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Evaluation Of Sorbents For The Cleanup Of Coal Derived Synthesis Gas At Elevated Temperatures
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Book Synopsis Evaluation of Sorbents for the Cleanup of Coal-derived Synthesis Gas at Elevated Temperatures by : David Joseph Couling
Download or read book Evaluation of Sorbents for the Cleanup of Coal-derived Synthesis Gas at Elevated Temperatures written by David Joseph Couling and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 182 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) with carbon dioxide capture is a promising technology to produce electricity from coal at a higher efficiency than with traditional subcritical pulverized coal (PC) power plants. As with any coal-based technology, however, it is of critical importance to develop efficient techniques to reduce the emissions of its many environmental pollutants, including not only carbon dioxide, but also sulfur and trace metals such as lead or mercury. One potential method to improve the efficiency for IGCC is through the use of solid sorbents that operate at elevated temperatures. Because many of these technologies are in their infancy and have yet to be commercially demonstrated, a strong desire exists to develop methods to critically evaluate these technologies more rapidly and inexpensively than can be done through experiments alone. In this thesis we applied computational techniques to investigate the feasibility of sorbents for the warm temperature removal of two key pollutants, carbon dioxide and mercury. We developed pressure swing adsorption models for the removal of carbon dioxide using both metal oxide and metal hydroxide sorbents and incorporated them into IGCC process simulations in Aspen Plus in order to evaluate the energy penalties associated with using these carbon dioxide capture technologies. We identified the optimal properties of CO2 sorbents for this application. Although warm CO2 capture using solid sorbents could lead to slight efficiency increases over conventional cold cleanup methods, the potential gains are much smaller than previously estimated. In addition, we used density functional theory to screen binary metal alloys, metal oxides, and metal sulfides as potential sorbents for mercury capture. We computed the thermochemistry of 40 different potential mercury sorbents to evaluate their affinity for mercury at the low concentrations and elevated temperatures found in the coal gas stream. We also evaluated the tendency of these sorbent materials to react with major components of the gas stream, such as hydrogen or steam. Finally, we tested the mercury adsorption characteristics of three of the most promising materials experimentally. Our experimental observations showed good qualitative agreement with our density functional theory calculations.
Book Synopsis Novel Sorbent-Based Process for High Temperature Trace Metal Removal by :
Download or read book Novel Sorbent-Based Process for High Temperature Trace Metal Removal written by and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The objective of this project was to demonstrate the efficacy of a novel sorbent can effectively remove trace metal contaminants (Hg, As, Se and Cd) from actual coal-derived synthesis gas streams at high temperature (above the dew point of the gas). The performance of TDA's sorbent has been evaluated in several field demonstrations using synthesis gas generated by laboratory and pilot-scale coal gasifiers in a state-of-the-art test skid that houses the absorbent and all auxiliary equipment for monitoring and data logging of critical operating parameters. The test skid was originally designed to treat 10,000 SCFH gas at 250 psig and 350 C, however, because of the limited gas handling capabilities of the test sites, the capacity was downsized to 500 SCFH gas flow. As part of the test program, we carried out four demonstrations at two different sites using the synthesis gas generated by the gasification of various lignites and a bituminous coal. Two of these tests were conducted at the Power Systems Demonstration Facility (PSDF) in Wilsonville, Alabama; a Falkirk (North Dakota) lignite and a high sodium lignite (the PSDF operator Southern Company did not disclose the source of this lignite) were used as the feedstock. We also carried out two other demonstrations in collaboration with the University of North Dakota Energy Environmental Research Center (UNDEERC) using synthesis gas slipstreams generated by the gasification of Sufco (Utah) bituminous coal and Oak Hills (Texas) lignite. In the PSDF tests, we showed successful operation of the test system at the conditions of interest and showed the efficacy of sorbent in removing the mercury from synthesis gas. In Test Campaign No.1, TDA sorbent reduced Hg concentration of the synthesis gas to less than 5 [mu]g/m3 and achieved over 99% Hg removal efficiency for the entire test duration. Unfortunately, due to the relatively low concentration of the trace metals in the lignite feed and as a result of the intermittent operation of the PSDF gasifier (due to the difficulties in the handling of the low quality lignite), only a small fraction of the sorbent capacity was utilized (we measured a mercury capacity of 3.27 mg/kg, which is only a fraction of the 680 mg/kg Hg capacity measured for the same sorbent used at our bench-scale evaluations at TDA). Post reaction examination of the sorbent by chemical analysis also indicated some removal As and Se (we did not detect any significant amounts of Cd in the synthesis gas or over the sorbent). The tests at UNDEERC was more successful and showed clearly that the TDA sorbent can effectively remove Hg and other trace metals (As and Se) at high temperature. The on-line gas measurements carried out by TDA and UNDEERC separately showed that TDA sorbent can achieve greater than 95% Hg removal efficiency at 260 C (≈200g sorbent treated more than 15,000 SCF synthesis gas). Chemical analysis conducted following the tests also showed modest amounts of As and Se accumulation in the sorbent bed (the test durations were still short to show higher capacities to these contaminants). We also evaluated the stability of the sorbent and the fate of mercury (the most volatile and unstable of the trace metal compounds). The Synthetic Ground Water Leaching Procedure Test carried out by an independent environmental laboratory showed that the mercury will remain on the sorbent once the sorbent is disposed. Based on a preliminary engineering and cost analysis, TDA estimated the cost of mercury removal from coal-derived synthesis gas as $2,995/lb (this analysis assumes that this cost also includes the cost of removal of all other trace metal contaminants). The projected cost will result in a small increase (less than 1%) in the cost of energy.
Book Synopsis Sorbents for High Temperature Removal of Arsenic from Coal-Derived Synthesis Gas by :
Download or read book Sorbents for High Temperature Removal of Arsenic from Coal-Derived Synthesis Gas written by and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 5 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Gasification technologies convert coal and other heavy feedstocks into synthesis gas feed streams that can be used in the production of a wide variety of chemicals, ranging from hydrogen through methanol, ammonia, acetic anhydride, dimethyl ether (DME), methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE), high molecular weight liquid hydrocarbons and waxes. Syngas can also be burned directly as a fuel in advanced power cycles to generate electricity with very high efficiency. However, the coal-derived synthesis gas contains a myriad of trace contaminants that may poison the catalysts that are used in the downstream manufacturing processes and may also be regulated in power plant emissions. Particularly, the catalysts used in the conversion of synthesis gas to methanol and other liquid fuels (Fischer-Tropsch liquids) have been found to be very sensitive to the low levels of poisons, especially arsenic, that are present in the synthesis gas from coal. TDA Research, Inc. (TDA) is developing an expendable high capacity, low-cost chemical absorbent to remove arsenic from coal-derived syngas. Unlike most of the commercially available sorbents that physically adsorb arsenic, TDA's sorbent operates at elevated temperatures and removes the arsenic through chemical reaction. The arsenic content in the coal gas stream is reduced to ppb levels with the sorbent by capturing and stabilizing the arsenic gas (As4) and arsenic hydrides (referred to as arsine, AsH3) in the solid state. To demonstrate the concept of high temperature arsenic removal from coal-derived syngas, we carried out bench-scale experiments to test the absorption capacity of a variety of sorbent formulations under representative conditions. Using on-line analysis techniques, we monitored the pre- and post-breakthrough arsine concentrations over different sorbent samples. Some of these samples exhibited pre-breakthrough arsine absorption capacity over 40% wt. (capacity is defined as lb of arsenic absorbed/lb of sorbent), while maintaining an arsine outlet concentration at less than 10 ppb.
Book Synopsis Dry Syngas Purification Processes for Coal Gasification Systems by : Makoto Kobayashi
Download or read book Dry Syngas Purification Processes for Coal Gasification Systems written by Makoto Kobayashi and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2020-10-18 with total page 290 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Dry Syngas Purification Processes for Coal Gasification Systems illustrates the promising development status of dry syngas purification for various power generation systems based on coal gasification. The core advantages of dry syngas purification, methodologies for impurity measurement, sorbents development, and evaluation of process performance are described in-depth, and from a practical perspective that is based on current research and development. Reviewing key findings from process integration, the book encompasses scale-up strategies from pilot processes to achieve dry syngas processing for new build plants. The book provides researchers and engineers with practical information to realize dry syngas purification processes for each context. Delivers pathways to realize dry syngas purification processes customized to specific power plant contexts Provides analytical tools to facilitate plant operators in examining and interpreting the relevant impurities of coal gasification and gas treatment processes Illustrates rational strategies for developing capable and durable dry removal sorbent for syngas impurities Describes process design and integration through key engineering evaluation Describes scale-up strategies of dry syngas processing for their deployment in new plants Provides prospects on the development of future coal energy conversion system adopting dry syngas purification processes
Book Synopsis Development of Disposal Sorbents for Chloride Removal from High-temperature Coal-derived Gases by :
Download or read book Development of Disposal Sorbents for Chloride Removal from High-temperature Coal-derived Gases written by and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The objective of this program is to develop alkali-based disposable sorbents capable of reducing HCl vapor concentrations to less than 1 ppmv in coal gas streams at temperatures in the range 400[degrees] to 750[degrees]C and pressures in the range 1 to 20 atm. The primary areas of focus of this program are investigation of different processes for fabricating the sorbents, testing their suitability for different reactor configurations, obtaining kinetic data for commercial reactor design, and updating the economics of the process.
Book Synopsis Gas Cleaning at High Temperatures by : R. Clift
Download or read book Gas Cleaning at High Temperatures written by R. Clift and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 692 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: 2nd International Symposium
Book Synopsis Regenerable Sorbent Development for Sulfur, Chloride and Ammonia Removal from Coal-Derived Synthesis Gas by :
Download or read book Regenerable Sorbent Development for Sulfur, Chloride and Ammonia Removal from Coal-Derived Synthesis Gas written by and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A large number of components in coal form corrosive and toxic compounds during coal gasification processes. DOE's NETL aims to reduce contaminants to parts per billion in order to utilize gasification gas streams in fuel cell applications. Even more stringent requirements are expected if the fuel is to be utilized in chemical production applications. Regenerable hydrogen sulfide removal sorbents have been developed at NETL. These sorbents can remove the hydrogen sulfide to ppb range at 316 °C and at 20 atmospheres. The sorbent can be regenerated with oxygen. Reactivity and physical durability of the sorbent did not change during the multi-cycle tests. The sorbent development work has been extended to include the removal of other major impurities, such as HCl and NH3. The sorbents for HCl removal that are available today are not regenerable. Regenerable HCl removal sorbents have been developed at NETL. These sorbents can remove HCl to ppb range at 300 °C to 500 °C. The sorbent can be regenerated with oxygen. Results of TGA and bench-scale flow reactor tests with both regenerable and non-regenerable HCl removal sorbents will be discussed in the paper. Bench-scale reactor tests were also conducted with NH3 removal sorbents. The results indicated that the sorbents have a high removal capacity and good regenerability during the multi-cycle tests. Future emphasis of the NETL coal gasification/cleanup program is to develop multi-functional sorbents to remove multiple impurities in order to minimize the steps involved in the cleanup systems. To accomplish this goal, a regenerable sorbent capable of removing both HCl and H2S was developed. The results of the TGA conducted with the sorbent to evaluate the feasibility of both H2S and HCl sorption will be discussed in this paper.
Book Synopsis Coal Gasification and Its Applications by : David A. Bell
Download or read book Coal Gasification and Its Applications written by David A. Bell and published by William Andrew. This book was released on 2010-12-08 with total page 414 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Skyrocketing energy costs have spurred renewed interest in coal gasification. Currently available information on this subject needs to be updated, however, and focused on specific coals and end products. For example, carbon capture and sequestration, previously given little attention, now has a prominent role in coal conversion processes.This book approaches coal gasification and related technologies from a process engineering point of view, with topics chosen to aid the process engineer who is interested in a complete, coal-to-products system. It provides a perspective for engineers and scientists who analyze and improve components of coal conversion processes.The first topic describes the nature and availability of coal. Next, the fundamentals of gasification are described, followed by a description of gasification technologies and gas cleaning processes. The conversion of syngas to electricity, fuels and chemicals is then discussed. Finally, process economics are covered. Emphasis is given to the selection of gasification technology based on the type of coal fed to the gasifier and desired end product: E.g., lower temperature gasifiers produce substantial quantities of methane, which is undesirable in an ammonia synthesis feed. This book also reviews gasification kinetics which is informed by recent papers and process design studies by the US Department of Energy and other groups, and also largely ignored by other gasification books.• Approaches coal gasification and related technologies from a process engineering point of view, providing a perspective for engineers and scientists who analyze and improve components of coal conversion processes • Describes the fundamentals of gasification, gasification technologies, and gas cleaning processes • Emphasizes the importance of the coal types fed to the gasifier and desired end products • Covers gasification kinetics, which was largely ignored by other gasification books Provides a perspective for engineers and scientists who analyze and improve components of the coal conversion processes Describes the fundamentals of gasification, gasification technologies, and gas cleaning processes Covers gasification kinetics, which was largely ignored by other gasification books
Book Synopsis Tesoro de Novelistas Españoles Antiquas y Modernas con una Introduccion y Noticias de Don Eugenio de Ochoa by :
Download or read book Tesoro de Novelistas Españoles Antiquas y Modernas con una Introduccion y Noticias de Don Eugenio de Ochoa written by and published by . This book was released on 1847 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Fossil Energy Update written by and published by . This book was released on 1977 with total page 1052 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Dry Syngas Purification Processes for Coal Gasification Systems by : Makoto Kobayashi
Download or read book Dry Syngas Purification Processes for Coal Gasification Systems written by Makoto Kobayashi and published by Elsevier Science. This book was released on 2020-11-05 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Dry Syngas Purification Processes for Coal Gasification Systems illustrates the promising development status of dry syngas purification for various power generation systems based on coal gasification. The core advantages of dry syngas purification, methodologies for impurity measurement, sorbents development, and evaluation of process performance are described in-depth, and from a practical perspective that is based on current research and development. Reviewing key findings from process integration, the book encompasses scale-up strategies from pilot processes to achieve dry syngas processing for new build plants. The book provides researchers and engineers with practical information to realize dry syngas purification processes for each context. Delivers pathways to realize dry syngas purification processes customized to specific power plant contexts Provides analytical tools to facilitate plant operators in examining and interpreting the relevant impurities of coal gasification and gas treatment processes Illustrates rational strategies for developing capable and durable dry removal sorbent for syngas impurities Describes process design and integration through key engineering evaluation Describes scale-up strategies of dry syngas processing for their deployment in new plants Provides prospects on the development of future coal energy conversion system adopting dry syngas purification processes
Download or read book Energy Research Abstracts written by and published by . This book was released on 1985 with total page 780 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Development of Advanced Hot-gas Desulfurization Sorbents by :
Download or read book Development of Advanced Hot-gas Desulfurization Sorbents written by and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 5 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The objective of this study is to develop hot-gas cleanup sorbents for relatively lower temperature application, with emphasis on the temperature applications, with emphasis on the temperature range from 343--538 C.A number of formulations will be prepared and screened for testing in a 1/2-inch fixed bed reactor at high pressure (1 to 20 atm) and high temperatures using simulated coal-derived fuel-gases. Screening criteria will include, chemical reactivity, stability, and regenerability over the temperature range of 343 C to 538 C. Each formulation will be tested for up to 5 cycles of absorption and regeneration. To prevent sulfation, catalyst additives will be investigated, which would promote a lower ignition of the regeneration. Selected superior formulation will be tested for long term (up to at least 30 cycles) durability and chemical reactivity in the reactor. Zinc oxide based sorbents were prepared and characterized as fresh, sulfided, and regenerated sorbents. Results are presented.
Book Synopsis High Temperature Coal-gas Desulfurization by : Gary D. Focht
Download or read book High Temperature Coal-gas Desulfurization written by Gary D. Focht and published by . This book was released on 1988 with total page 522 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract.
Download or read book Energy written by and published by . This book was released on 1981 with total page 378 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Chemical Energy from Natural and Synthetic Gas by : Yatish T. Shah
Download or read book Chemical Energy from Natural and Synthetic Gas written by Yatish T. Shah and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2017-03-16 with total page 715 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Commercial development of energy from renewables and nuclear is critical to long-term industry and environmental goals. However, it will take time for them to economically compete with existing fossil fuel energy resources and their infrastructures. Gas fuels play an important role during and beyond this transition away from fossil fuel dominance to a balanced approach to fossil, nuclear, and renewable energies. Chemical Energy from Natural and Synthetic Gas illustrates this point by examining the many roles of natural and synthetic gas in the energy and fuel industry, addressing it as both a "transition" and "end game" fuel. The book describes various types of gaseous fuels and how are they are recovered, purified, and converted to liquid fuels and electricity generation and used for other static and mobile applications. It emphasizes methane, syngas, and hydrogen as fuels, although other volatile hydrocarbons are considered. It also covers storage and transportation infrastructure for natural gas and hydrogen and methods and processes for cleaning and reforming synthetic gas. The book also deals applications, such as the use of natural gas in power production in power plants, engines, turbines, and vehicle needs. Presents a unified and collective look at gas in the energy and fuel industry, addressing it as both a "transition" and "end game" fuel. Emphasizes methane, syngas, and hydrogen as fuels. Covers gas storage and transport infrastructure. Discusses thermal gasification, gas reforming, processing, purification and upgrading. Describes biogas and bio-hydrogen production. Deals with the use of natural gas in power production in power plants, engines, turbines, and vehicle needs.
Book Synopsis Advanced Sorbent Development Program Development of Sorbents for Moving-Bed and Fluidized-Bed Applications by :
Download or read book Advanced Sorbent Development Program Development of Sorbents for Moving-Bed and Fluidized-Bed Applications written by and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 224 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) power system using high-temperature coal gas cleanup is one of the most promising advanced technologies for the production of electric power from coal in an environmentally acceptable manner. Unlike conventional low-temperature cleanup systems that require costly heat exchangers, high-temperature coal gas cleanup systems can be operated near 482-538 C (900-1000 F) or higher, conditions that are a closer match with the gasifier and turbine components in the IGCC system, thus resulting is a more efficient overall system. GE is developing a moving-bed, high-temperature desulfurization system for the IGCC power cycle in which zinc-based regenerable sorbents are currently being used as desulfurization sorbents. Zinc titanate and other proprietary zinc-based oxides are being considered as sorbents for use in the Clean Coal Technology Demonstration Program at Tampa Electric Co.'s (TECo) Polk Power Station. Under cold startup conditions at TECo, desulfurization and regeneration may be carried out at temperatures as low as 343 C (650 F), hence a versatile sorbent is desirable to perform over this wide temperature range. A key to success in the development of high-temperature desulfurization systems is the matching of sorbent properties for the selected process operating conditions, namely, sustainable desulfurization kinetics, high sulfur capacity, and mechanical durability over multiple cycles. Additionally, the sulfur species produced during regeneration of the sorbent must be in a form compatible with sulfur recovery systems, such as sulfuric acid or elemental sulfur processes. The overall objective of this program is to develop regenerable sorbents for hydrogen sulfide removal from coal-derived fuel gases in the temperature range 343-538 C (650-1000 F). Two categories of reactor configurations are being considered: moving-bed reactors and fluidized-bed (bubbling and circulating) reactors. In addition, a cost assessment and a market plan for large-scale fabrication of sorbents were developed. As an optional task, long-term bench-scale tests of the best moving-bed sorbents were conducted. Starting from thermodynamic calculations, several metal oxides were identified for potential use as hot gas cleanup sorbents using constructed phase stability diagrams and laboratory screening of various mixed-metal oxide formulations. Modified zinc titanates and other proprietary metal oxide formulations were evaluated at the bench scale and many of them found to be acceptable for operation in the target desulfurization temperature range of 370 C (700 F) to 538 C (1000 F) and regeneration temperatures up to 760 C (1400 F). Further work is still needed to reduce the batch-to-batch repeatability in the fabrication of modified zinc titanates for larger scale applications. The information presented in this Volume 1 report contains the results of moving-bed sorbent development at General Electric's Corporate Research and Development (GE-CRD). A separate Volume 2 report contains the results of the subcontract on fluidized-bed sorbent development at the Institute of Gas Technology (IGT).
