Read Books Online and Download eBooks, EPub, PDF, Mobi, Kindle, Text Full Free.
Ethanol Economics And Ethanols Impact On Food Prices And Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Download Ethanol Economics And Ethanols Impact On Food Prices And Greenhouse Gas Emissions full books in PDF, epub, and Kindle. Read online Ethanol Economics And Ethanols Impact On Food Prices And Greenhouse Gas Emissions ebook anywhere anytime directly on your device. Fast Download speed and no annoying ads. We cannot guarantee that every ebooks is available!
Book Synopsis Ethanol Economics and Ethanol's Impact on Food Prices and Greenhouse Gas Emissions by : Darlene E. Marshall
Download or read book Ethanol Economics and Ethanol's Impact on Food Prices and Greenhouse Gas Emissions written by Darlene E. Marshall and published by Nova Science Publishers. This book was released on 2010 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ethanol production in the United States totalled almost 5 billion gallons in 2006, about 1 billion gallons more than in 2005. While this was a significant increase, further expansion in the industry is continuing, with production expected to exceed 10 billion gallons by 2009. This large and rapid expansion of U.S. ethanol production affects virtually every aspect of the field crops sector, ranging from domestic demand and exports to prices and the allocation of acreage among crops. Many aspects of the livestock sector are affected too. As a consequence of these commodity market impacts, farm income, government payments, and food prices also change. This book examines the economics of ethanol production and its impact on food prices and greenhouse gas emissions.
Book Synopsis Impact of Ethanol Use on Food Prices and Greenhouse-Gas Emissions by :
Download or read book Impact of Ethanol Use on Food Prices and Greenhouse-Gas Emissions written by and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on 2009-09 with total page 26 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The production and use of ethanol in the U.S. have been steadily increasing since 2001, boosted in part by production subsidies. That growth has exerted upward pressure on the price of corn and, ultimately, on the retail price of food, affecting both individual consumers and fed. expend. on nutritional support programs. It has also raised questions about the environmental consequences of replacing gasoline with ethanol. This analysis examines the relationship between increasing production of ethanol and rising prices for food. It estimated how much of the rise in food prices between 4/07 and 4/08 was due to an increase on the production of ethanol and how much that increase in prices might raise fed. expend. on food assistance programs. Tables and graphs.
Book Synopsis The Impact of Ethanol Use on Food Prices and Greenhouse-gas Emissions by :
Download or read book The Impact of Ethanol Use on Food Prices and Greenhouse-gas Emissions written by and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 16 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The use of ethanol in gasoline has increased substantially over the past decade. Currently, most ethanol in the United States is produced from domestically grown corn, and the rapid rise in the fuel's production and usage means that roughly one-quarter of all corn grown in the United States is now used to produce ethanol. Since 2006, food prices have also risen more quickly than in earlier years, affecting federal spending for nutrition programs (such as school lunches) and the household budgets of individual consumers. The increased use of ethanol accounted for about 10 percent to 15 percent of the rise in food prices between April 2007 and April 2008, the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) estimates. In turn, that increase will boost federal spending for the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP, formerly the Food Stamp program) and child nutrition programs by an estimated $600 million to $900 million in fiscal year 2009. Last year, the use of ethanol reduced gasoline consumption in the United States by about 4 percent and greenhouse-gas emissions from the transportation sector by less than 1 percent.
Book Synopsis The Impact of Ethanol Use on Food Prices and Greenhouse-gas Emissions by : United States. Congressional Budget Office
Download or read book The Impact of Ethanol Use on Food Prices and Greenhouse-gas Emissions written by United States. Congressional Budget Office and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Sugarcane ethanol by : Peter Zuurbier
Download or read book Sugarcane ethanol written by Peter Zuurbier and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2023-08-28 with total page 255 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Climate change is a challenge facing human life. It will change mobility and asks for new energy solutions. Bioenergy has gained increased attention as an alternative to fossil fuels. Energy based on renewable sources may offer part of the solution. Bio ethanol based on sugar cane offers advantages to people, the environment and the economy. Not surprisingly, governments currently enact powerful incentives for the development and exploitation of bio ethanol. However, every inch we come closer to this achievement, evokes more scepticism. Many questions are raised relating to whether sugar cane is really a sustainable solution. Still much is unknown about the net release of carbon dioxide and what the impacts of sugar cane expansion are on green house gas emissions. This book looks at the scientific base of the debate on sugar cane bio ethanol. Authors from Europe, Brazil and the USA capture many aspects of what is known and address assumptions while not denying that still much is unknown. It covers impacts on climate change, land use, sustainability and market demands. This publication discusses public policy impacts, technology developments, the fuel-food dilemma and the millennium development goals. This makes this publication unique and extremely relevant for policymakers, scientists and the private energy sector worldwide."
Book Synopsis Impact of Ethanol Use on Food Prices and Greenhouse-Gas Emissions. April 2009 by : United States. Congress. Congressional Budget Office
Download or read book Impact of Ethanol Use on Food Prices and Greenhouse-Gas Emissions. April 2009 written by United States. Congress. Congressional Budget Office and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 16 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Ethanol in the Pacific Northwest by : Hart Noelle M.
Download or read book Ethanol in the Pacific Northwest written by Hart Noelle M. and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 19 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This factsheet provides background on ethanol as a transportation biofuel and discusses the role ethanol plays in the Pacific Northwest (PNW) states of Washington, Oregon, and Idaho. This includes describing relevant policies, consumption, availability of ethanol blends, production facilities, feedstock sources, and economic and environmental impacts. Ethanol is commonly blended into gasoline across the United States, including the PNW. National and state-level policies encourage biofuel production and consumption in Washington and Oregon. Possible benefits of using ethanol as a biofuel include reducing greenhouse gas emissions and stimulating rural economies, in addition to increasing fuel octane ratings. Concerns include potential land use change and impacts on food prices. The PNW consumed 523 million gallons of fuel ethanol in 2015. As of 2018, three ethanol refineries are operating in the PNW and a large-scale facility stands idle. Most ethanol consumed and produced in the PNW is made from imported corn, but food waste, sugar beets, poplar trees, wheat/barley/grass straw, and forestry residues are also potential feedstock options for the region. If cellulosic ethanol reaches a wide-spread commercial scale, the PNW could utilize considerable quantities of cellulosic feedstocks. Ethanol production has grown over the past decade and may continue to increase with scientific advancements and policy support.
Book Synopsis Corn Ethanol and U.S. Biofuel Policy 10 Years Later by : Gal Hochman
Download or read book Corn Ethanol and U.S. Biofuel Policy 10 Years Later written by Gal Hochman and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We conduct meta-analyses of the estimated impacts of corn ethanol on food and fuel prices, as well as greenhouse gases, and analyze the implications for the balance of trade. The meta-analyses suggest that corn ethanol has minor effects on greenhouse gas emissions and significant yet moderate effects on food and fuel prices. However, corn ethanol has a relatively significant impact on fuel security in terms of reductions in the import of oil to the U.S. and its overall effect on the U.S. balance of trade.
Book Synopsis The Market and Environmental Effects of Alternative Biofuel Policies by : Dusan Drabik
Download or read book The Market and Environmental Effects of Alternative Biofuel Policies written by Dusan Drabik and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 322 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation analyzes market and environmental effects of alternative U.S. and Brazilian biofuel policies. Although we focus on corn- and sugarcane-ethanol, the advanced analytical framework can easily be extended to other biofuels and biofuel feedstocks, such as biodiesel and soybean. The dissertation consists of three chapters. The first chapter develops an analytical framework to assess the market effects of a set of biofuel policies (including subsidies to feedstocks). U.S. corn-ethanol policies are used as an example to study the effects of biofuel policies on corn prices. We determine the 'no policy' ethanol price, analyze the implications for the 'no policy' corn price and resulting 'water' in the ethanol price premium due to the policy, and generalize the surprising interaction effects between mandates and tax credits to include ethanol and corn production subsidies. The effect of an ethanol price premium depends on the value of the ethanol co-product, the value of production subsidies, and how the world ethanol price is determined. U.S. corn-ethanol policies are shown to be a major reason for recent rises in corn prices. The ethanol policy-induced increase in corn prices is estimated to be 33 - 46.5 percent in the period 2008 - 2011. The second chapter seeks to answer the question of what caused the significant increase in ethanol, sugar, and sugarcane prices in Brazil in the period 2010/11 to 2011/12. We develop a general economic model of the Brazilian fuel-ethanol-sugar complex. Unlike biofuel mandates and tax exemptions elsewhere, Brazil's fuel-ethanol-sugar markets and fuel policies are unique in that each policy, in this setting, theoretically has an ambiguous impact on the market price of ethanol and hence on sugarcane and sugar prices. Our empirical analysis shows that there are two policies that seemingly help the ethanol industry but do otherwise in reality: a low gasoline tax and a high anhydrous tax exemption result in lower ethanol prices. On the other hand, as expected, higher mandates, gasoline prices, and tax exemptions for hydrous ethanol lead to higher ethanol and sugar prices. Eliminating Brazilian ethanol tax exemptions and mandates reduces ethanol prices by 21 percent in 2010-11, which is very similar to the estimated effects of U.S. ethanol policies in the same time period. However, the marginal changes in Brazilian policies on ethanol prices between 2010-11 and 2011-12 are small both individually and collectively. The observed market changes can only be explained by outward shifts in fuel transportation and sugar export demand curves, and reduced sugarcane supply due to bad weather. In the third chapter, we investigate whether U.S. corn ethanol saves greenhouse gas emissions relative to the gasoline it is assumed to replace one-to-one (on an energy equivalent basis). This chapter shows that ethanol policies generate far greater carbon leakage in the fuel market than in the agricultural market, where leakage occurs in the form of land use change. Carbon leakage in the fuel market due to a tax credit is always greater than that of a mandate, while the combination of a mandate and subsidy generates greater leakage than a mandate alone. We show that corn-ethanol does not meet the U.S. EPA's sustainability threshold, regardless of the biofuel policy and whether one includes emissions from land use change. This result makes the controversy over how to measure land use change inconsequential.
Book Synopsis Biofuels and the Food Price Crisis by : Kimberly Ann Elliott
Download or read book Biofuels and the Food Price Crisis written by Kimberly Ann Elliott and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 19 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: While the precise contribution of biofuels to surging food prices is difficult to know, policies promoting production of the current generation of biofuels are not achieving their stated objectives of increased energy independence or reduced greenhouse gas emissions. Reaching the congressionally mandated goal of blending 15 billion gallons of renewable fuels in gasoline by 2015 would consume roughly 40 percent of the corn crop (based on recent production levels) while replacing just 7 percent of current gasoline consumption. Moreover, while it has long been known that the net energy and greenhouse gas emission benefits of corn-based ethanol are relatively small because its production is energy-intensive, recent scientific studies suggest that the current generation of biofuels, including biodiesel made from palm oil, soybeans, and rapeseed, as well as corn-based ethanol, actually add to greenhouse gas emissions relative to petroleum-based fuels when land use changes are taken into account. That is, greenhouse gases are released when forests are cut down or grasslands cleared to plant biofuels, or food is planted on new acreage to replace crops diverted to fuel elsewhere. In sum, the food crisis adds urgency to the need to change these policies but does not change the basic fact that there is little justification for the current set of policies.
Book Synopsis Essays on the Economics of Climate Change, Biofuel and Food Prices by : Charles Seguin
Download or read book Essays on the Economics of Climate Change, Biofuel and Food Prices written by Charles Seguin and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 184 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Climate change is likely to be the most important global pollution problem that humanity has had to face so far. In this dissertation, I tackle issues directly and indirectly related to climate change, bringing my modest contribution to the body of human creativity trying to deal with climate change. First, I look at the impact of non-convex feedbacks on the optimal climate policy. Second, I try to derive the optimal biofuel policy acknowledging the potential negative impacts that biofuel production might have on food supply. Finally, I test empirically for the presence of loss aversion in food purchases, which might play a role in the consumer response to food price changes brought about by biofuel production. Non-convexities in feedback processes are increasingly found to be important in the climate system. To evaluate their impact on the optimal greenhouse gas (GHG) abate- ment policy, I introduce non-convex feedbacks in a stochastic pollution control model. I numerically calibrate the model to represent the mitigation of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions contributing to global climate change. This approach makes two contributions to the literature. First, it develops a framework to tackle stochastic non-convex pollu- tion management problems. Second, it applies this framework to the problem of climate change. This approach is in contrast to most of the economic literature on climate change that focuses either on linear feedbacks or environmental thresholds. I find that non-convex feedbacks lead to a decision threshold in the optimal mitigation policy, and I characterize how this threshold depends on feedback parameters and stochasticity. There is great hope that biofuel can help reduce greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuel. However, there are some concerns that biofuel would increase food prices. In an optimal control model, a co-author and I look at the optimal biofuel production when it competes for land with food production. In addition oil is not exhaustible and output is subject to climate change induced damages. We find that the competitive outcome does not necessarily yield an underproduction of biofuels, but when it does, second best policies like subsidies and mandates can improve welfare. In marketing, there has been extensive empirical research to ascertain whether there is evidence of loss aversion as predicted by several reference price preference theories. Most of that literature finds that there is indeed evidence of loss aversion for many different goods. I argue that it is possible that some of that evidence seemingly supporting loss aversion arises because price endogeneity is not properly taken into account. Using scanner data I study four product categories: bread, chicken, corn and tortilla chips, and pasta. Taking prices as exogenous, I find evidence of loss aversion for bread and corn and tortilla chips. However, when instrumenting prices, the "loss aversion evidence" disappears.
Book Synopsis Environmental Efficiency Among Corn Ethanol Plants by : Juan P. Sesmero
Download or read book Environmental Efficiency Among Corn Ethanol Plants written by Juan P. Sesmero and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 76 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Economic viability of the US corn ethanol industry depends on prices, technical and economic efficiency of plants and on continuation of policy support. Public policy support is tied to the environmental efficiency of plants measured as their impact on emissions of greenhouse gases. This study evaluates the environmental efficiency of seven recently constructed ethanol plants in the North Central region of the U.S., using nonparametric data envelopment analysis (DEA). The minimum level of GHG emissions (per gallon of ethanol produced) feasible with the available technology is calculated for each plant and this level is used to decompose environmental efficiency into its technical and allocative sources. Results show that, on average, plants in our sample may be able to reduce GHG emissions by a maximum of 6% or by 3,116 tons per quarter. Input and output allocations that maximize returns over operating costs (ROOC) are also found based on observed prices. The environmentally efficient allocation, the ROOC maximizing allocation, and the observed allocation for each plant are combined to calculate economic (shadow) cost of reducing greenhouse gas emissions. These shadow costs gauge the extent to which there is a trade off or a complementarity between environmental and economic targets. Results reveal that, at current activity levels, plants may have room for simultaneous improvement of environmental efficiency and economic profitability.
Book Synopsis Regional, Economic, and Environmental Effects of Traditional and Biotechnologically Enhanced Ethanol Production Processes in Brazil by : Roberto Guerrero Compeán
Download or read book Regional, Economic, and Environmental Effects of Traditional and Biotechnologically Enhanced Ethanol Production Processes in Brazil written by Roberto Guerrero Compeán and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 294 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Climate change, food security, and energy efficiency have become universal challenges for global economic development and environmental conservation that demand in-depth multidisciplinary research. Biofuels have emerged as a decisive factor in the fight against global warming and air pollution from fossil fuel use, and they can play an important role in the development of poor as well as rich regions. In this work, I investigate the implications of biofuels for regional development in Brazil given its historic experience as an ethanol producer. I compare the environmental and economic impacts of the two predominant ethanol production techniques, in order to understand their effects on output, employment and income and also their potential to reduce the intensity of fossil fuel use and emissions of greenhouse gases. As I focus on a developing country, I also examine the distributional impacts of ethanol technology deployment, in terms of its potential contributions to poverty alleviation and the reduction of regional income inequalities. The production technologies currently used to produce ethanol differ spatially in Brazil, with a biotechnologically enhanced (capital-intensive) technology being used in the Southern regions of the country, and a traditional (labor-intensive) technology in the Northern regions. I take advantage of this regional variation to conduct a comparative regional analysis of ethanol production technology choice. I evaluate and compare the direct and indirect relationship between output, employment, income, energy intensity, and pollution emissions at the subnational level for the two ethanol production technologies, showing quantitatively the interrelations between the ethyl alcohol industry and the rest of the economy. I develop a simple, yet effective, model to study economic performance and examine the environmental-economic development tradeoff based on an interregional input-output system. I hypothesize that the adoption of the biotechnologically enhanced ethanol production technology provides greater output and employment and lower environmental and energy costs than more traditional technologies and, in contrast, that the implementation of the traditional technology alleviates income inequality by increasing the income received by households in economically deprived regions.
Book Synopsis Ethanol and Biofuels by : Wesley P. Leland
Download or read book Ethanol and Biofuels written by Wesley P. Leland and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biofuels have significant roles in a variety of international issues, including: mitigation of carbon emissions levels and oil prices, the "food vs fuel" debate, deforestation and soil erosion, impact on water resources, and energy balance and efficiency. The use of biofuels reduces dependence on petroleum and enhances energy security. Also, unlike fossil fuels, which return carbon that was stored beneath the surface for millions of years into the atmosphere, biofuels can produce energy without causing a net increase of atmospheric carbon. This is because as new plants are grown to produce fuel, they remove the same amount of CO2 from the atmosphere as they will release as fuel. Some studies have found that certain crops may produce more harmful greenhouse gases than CO2, indicating that the specific biofuel used is an important factor.
Download or read book Ethanol written by Robert W. Hahn and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 39 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ethanol production in the United States has been steadily growing and is expected to continue growing. Many politicians see increased ethanol use as a way to promote environmental goals, such are reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and energy security goals. This paper analyzes the economic and political issues surrounding the ethanol industry. It provides a cost-benefit analysis of substantially increasing ethanol production, and finds that costs are likely to exceed benefits by about three billion dollars annually in 2012 if current policies continue. It also suggests that earlier attempts aimed at promoting ethanol would have likely failed a benefit-cost test. The paper then identifies key issues that will affect future ethanol support and suggests how politics could affect the development of sensible energy and climate policies in general. Finally, the paper offers some suggestions for more cost-effective development of energy alternatives that would enhance energy security and environmental quality.
Book Synopsis Effects of Fuel Ethanol Use on Fuel-cycle Energy and Greenhouse Gas Emissions by : M. Wang
Download or read book Effects of Fuel Ethanol Use on Fuel-cycle Energy and Greenhouse Gas Emissions written by M. Wang and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 32 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Renewable Fuel Standard by : National Research Council
Download or read book Renewable Fuel Standard written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2012-01-29 with total page 416 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the United States, we have come to depend on plentiful and inexpensive energy to support our economy and lifestyles. In recent years, many questions have been raised regarding the sustainability of our current pattern of high consumption of nonrenewable energy and its environmental consequences. Further, because the United States imports about 55 percent of the nation's consumption of crude oil, there are additional concerns about the security of supply. Hence, efforts are being made to find alternatives to our current pathway, including greater energy efficiency and use of energy sources that could lower greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions such as nuclear and renewable sources, including solar, wind, geothermal, and biofuels. The United States has a long history with biofuels and the nation is on a course charted to achieve a substantial increase in biofuels. Renewable Fuel Standard evaluates the economic and environmental consequences of increasing biofuels production as a result of Renewable Fuels Standard, as amended by EISA (RFS2). The report describes biofuels produced in 2010 and those projected to be produced and consumed by 2022, reviews model projections and other estimates of the relative impact on the prices of land, and discusses the potential environmental harm and benefits of biofuels production and the barriers to achieving the RFS2 consumption mandate. Policy makers, investors, leaders in the transportation sector, and others with concerns for the environment, economy, and energy security can rely on the recommendations provided in this report.
