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Evaluating Nitrification And Nitrification Control In Chloraminated Drinking Water Distribution Systems
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Book Synopsis Evaluating Nitrification and Nitrification Control in Chloraminated Drinking Water Distribution Systems by : Kala K. Fleming
Download or read book Evaluating Nitrification and Nitrification Control in Chloraminated Drinking Water Distribution Systems written by Kala K. Fleming and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 154 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Fundamentals and Control of Nitrification in Chloraminated Drinking Water Distribution Systems (M56) by : AWWA Staff
Download or read book Fundamentals and Control of Nitrification in Chloraminated Drinking Water Distribution Systems (M56) written by AWWA Staff and published by American Water Works Association. This book was released on 2011-01-12 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This brand new manual was written because of the increased use of chloramine as a residual disinfectant in drinking water distribution systems and the ubiquitous presence of nitrifying bacteria in the environment. Chapters cover background information on the occurrence and microbiology of nitrification in various water environments and provide current practical approaches to nitrification prevention and response. This manual provides a compendium of the current state-of-the-art knowledge, however with quickly developing new advances in nitrification, more writings will be forthcoming. Each chapter can be read independently.
Author :American Water Works Association Publisher :Amer Water Works Assn ISBN 13 :9781583214190 Total Pages :270 pages Book Rating :4.2/5 (141 download)
Book Synopsis Fundamentals and Control of Nitrification in Chloraminated Drinking Water Distribution Systems by : American Water Works Association
Download or read book Fundamentals and Control of Nitrification in Chloraminated Drinking Water Distribution Systems written by American Water Works Association and published by Amer Water Works Assn. This book was released on 2006 with total page 270 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This brand new manual was written because of the increased use of chloramine as a residual disinfectant in drinking water distribution systems and the ubiquitous presence of nitrifying bacteria in the environment. Chapters cover background information on the occurrence and microbiology of nitrification in various water environments and provide current practical approaches to nitrification prevention and response. This manual provides a compendium of the current state-of-the-art knowledge, however with quickly developing new advances in nitrification, more writings will be forthcoming. Each chapter can be read independently. This brand new manual was written because of the increased use of chloramine as a residual disinfectant in drinking water distribution systems and the ubiquitous presence of nitrifying bacteria in the environment. Chapters cover background information on the occurrence and microbiology of nitrification in various water environments and provide current practical approaches to nitrification prevention and response. This manual provides a compendium of the current state-of-the-art knowledge, however with quickly developing new advances in nitrification, more writings will be forthcoming. Each chapter can be read independently.
Book Synopsis Fundamentals and Control of Nitrification in Chloraminated Drinking Water Distribution Systems by :
Download or read book Fundamentals and Control of Nitrification in Chloraminated Drinking Water Distribution Systems written by and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 270 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Nitrification Modeling in Pilot-scale Chloraminated Drinking Water Distribution Systems by : Jian Yang
Download or read book Nitrification Modeling in Pilot-scale Chloraminated Drinking Water Distribution Systems written by Jian Yang and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 200 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Nitrification Control in Chloraminated Drinking Water Distribution Systems Using Chlorite Ion by : Xueying Wu
Download or read book Nitrification Control in Chloraminated Drinking Water Distribution Systems Using Chlorite Ion written by Xueying Wu and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 370 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Development and Use of Microelectrodes to Evaluate Nitrification Within Chloraminated Drinking Water System Biofilms, and the Effects of Phosphate as a Corrosion Inhibitor on Nitrifying Biofilm by : Woo Hyoung Lee
Download or read book Development and Use of Microelectrodes to Evaluate Nitrification Within Chloraminated Drinking Water System Biofilms, and the Effects of Phosphate as a Corrosion Inhibitor on Nitrifying Biofilm written by Woo Hyoung Lee and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 233 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The implementation of increasingly stringent regulations for trihalomethanes (THM) and haloacetic acids (HAA) in the United States has resulted in an increasing use of chloramine within the past two decades as a secondary disinfectant in the drinking water treatment industry. Along with the addition of chloramines comes the risk of nitrification in the distribution system due to the ammonia which is released during chloramine decay. Nitrification in drinking water distribution systems may result in degradation of water quality and subsequent non-compliance with existing regulations. Meanwhile, orthophosphate (PO43- ) plays an important role in corrosion control by combining with lead and copper in plumbing materials; it is recommended to maintain a phosphate residual of at least 0.5 mg P/L and, if possible, a residual of 1 mg P/L is preferable. However, relatively little is known about the effect of phosphate on nitrifying biofilm in chloraminated drinking water distribution systems when it comes to addition of phosphate to the water distribution system. The primary objective of this research was to develop, fabricate and evaluate microelectrodes to evaluate nitrification within chloraminated drinking water system biofilm, and to determine the effects of phosphate on nitrifying bacteria biofilm. Chlorine microelectrodes for measuring monochloramine and phosphate microelectrodes for detecting phosphate ions in the biological sample (i.e. biofilms, aggregates) were developed, characterized and applied for in-situ environmental analyses. Both microelectrodes showed excellent selectivity toward target constituents and were successfully applied. Monochloramine penetrated fully into nitrifying biofilms within 24 hours when fed at a 4:1 Cl2:N ratio, showing a cessation of aerobic activity via DO penetration following application of monochloramine. However, monochloramine penetration did not necessarily equate to a loss in viability, and the presence of excess ammonia in the water system prevented microbial inactivation. Biofilm recovery occurred when disinfection stopped. Monochloramine showed greater penetration compared to chlorine. Monochloramine penetrated into the biofilm surface layer 49 times faster than chlorine within the nitrifying biofilm and 39 times faster in the multi-species biofilm than did chlorine. Phosphate was found to act positively on biofilm development and nitrification in the long term. Phosphate microprofiles showed that phosphate contents in the biofilm was independent on the nitrifying activity. Low availability of phosphorus seemed to change biofilm structure at the biofilm surface. Phosphate did not affect the monochloramine penetration and monochloramine fully penetrated into the nitrifying biofilm within 24 hours both with and without phosphate. The results of this research provide an improved insight into the relationship between phosphate as a corrosion inhibitor and nitrifying biofilm in chloraminated drinking water distribution systems, a better understanding of the impact of disinfectant (i.e. chlorine, monochloramine) penetration into biofilms on microbial activity changes (i.e. DO, ammonia, nitrate, and pH microprofiles), and understanding of the correlated viability achieved upon administration of chlorine or monochloramine disinfectant; this will allow development of better prevention and control strategies for nitrification episodes in the presence of phosphate, including for biofilm control.
Book Synopsis An Investigation of Nitrification Predictors and Factors in Two Full-scale Drinking Water Distribution Systems by : Daniel Scott
Download or read book An Investigation of Nitrification Predictors and Factors in Two Full-scale Drinking Water Distribution Systems written by Daniel Scott and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 186 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The biologically-mediated process of nitrification can occur in chloraminated drinking water distribution systems. In this process, ammonia is oxidized to nitrite by ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and archaea (AOA). In complete nitrification, nitrite is further converted to nitrate by nitrite-oxidizers; however, bacterial mediation of this step is less critical as a chemical-oxidation pathway also exists. The initial conversion of ammonia to nitrite is also more critical due to its role in the degradation of the disinfectant residual. Nitrification is affected by factors such as the concentrations of ammonia and total chlorine, the pH of the drinking water, and the temperature. The key consequence of distribution system nitrification is an accelerated decay of the disinfectant residual; it can also lead to increases in nitrite and nitrate, and a potential proliferation of heterotrophic bacteria. The goal of this thesis is to enhance understanding of distribution system nitrification; one aspect to this goal is the evaluation of models for nitrification.
Book Synopsis Water Distribution System Monitoring by : Abigail F. Cantor
Download or read book Water Distribution System Monitoring written by Abigail F. Cantor and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2018-01-08 with total page 191 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Updated throughout for this new edition, Water Distribution System Monitoring describes the latest water quality monitoring approaches, techniques, and equipment that will assist water utilities for compliance with the "Lead and Copper Rule" as well as address numerous other water quality issues. Water quality data are obtained using the appro
Book Synopsis Water Distribution System Monitoring by : Abigail F. Cantor
Download or read book Water Distribution System Monitoring written by Abigail F. Cantor and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2018-01-08 with total page 192 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Updated throughout for this new edition, Water Distribution System Monitoring describes the latest water quality monitoring approaches, techniques, and equipment that will assist water utilities for compliance with the "Lead and Copper Rule" as well as address numerous other water quality issues. Water quality data are obtained using the appro
Book Synopsis Significance of Trihalomethanes in Preventing Distribution System Nitrification by : Benjamin Morrey Bayer
Download or read book Significance of Trihalomethanes in Preventing Distribution System Nitrification written by Benjamin Morrey Bayer and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Assessment of Nitrification and NDMA Formation in Selected North Carolina Chloraminated Drinking Water Systems by : Lauren P. Dunbar
Download or read book Assessment of Nitrification and NDMA Formation in Selected North Carolina Chloraminated Drinking Water Systems written by Lauren P. Dunbar and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 78 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Pilot-scale Testing of Chlorite to Control Nitrification in Drinking Water Distribution Systems by : Tyler Garrick Gipson
Download or read book Pilot-scale Testing of Chlorite to Control Nitrification in Drinking Water Distribution Systems written by Tyler Garrick Gipson and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 124 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis An Integrated Field-scale Assessment of Chloramine Dynamics, By-product Formation, and Nitrification Modeling by : Matthew T. Alexander
Download or read book An Integrated Field-scale Assessment of Chloramine Dynamics, By-product Formation, and Nitrification Modeling written by Matthew T. Alexander and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 300 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Water distributions systems have generally been operated to provide a steady supply of water at a sufficient pressure. However, stringent water quality regulations have forced water utilities to maintain water quality throughout the distribution system. As a result, chloramine disinfection has gained significant popularity because it provides a longer lasting residual and forms substantially fewer regulated disinfection by-products (DBPs). Unfortunately, chloraminated distribution systems are more complex, relative to chlorinated systems, because they are impacted by a variety of parameters. Thus, the ability to represent these complex dynamics with a distribution system water quality model could assist in making operational and management decisions to maintain adequate water quality. The objectives of this study were to perform a field-scale assessment associated with chloramine dynamics, DBP formation, and nitrification, and assess the ability of existing bench-scale models to represent complex water quality dynamics utilizing EPANET-MSX -- a multi-species distribution system network water quality solver. The results of the field-scale study and modeling assessment were used to identify potential "knowledge gaps" that exist in current advanced water quality models and provide motivation for future improvements associated with distribution system water quality modeling. A two week field-scale study was performed to evaluate chloramine dynamics, DBP formation, and nitrification in a distribution system. The samples and analysis included measurements for: total and combined chlorine, ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, pH, alkalinity, and organic carbon (chloramine dynamics); sulfate (as a pseudo-tracer); N-nitrosodimethylamine (DBP formation); and the absence/presence of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and anaerobic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (ANAMMOX) (nitrification). A distribution system network model was used to simulate existing water quality models with EPANET-MSX. The observed and model predicted results were utilized to assess model performance. The chloramine dynamics and NDMA model provided mixed results for representing the observed water quality data. During the first week of the study, the model represented the observed results reasonably well. However, during week two, more significant deviations were observed (particularly with monochloramine and ammonia) that may not be explained by the lack of modeling associated with pipe wall interactions or nitrification. The model provided reasonable NDMA predictions, but the assessment was limited due to the small sample size and analytical uncertainty associated with very low NDMA concentrations. The absence/presence analysis of nitrifying bacteria resulted in three AOB-positive and six ANAMMOX-positive samples (of 52 total samples), which provided the first evidence of ANAMMOX occurring within a potable water system. This discovery introduces another possible mechanism that can contribute to nitrification in chloraminated distribution systems. These results indicate that EPANET-MSX is capable of representing complex water quality dynamics and network hydraulics throughout the distribution system, but further improvements can be made to improve the underlying model accuracy. Inconsistencies between modeled and observed results illustrate the potential "knowledge gaps" and may be attributed to the following factors that were not considered: temporal variability in the influent water quality concentrations, interaction between biological and chemical species (nitrification), reactions between the bulk fluid and pipe wall, and accurate representation of spatial distribution and stochastic consumer demands.
Book Synopsis Drinking Water Distribution Systems by : National Research Council
Download or read book Drinking Water Distribution Systems written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2007-01-22 with total page 405 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Protecting and maintaining water distributions systems is crucial to ensuring high quality drinking water. Distribution systems-consisting of pipes, pumps, valves, storage tanks, reservoirs, meters, fittings, and other hydraulic appurtenances-carry drinking water from a centralized treatment plant or well supplies to consumers' taps. Spanning almost 1 million miles in the United States, distribution systems represent the vast majority of physical infrastructure for water supplies, and thus constitute the primary management challenge from both an operational and public health standpoint. Recent data on waterborne disease outbreaks suggest that distribution systems remain a source of contamination that has yet to be fully addressed. This report evaluates approaches for risk characterization and recent data, and it identifies a variety of strategies that could be considered to reduce the risks posed by water-quality deteriorating events in distribution systems. Particular attention is given to backflow events via cross connections, the potential for contamination of the distribution system during construction and repair activities, maintenance of storage facilities, and the role of premise plumbing in public health risk. The report also identifies advances in detection, monitoring and modeling, analytical methods, and research and development opportunities that will enable the water supply industry to further reduce risks associated with drinking water distribution systems.
Book Synopsis Computer Modeling of Water Distribution Systems by : Laredo Robinson
Download or read book Computer Modeling of Water Distribution Systems written by Laredo Robinson and published by Awwa Manual. This book was released on 2012 with total page 252 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Resource added for the Environmental Engineering Waste and Water Technology program 105062.
Book Synopsis Distribution System Water Quality Challenges in the 21st Century by : Michael J. MacPhee
Download or read book Distribution System Water Quality Challenges in the 21st Century written by Michael J. MacPhee and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 216 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Offering a high-level view of key distribution system water quality issues that utilities will confront in the coming decades, and a new view of an integrated treatment process, this book covers such topics as microbial regrowth and recontamination, risks associated with release of trace metals from system scale, and impacts of secondary disinfection practices. This resource targets water utility managers, water quality professionals, policy makers, regulators, consultants, and educators.
