show the potential for difficulty in proppant transport under complex fracture propagation conditions. Whether a hydraulic fracture crosses or is arrested by a pre-existing natural fracture is controlled by shear strength and potential slippage at the fracture intersections, as well as potential debonding of sealed cracks in the near-tip region of a propagating hydraulic fracture. We introduce a new more general criterion for fracture propagation at the intersections. We present a complex hydraulic fracture pattern propagation model based on the Extended Finite Element Method as a design tool that can be used to optimize treatment parameters under complex propagation conditions.

Sustainable Natural Gas Reservoir and Production Engineering

Author : David Wood
Publisher : Gulf Professional Publishing
ISBN 13 : 0323859569
Total Pages : 412 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (238 download)

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Book Synopsis Sustainable Natural Gas Reservoir and Production Engineering by : David Wood

Download or read book Sustainable Natural Gas Reservoir and Production Engineering written by David Wood and published by Gulf Professional Publishing. This book was released on 2021-10-30 with total page 412 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sustainable Natural Gas Reservoir and Production Engineering, the latest release in The Fundamentals and Sustainable Advances in Natural Gas Science and Engineering series, delivers many of the scientific fundamentals needed in the natural gas industry, including improving gas recovery, simulation processes for fracturing methods, and methods for optimizing production strategies. Advanced research covered includes machine learning applications, gas fracturing mechanics aimed at reducing environmental impact, and enhanced oil recovery technologies aimed at capturing carbon dioxide. Supported by corporate and academic contributors along with two well-distinguished editors, this book provides today’s natural gas engineers the fundamentals and advances in a convenient resource Helps readers advance from basic equations used in conventional gas reservoirs Presents structured case studies to illustrate how new principles can be applied in practical situations Covers advanced topics, including machine learning applications to optimize predictions, controls and improve knowledge-based applications Helps accelerate emission reductions by teaching gas fracturing mechanics with an aim of reducing environmental impacts and developing enhanced oil recovery technologies that capture carbon dioxide

Effect of a Natural Fracture on Hydraulic Fracture Propagation

Author : Naga Kiran Potluri
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 142 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (851 download)

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Book Synopsis Effect of a Natural Fracture on Hydraulic Fracture Propagation by : Naga Kiran Potluri

Download or read book Effect of a Natural Fracture on Hydraulic Fracture Propagation written by Naga Kiran Potluri and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 142 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Mechanics of Hydraulic Fracturing

Author : Xi Zhang
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119742455
Total Pages : 291 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (197 download)

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Book Synopsis Mechanics of Hydraulic Fracturing by : Xi Zhang

Download or read book Mechanics of Hydraulic Fracturing written by Xi Zhang and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2022-12-15 with total page 291 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mechanics of Hydraulic Fracturing Comprehensive single-volume reference work providing an overview of experimental results and predictive methods for hydraulic fracture growth in rocks Mechanics of Hydraulic Fracturing: Experiment, Model, and Monitoring provides a summary of the research in mechanics of hydraulic fractures during the past two decades, plus new research trends to look for in the future. The book covers the contributions from theory, modeling, and experimentation, including the application of models to reservoir stimulation, mining preconditioning, and the formation of geological structures. The four expert editors emphasize the variety of diverse methods and tools in hydraulic fracturing and help the reader understand hydraulic fracture mechanics in complex geological situations. To aid in reader comprehension, practical examples of new approaches and methods are presented throughout the book. Key topics covered in the book include: Prediction of fracture shapes, sizes, and distributions in sedimentary basins, plus their importance in petroleum industry Real-time monitoring methods, such as micro-seismicity and trace tracking How to uncover geometries of fractures like dikes and veins Fracture growth of individual foundations and its applications Researchers and professionals working in the field of fluid-driven fracture growth will find immense value in this comprehensive reference on hydraulic fracturing mechanics.

Hydraulic Fracture Mechanics

Author : Peter Valkó
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 328 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Hydraulic Fracture Mechanics by : Peter Valkó

Download or read book Hydraulic Fracture Mechanics written by Peter Valkó and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 328 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book explores the theoretical background of one of the most widespread activities in hydrocarbon wells, that of hydraulic fracturing. A comprehensive treatment of the basic phenomena includes: linear elasticity, stresses, fracture geometry and rheology. The diverse concepts of mechanics are integrated into a coherent description of hydraulic fracture propagation. The chapters in the book are cross-referenced throughout and the connections between the various phenomena are emphasized. The book offers readers a unique approach to the subject with the use of many numerical examples.