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Environmental Impacts Of Chromated Copper Arsenate Treated Wood
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Book Synopsis Environmental Impacts of Treated Wood by : Timothy G. Townsend
Download or read book Environmental Impacts of Treated Wood written by Timothy G. Townsend and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2006-06-02 with total page 521 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Responding to a heightened awareness of the possible adverse effect of treated wood, this book presents multidisciplinary research results and fundamental information on regulations, wood treatment alternatives, and documentation of environmental releases. It examines the impact of treated wood on water, soil, and organisms. Several chapters discuss ways to measure exposure and review various approaches to risk assessment and management. Case studies address human health effects of exposure. The book also presents state-of-the-art disposal technologies, new preservative compounds, and recent developments related to phase outs of certain treated wood products.
Book Synopsis Assessment of the Environmental Effects Associated with Wooden Bridges Preserved with Creosote, Pentachlorophenol, Or Chromated Copper Arsenate by : Kenneth M. Brooks
Download or read book Assessment of the Environmental Effects Associated with Wooden Bridges Preserved with Creosote, Pentachlorophenol, Or Chromated Copper Arsenate written by Kenneth M. Brooks and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 108 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Timber bridges provide an economical alternative to concrete and steel structures, particularly in rural areas with light to moderate vehicle traffic. Wooden components of these bridges are treated with chromated copper arsenate type C (CCA), pentachlorophenol, or creosote to prolong the life of the structure from a few years to many decades. This results in reduced transportation infrastructure costs and increased public safety. However, the preservative used to treat the wooden components in timber bridges is lost to the environment in small amounts over time. This report describes the concentration of wood preservatives lost to adjacent environments and the biological response to these preservatives as environmental contaminants. Six bridges from various states were examined for risk assessment: two creosote treated bridges, two pentachlorophenol-treated bridges, and two CCA-treated bridges. In all cases, the largest bridges located in biologically active environments associated with slow-flowing water were selected to represent worst-case analyses. Sediment and water column concentrations of preservative were analyzed upstream from, under, and downstream from each bridge. The observed levels of contaminant were compared with available regulatory standards or benchmarks and with the quantitative description of the aquatic invertebrate community sampled from vegetation and sediments. Pentachlorophenol- and creosote-derived polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were not observed in the water near any of the selected bridges. However, low levels of PAHs were observed in the sediments under and immediately downstream from these bridges. Pentachlorophenol concentrations did not approach toxicological benchmarks. Sediment concentrations of naphthalene, acenaphthylene, and phenanthrene exceeded the probable effect level. Metal levels at the bridges treated with CCA were less than predicted effect levels, in spite of questionable construction practices. Adverse biological effects were not observed in the aquatic invertebrate community or laboratory bioassays conducted on water and sediments sampled at each of the bridges. Results of this study reveal the need to follow the construction information found in Best Management Practices for the Use of Treated Wood In Aquatic Environments published by Western Wood Preservers Institute. Regulatory benchmarks used in risk assessments of this type need to be indexed to local environmental conditions. The robust invertebrate communities associated with slow-moving streams over soft bottoms were not susceptible to the concentrations of PAHs that would be expected to affect more sensitive taxa, which typically are located in faster moving water over hard bottoms. Contaminants released from timber bridges into these faster systems (where more sensitive taxa are located) are significantly diluted and not found at biologically significant levels.
Book Synopsis Comparison of Environmental Impacts of Wood Treated with Chromated Copper Arsenate (CCA)and Three Different Arsenic-free Preservatives by : Brajesh Kumar Dubey
Download or read book Comparison of Environmental Impacts of Wood Treated with Chromated Copper Arsenate (CCA)and Three Different Arsenic-free Preservatives written by Brajesh Kumar Dubey and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: ABSTRACT: Recently, the treated wood industry phased out the use of arsenic (As)-preserved wood for residential uses in favor of copper-preserved wood. Pressure-treated wood products of CCA and three As- and Cr- free preservatives, alkaline copper quaternary (ACQ), copper boron azole (CBA), and disodium octaborate tetrahydrate (DOT), were studied, and the possible environmental impacts from these treated wood products were compared under identical in-service and disposal scenarios. The scenario of treated wood use in an aquatic ecosystem was simulated in laboratory conditions.
Book Synopsis An Experimental Study of the Environmental Impacts of CCA-treated Wood Waste Land Application by : Theresa Mercer
Download or read book An Experimental Study of the Environmental Impacts of CCA-treated Wood Waste Land Application written by Theresa Mercer and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Chromated copper arsenate (CCA) has been the most commonly used wood preservative in the UK; up until its partial ban in 2004. The preservative prolongs the service life of wood by 20-50 years by making it resistant to biological attack. As such, in-service CCA treated wood is expected to be a major component of the UK wood waste stream in the future. Concerns over the impact of the chemical constituents of this treatment on both the environment and human health have prompted the introduction of legislation to ensure that such waste is disposed of safely in Hazardous Waste Landfills. Despite this, studies have shown that this waste can still enter into the landscape mulch market due to inadequate detection methods and increasing societal pressures to recycle. A series of laboratory and field-based simulations were used to quantify leaching of copper, chromium and arsenic from CCA-treated wood waste mulch and evaluate the factors involved in promoting leaching. The distribution and behaviour of the metals in the soil column and leachate were also assessed. The samples generated in the study were analysed for a range of physico-chemical measurements, elemental and speciation concentrations. Results show that arsenic, chromium and copper leaches from CCA waste wood; at times to levels exceeding regulatory thresholds by two to three orders of magnitude. Furthermore, the more toxic and mobile species of arsenic (As III) and chromium (Cr VI) were detected in both soil and leachate samples. A mass balance was produced which demonstrated that CCA wood tends to leach on initial exposure to a leachant and also during weathering of the wood. When in contact with soil, metal(loid) transport is reduced due to complexation reactions. With higher water application or where the adsorption capacity of the soil is exceeded, the metal(loid)s are transported through the soil column as leachate. Overall, there was a loss of metal(loid)s from the system that could be due to loss of water, volatilisation of arsenic and plant uptake. Due to the toxicity and concentration levels of the leached elements identified in the current study, it is apparent that adverse environmental and human health impacts may result from direct and indirect exposure to the environmental media.
Book Synopsis Alternatives to Chromated Copper Arsenate for Residential Construction by : Stan T. Lebow
Download or read book Alternatives to Chromated Copper Arsenate for Residential Construction written by Stan T. Lebow and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 14 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For decades chromated copper arsenate (CCA) was the primary preservative for treated wood used in residential construction. However, recent label changes submitted by CCA registrants will withdraw CCA from most residential applications. This action has increased interest in arsenic free preservative systems that have been standardized by the American Wood Preservers? Association. These include acid copper chromate (ACC), alkaline copper quat (ACQ), copper azole (CBA-A and CA-B), copper citrate (CC), copper dimethyldithio-carbamate (CDDC), and copper HDO (CX-A). All of these CCA alternatives rely on copper as their primary biocide, although some have co-biocides to help prevent attack by copper-tolerant fungi. These alternative treatments have appearance and handling properties‍?similar to those of CCA and are likely to be readily accepted by consumers. Prior studies indicate that these treatments release preservative components into the environment at a rate greater than or equal to that of CCA, but because their components have lower mammalian toxicity they are less likely to cause concern in residential applications. As the treated wood industry evolves, it is probable that a wider range of types and retentions of wood preservatives will become available, with the treatment more closely tailored to a specific type of construction application.
Book Synopsis Wood Handbook by : Forest Products Laboratory (U.S.)
Download or read book Wood Handbook written by Forest Products Laboratory (U.S.) and published by . This book was released on 1974 with total page 448 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Summarizes information on wood as an engineering material. Properties of wood and wood-base products of particular concern to the architect and engineer are presented, along with discussions of designing with wood and some pertinent uses of wood."--Page ii.
Book Synopsis Assessment of the Environmental Effects Associated with Wooden Bridges Preserved with Creosote, Pentachlorophenol, Or Chromated Copper Arsenate by : Kenneth M. Brooks
Download or read book Assessment of the Environmental Effects Associated with Wooden Bridges Preserved with Creosote, Pentachlorophenol, Or Chromated Copper Arsenate written by Kenneth M. Brooks and published by . This book was released on 2001-12 with total page 100 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Timber bridges provide an economic alternative to concrete & steel structures, particularly in rural areas. Wooden components of these bridges are treated with chromated copper arsenate type C (CCA), pentachlorophenol, or creosote to prolong the life of the structure. However, these preservatives are lost to the environment in small amounts over time. This report describes the concentration of wood preservatives lost to adjacent environments & the biological response to these preservatives as environmental contaminants. Six bridges from various states were examined for risk assessment. Includes: previous treated-wood assess.; materials & methods. Photos & maps.
Book Synopsis The Effects of Chromated Copper-arsenate (CCA) Pressured-treated Wood on Local Sediments and Benthos in a Freshwater Lake by : William A Romeo
Download or read book The Effects of Chromated Copper-arsenate (CCA) Pressured-treated Wood on Local Sediments and Benthos in a Freshwater Lake written by William A Romeo and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 150 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study looked at the sediment and benthic organism effects of exposure to a Chromated Copper-Arsenate (CCA) treated wood bulkhead in a lake environment with respect to 1) the leaching and accumulation of chromium, copper and arsenic in the nearby sediments, 2) accumulation of these metals in local benthic organisms and 3) the effects of these metals on the local benthic community structure. Sediment samples, taken at regular distances away from a CCA bulkhead and three reference areas in a freshwater lake in Wayne, NJ, were sieved to remove the fine particle fraction (
Book Synopsis Assessing Oral Bioavailability of Metals in Soil by : Mark E. Kelley
Download or read book Assessing Oral Bioavailability of Metals in Soil written by Mark E. Kelley and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 144 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book also illustrates how bioavailability adjustments can be incorporated into risk assessments to generate risk-based cleanup values that are more site specific than those based on the default assumption of complete bioavailability. Although the book focuses on oral bioavailability of metals to human receptors, many of the basic principles described herein also can be applied to assessing bioavailability of organic compounds and for assessing bioavailability to ecological receptors."--BOOK JACKET.
Book Synopsis Arsenic Pollution by : Peter Ravenscroft
Download or read book Arsenic Pollution written by Peter Ravenscroft and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2011-07-26 with total page 625 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Arsenic Pollution summarizes the most current research on the distribution and causes of arsenic pollution, its impact on health and agriculture, and solutions by way of water supply, treatment, and water resource management. Provides the first global and interdisciplinary account of arsenic pollution occurrences Integrates geochemistry, hydrology, agriculture, and water supply and treatment for the first time Options are highlighted for developing alternative water sources and methods for arsenic testing and removal Appeals to specialists in one discipline seeking an overview of the work being done in other disciplines
Book Synopsis Guidelines for Design, Installation, and Maintenance of a Waterproof Wearing Surface for Timber Bridge Decks by :
Download or read book Guidelines for Design, Installation, and Maintenance of a Waterproof Wearing Surface for Timber Bridge Decks written by and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 40 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author :Committee on Curriculum Development in Environmental Medicine Publisher :National Academies Press ISBN 13 :0309568722 Total Pages :988 pages Book Rating :4.3/5 (95 download)
Book Synopsis Environmental Medicine by : Committee on Curriculum Development in Environmental Medicine
Download or read book Environmental Medicine written by Committee on Curriculum Development in Environmental Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1995-05-12 with total page 988 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: People are increasingly concerned about potential environmental health hazards and often ask their physicians questions such as: "Is the tap water safe to drink?" "Is it safe to live near power lines?" Unfortunately, physicians often lack the information and training related to environmental health risks needed to answer such questions. This book discusses six competency based learning objectives for all medical school students, discusses the relevance of environmental health to specific courses and clerkships, and demonstrates how to integrate environmental health into the curriculum through published case studies, some of which are included in one of the book's three appendices. Also included is a guide on where to obtain additional information for treatment, referral, and follow-up for diseases with possible environmental and/or occupational origins.
Book Synopsis Leaching of Wood Preservative Components and Their Mobility in the Environment by : Stan Lebow
Download or read book Leaching of Wood Preservative Components and Their Mobility in the Environment written by Stan Lebow and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 40 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Environmental Impact of Preservative-treated Wood in a Wetland Boardwalk by :
Download or read book Environmental Impact of Preservative-treated Wood in a Wetland Boardwalk written by and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 126 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Forest Service, Bureau of Land Management, and industry partners are cooperating in a study of the leaching and environmental effects of a wetland boardwalk. The construction project is considered gbsworst casegcs because the site has high rainfall and large volumes of treated wood were used. Separate boardwalk test sections were constructed using untreated wood or wood treated with ammoniacal copper quat Type B (ACQ--B), ammoniacal copper zinc arsenate (ACZA), chromated copper arsenate Type C (CCA--C), or copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (CDDC). Part I of this report focuses on leaching of preservative components. Surface soil, sediment, and water samples were removed before construction and at intervals after construction to determine the concentrations and movement of leached preservatives. The preservatives released measurable amounts of copper and/or chromium, zinc, or arsenic into rainwater collected from the wood, and elevated levels of preservatives were found in the soil and/or sediment adjacent to the treated wood. With few exceptions, elevated environmental concentrations of preservative components were confined to within close proximity of the boardwalk. Part II of this report focuses on the effects of boardwalks treated with CCA, ACZA, and ACQ--B on populations of aquatic invertebrates. The experimental variables were total species richness (total number of taxa), total sample abundance (number of organisms/sample), dominant sample abundance (p3s1% total specimens in vegetation, artificial substrate, and infaunal samples), and Shannongass and Pielougass indices. The infaunal samples contained the largest mean number of animals and the highest total taxa richness. Although measurable increases occurred in water column and sediment preservative concentrations, no taxa were excluded or significantly reduced in number by any preservative treatment.
Download or read book Arsenic written by Kevin Henke and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2009-02-25 with total page 588 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents an overview of the chemistry, geology, toxicology and environmental impacts of arsenic, presenting information on relatively common arsenic minerals and their key properties. In addition, it includes discussions on the environmental impacts of the release of arsenic from mining and coal combustion. Although the environmental regulations of different nations vary and change over time, prominent International, North American, and European guidelines and regulations on arsenic will be reviewed. Includes information on recent environmental catastrophes (e.g. Bangladesh and China) A thorough discussion of the arsenic cycle, including the cosmological origin of arsenic Includes Appendices providing extensive glossary and measurement conversion tables
Book Synopsis Environmental Impact of Wood Preservative Leachates by : Silvija Stefanovic
Download or read book Environmental Impact of Wood Preservative Leachates written by Silvija Stefanovic and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 372 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Wood preservatives are used to protect wood products from decay to prolong their effective service life. Due to health and environmental concerns, one of the preservatives with very effective protective characteristics, CCA (chromated copper arsenate), was phased out for residential use and slowly replaced by alternatives such as ACQ (alkaline copper quaternary) and CA (copper azole). While it is assumed that these new preservatives have lower health and environmental impacts than CCA, relatively little work has been done to assess the leaching characteristics and eco-toxicity effects of these preservatives. Depending on the physical and chemical characteristics of soil, adsorption of inorganic components of leachates from preservative treated wood can limit movement of contaminants to other compartments (soil as a "sink") and reduce their toxic effect by limiting bioavailability. Estimated adsorption maxima of Cu CCA in organic and clay soils were the same or higher than for Cu ACQ and Cu CA. However, soil has a limited capacity for adsorption and after long exposure to slight contamination this capacity could be exceeded resulting in more widespread impacts. There was much higher leaching of Cu from ACQ and CA treated wood than from CCA treated samples indicating that ACQ treated wood may result in higher risk to aquatic organisms. CCA components were more effectively bound in soil than copper from copper amine systems. Coating treatments reduced leaching of all elements from 32 to 91 % and identification of appropriate coating systems will result in the potential to reduce impacts of preservative leachates. The presence of preservative components in the soil decreased the yield and increased their accumulation in ryegrass. Uptake of As, Cu, and Cr in rye grass was just as well predicted by total soil content as with any of the "bioavailable" estimates. ACQ leachate showed higher toxicity to germination of ryegrass seeds and Daphnia magna toxicity; it had a lower effect on ryegrass growth than CCA leachate. Reaction of ACQ leachate with sandy soil components resulted in reduced toxicity to Daphnia magna . None of the contaminated soils had a measurable effect on earthworms, although there was some preservative uptake in the worms. CCA and ACQ had similar effects on soil microflora/fauna respiration. CA leachate had lower toxicity to Daphnia magna and similar toxicity to other organisms as ACQ.
Book Synopsis Development of Commercial Wood Preservatives by : Tor P. Schultz
Download or read book Development of Commercial Wood Preservatives written by Tor P. Schultz and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 692 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Wood products used in exterior applications must be protected against biodeterioration. Traditionally, wood products used CCA or the older inexpensive organic biocides, but environmental, disposal and governmental regulations have resulted in a rapid and dramatic worldwide shift. This book covers the many steps involved in developing a wood preservative and gives overviews on modified wood, wood deterioration, worldwide trends in wood protections, and mold in homes.
