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Environmental Assessment Of The Us Department Of Energy Electric And Hybrid Vehicle Program
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Book Synopsis Environmental Assessment of the U.S. Department of Energy Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Program by : Margaret K. Singh
Download or read book Environmental Assessment of the U.S. Department of Energy Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Program written by Margaret K. Singh and published by . This book was released on 1980 with total page 542 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Environmental Assessment of the US Department of Energy Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Program by :
Download or read book Environmental Assessment of the US Department of Energy Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Program written by and published by . This book was released on 1980 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This environmental assessment (EA) focuses on the long-term (1985-2000) impacts of the US Department of Energy (DOE) electric and hybrid vehicle (EHV) program. This program has been designed to accelerate the development of EHVs and to demonstrate their commercial feasibility as required by the Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Research, Development and Demonstration Act of 1976 (P.L. 94-413), as amended (P.L. 95-238). The overall goal of the program is the commercialization of: (1) electric vehicles (EVs) acceptable to broad segments of the personal and commercial vehicle markets, (2) hybrid vehicles (HVs) with range capabilities comparable to those of conventional vehicles (CVs), and (3) advanced EHVs completely competitive with CVs with respect to both cost and performance. Five major EHV projects have been established by DOE: market demonstration, vehicle evaluation and improvement, electric vehicle commercialization, hybrid vehicle commercialization, and advanced vehicle development. Conclusions are made as to the effects of EV and HV commercialization on the: consumption and importation of raw materials; petroleum and total energy consumption; ecosystems impact from the time of obtaining raw material through vehicle use and materials recycling; environmental impacts on air and water quality, land use, and noise; health and safety aspects; and socio-economic factors. (LCL).
Book Synopsis Environmental Assessment of the U.S. Department of Energy Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Program by : Margaret K. Singh
Download or read book Environmental Assessment of the U.S. Department of Energy Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Program written by Margaret K. Singh and published by . This book was released on 1981 with total page 536 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Environmental Assessment for the Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Demonstration Project, Performance Standards and Financial Incentives by :
Download or read book Environmental Assessment for the Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Demonstration Project, Performance Standards and Financial Incentives written by and published by . This book was released on 1978 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The assessment is concerned with the impacts of the demonstration of electric and hybrid vehicles acquired to fulfill certain requirements of the Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Research, Development, and Demonstration Act, PL 94-413 as amended. The financial incentives programs and vehicle performance standards associated with the demonstration are also covered. Not included is an assessment of the long term effects of EHV commercialization and of the research and development program being carried out simultaneously with the demonstration, also in response to PL 94-413. These federal actions will be included in a programmatic environmental assessment scheduled for completion in FY 79.
Book Synopsis Environmental Assessment for the Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Demonstration Project, Performance Standards and Financial Incentives by : Sarah J. LaBelle
Download or read book Environmental Assessment for the Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Demonstration Project, Performance Standards and Financial Incentives written by Sarah J. LaBelle and published by . This book was released on 1978 with total page 98 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Electric Hybrid Vehicle Research, Development and Demonstration Program by : United States. Department of Energy
Download or read book Electric Hybrid Vehicle Research, Development and Demonstration Program written by United States. Department of Energy and published by . This book was released on 1979 with total page 100 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Corporate Average Fuel Economy Standards, Electric and Hybrid Vehicles Inclusion, Environmental Assessment (EA). by :
Download or read book Corporate Average Fuel Economy Standards, Electric and Hybrid Vehicles Inclusion, Environmental Assessment (EA). written by and published by . This book was released on 1980 with total page 60 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Final Environmental Assessment for SBE, Inc. Electric Drive Vehicle Battery and Component Manufacturing Initiative Application Power Ring Manufacturing Scale-Up, Barre, Vermont (DOE/EA-1725) by : U. S Department of Energy
Download or read book Final Environmental Assessment for SBE, Inc. Electric Drive Vehicle Battery and Component Manufacturing Initiative Application Power Ring Manufacturing Scale-Up, Barre, Vermont (DOE/EA-1725) written by U. S Department of Energy and published by Createspace Independent Pub. This book was released on 2013-02-21 with total page 74 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Department of Energy's (DOE) National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) manages the research and development portfolio of the Vehicle Technologies (VT) Program for the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE). A key objective of the VT program is accelerating the development and production of electric drive vehicle systems in order to substantially reduce the United States' consumption of petroleum. Another of its goals is the development of production-ready batteries, power electronics, and electric machines that can be produced in volume economically so as to increase the use of electric drive vehicles (EDVs). Congress appropriated significant funding for the VT program in the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, Public Law 111-5 (Recovery Act) in order to stimulate the economy and reduce unemployment in addition to furthering the existing objectives of the VT program. DOE solicited applications for this funding by issuing a competitive Funding Opportunity Announcement (DE-FOA-0000026), Recovery Act - Electric Drive Vehicle Battery and Component Manufacturing Initiative, on March 19, 2009. This project, Power Ring Manufacturing Scale-up, was one of the 30 DOE selected for funding. DOE's Proposed Action is to provide $9,090,000 in financial assistance in a cost sharing arrangement with the project proponent, SBE, Inc. (SBE). The total cost of the project is estimated at $18,186,387. The overall purpose and need for DOE action pursuant to the VT program and the funding opportunity under the Recovery Act is to accelerate the development and production of various electric drive vehicle systems by building or increasing domestic manufacturing capacity for advanced automotive batteries, their components, recycling facilities, and EDV components, in addition to stimulating the United States' economy. This work will enable market introduction of various electric vehicle technologies by lowering the cost of battery packs, batteries, and electric propulsion systems for EDVs through high-volume manufacturing. DOE intends to further this purpose and satisfy this need by providing financial assistance under cost-sharing arrangements to this and the other 29 projects selected under this funding opportunity announcement. This and the other selected projects are needed to reduce the United States' petroleum consumption by investing in alternative vehicle technologies. Successful commercialization of EDVs would support DOE's Energy Strategic Goal of “protect[ing] our national and economic security by promoting a diverse supply and delivery of reliable, affordable, and environmentally sound energy." This project will also meaningfully assist in the nation's economic recovery by creating manufacturing jobs in the United States in accordance with the objectives of the Recovery Act.
Book Synopsis Final Environmental Assessment for General Motors, LLC Electric Drive Vehicle Battery and Component Manufacturing Initiative Application, White Marsh, Maryland and Wixom, Michigan (DOE/EA-1723) by : U. S Department of Energy
Download or read book Final Environmental Assessment for General Motors, LLC Electric Drive Vehicle Battery and Component Manufacturing Initiative Application, White Marsh, Maryland and Wixom, Michigan (DOE/EA-1723) written by U. S Department of Energy and published by Createspace Independent Pub. This book was released on 2013-02-21 with total page 84 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Department of Energy's (DOE) National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) manages the research and development portfolio of the Vehicle Technologies (VT) Program for the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE). A key objective of the VT program is accelerating the development and production of electric drive vehicle systems in order to substantially reduce the United States' consumption of petroleum. Another of its goals is the development of production-ready batteries, power electronics, and electric machines that can be produced in volume economically so as to increase the use of electric drive vehicles (EDVs). Congress appropriated significant funding for the VT program in the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, Public Law 111-5 (Recovery Act) in order to stimulate the economy and reduce unemployment in addition to furthering the existing objectives of the VT program. DOE solicited applications for this funding by issuing a competitive Funding Opportunity Announcement (DE-FOA-0000026), Recovery Act - Electric Drive Vehicle Battery and Component Manufacturing Initiative, on March 19, 2009. This project, U.S. Electric Drive Manufacturing Center – Global Rear-Wheel Drive (RWD) Electric Validation Center, was one of the 30 DOE selected for funding. DOE's Proposed Action is to provide $105,387,000 in financial assistance in a cost sharing arrangement with the project proponent, General Motors LLC (General Motors or GM). The total cost of the project is estimated at $245,900,733. The overall purpose and need for DOE action pursuant to the VT program and the funding opportunity under the Recovery Act is to accelerate the development and production of various electric drive vehicle systems by building or increasing domestic manufacturing capacity for advanced automotive batteries, their components, recycling facilities, and EDV components, in addition to stimulating the United States' economy. This work will enable market introduction of various electric vehicle technologies by lowering the cost of battery packs, batteries, and electric propulsion systems for EDVs through high-volume manufacturing. DOE intends to further this purpose and satisfy this need by providing financial assistance under cost-sharing arrangements to this and the other 29 projects selected under this funding opportunity announcement. This and the other selected projects are needed to reduce the United States' petroleum consumption by investing in alternative vehicle technologies. Successful commercialization of EDVs would support DOE's Energy Strategic Goal of “protect[ing] our national and economic security by promoting a diverse supply and delivery of reliable, affordable, and environmentally sound energy." This project will also meaningfully assist in the nation's economic recovery by creating manufacturing jobs in the United States in accordance with the objectives of the Recovery Act.
Book Synopsis Final Environmental Assessment for Toxco, Incorporated Electric Drive Vehicle Battery and Component Manufacturing Initiative Application, Lancaster, Ohio (DOE/EA-1722) by : U. S Department of Energy
Download or read book Final Environmental Assessment for Toxco, Incorporated Electric Drive Vehicle Battery and Component Manufacturing Initiative Application, Lancaster, Ohio (DOE/EA-1722) written by U. S Department of Energy and published by Createspace Independent Pub. This book was released on 2013-02-21 with total page 74 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Department of Energy's (DOE) National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) manages the research and development portfolio of the Vehicle Technologies (VT) Program for the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE). A key objective of the VT program is accelerating the development and production of electric drive vehicle systems in order to substantially reduce the United States' consumption of petroleum. Another of its goals is the development of production-ready batteries, power electronics, and electric machines that can be produced in volume economically so as to increase the use of electric drive vehicles (EDVs). Congress appropriated significant funding for the VT program in the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, Public Law 111-5 (Recovery Act) in order to stimulate the economy and reduce unemployment in addition to furthering the existing objectives of the VT program. DOE solicited applications for this funding by issuing a competitive Funding Opportunity Announcement (DE-FOA-0000026), Recovery Act - Electric Drive Vehicle Battery and Component Manufacturing Initiative, on March 19, 2009. This project, Next-Generation Lithium Ion (Li Ion) Battery Recycling Facility, was one of the 30 DOE selected for funding. DOE's Proposed Action is to provide $9,552,653.00 in financial assistance in a cost sharing arrangement with the project proponent, Toxco Incorporated (Toxco). The total cost of the project was estimated at $19,107,705.00. The overall purpose and need for DOE action pursuant to the VT program and the funding opportunity under the Recovery Act is to accelerate the development and production of various electric drive vehicle systems by building or increasing domestic manufacturing capacity for advanced automotive batteries, their components, recycling facilities, and EDV components, in addition to stimulating the United States' economy. This work will enable market introduction of various electric vehicle technologies by lowering the cost of battery packs, batteries, and electric propulsion systems for EDVs through high-volume manufacturing. DOE intends to further this purpose and satisfy this need by providing financial assistance under cost-sharing arrangements to this and the other 29 projects selected under this funding opportunity announcement. This and the other selected projects are needed to reduce the United States' petroleum consumption by investing in alternative vehicle technologies. Successful commercialization of EDVs would support DOE's Energy Strategic Goal of “protect[ing] our national and economic security by promoting a diverse supply and delivery of reliable, affordable, and environmentally sound energy." This project will also meaningfully assist in the nation's economic recovery by creating manufacturing jobs in the United States in accordance with the objectives of the Recovery Act.
Author :United States. Department of Energy. Division of Transportation Energy Conservation Publisher : ISBN 13 : Total Pages :96 pages Book Rating :4.F/5 ( download)
Book Synopsis Electric & Hybrid Vehicle Program. Annual Report to Congress by : United States. Department of Energy. Division of Transportation Energy Conservation
Download or read book Electric & Hybrid Vehicle Program. Annual Report to Congress written by United States. Department of Energy. Division of Transportation Energy Conservation and published by . This book was released on 1979 with total page 96 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author :U. S Department of Energy Publisher :Createspace Independent Pub ISBN 13 :9781482603798 Total Pages :142 pages Book Rating :4.6/5 (37 download)
Book Synopsis Final Environmental Assessment for Johnson Controls, Inc. and ENTEK Electric Drive Vehicle Battery and Component Manufacturing Initiative Application, Holland, Michigan, Lebanon, Oregon, and Milwaukee, Wisconsin (DOE/EA-1721) by : U. S Department of Energy
Download or read book Final Environmental Assessment for Johnson Controls, Inc. and ENTEK Electric Drive Vehicle Battery and Component Manufacturing Initiative Application, Holland, Michigan, Lebanon, Oregon, and Milwaukee, Wisconsin (DOE/EA-1721) written by U. S Department of Energy and published by Createspace Independent Pub. This book was released on 2013-02-21 with total page 142 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Department of Energy's (DOE) National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) manages the research and development portfolio of the Vehicle Technologies (VT) Program for the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE). A key objective of the VT program is accelerating the development and production of electric drive vehicle systems in order to substantially reduce the United States' consumption of petroleum. Another of its goals is the development of production-ready batteries, power electronics, and electric machines that can be produced in volume economically so as to increase the use of electric drive vehicles (EDVs). Congress appropriated significant funding for the VT program in the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, Public Law 111-5 (Recovery Act) in order to stimulate the economy and reduce unemployment in addition to furthering the existing objectives of the VT program. DOE solicited applications for this funding by issuing a competitive Funding Opportunity Announcement (DE-FOA-0000026), Recovery Act - Electric Drive Vehicle Battery and Component Manufacturing Initiative, on March 19, 2009. This project, Lithium Ion (Li-Ion) Battery Manufacturing Project, was one of the 30 DOE selected for funding. DOE's Proposed Action is to provide $299,200,000 in financial assistance in a cost sharing arrangement with the project proponent, Johnson Controls, Inc. (Johnson Controls or JCI) and ENTEK International, LLC (ENTEK). The total cost of the project is estimated at $599,449,514. The overall purpose and need for DOE action pursuant to the VT program and the funding opportunity under the Recovery Act is to accelerate the development and production of various electric drive vehicle systems by building or increasing domestic manufacturing capacity for advanced automotive batteries, their components, recycling facilities, and EDV components, in addition to stimulating the United States' economy. This work will enable market introduction of various electric vehicle technologies by lowering the cost of battery packs, batteries, and electric propulsion systems for EDVs through high-volume manufacturing. DOE intends to further this purpose and satisfy this need by providing financial assistance under cost-sharing arrangements to this and the other 29 projects selected under this funding opportunity announcement. This and the other selected projects are needed to reduce the United States' petroleum consumption by investing in alternative vehicle technologies. Successful commercialization of EDVs would support DOE's Energy Strategic Goal of “protect[ing] our national and economic security by promoting a diverse supply and delivery of reliable, affordable, and environmentally sound energy." This project will also meaningfully assist in the nation's economic recovery by creating manufacturing jobs in the United States in accordance with the objectives of the Recovery Act.
Author :U. S Department of Energy Publisher :Createspace Independent Pub ISBN 13 :9781482554304 Total Pages :126 pages Book Rating :4.5/5 (543 download)
Book Synopsis Final Supplemental Environmental Assessment for General Motors LLC Electric Drive Vehicle Battery and Component Manufacturing Initiative, White Marsh, Maryland (DOE/EA-1723S) by : U. S Department of Energy
Download or read book Final Supplemental Environmental Assessment for General Motors LLC Electric Drive Vehicle Battery and Component Manufacturing Initiative, White Marsh, Maryland (DOE/EA-1723S) written by U. S Department of Energy and published by Createspace Independent Pub. This book was released on 2013-02-15 with total page 126 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: DOE prepared this Supplemental EA to evaluate the potential environmental consequences of providing financial assistance in a cooperative agreement with General Motors Limited Liability Company (LLC) (General Motors Company or GM). A supplement to the April 2010 EA was necessary due to the proposed building size increasing three fold as well as the addition of a parking lot and widening of a truck dock area. This building size increase is necessary to accommodate more manufacturing equipment and provide office space. If GM received the funding, they would construct a high-volume U.S. manufacturing facility to produce the first U.S.-manufactured electric motor components and assemble electric drive units for hybrid and electric vehicles. This funding would be used for constructing a building of approximately 104,000 square feet, paving an approximately 120,000 square foot parking lot, twenty-foot wide fire road representing approximately 8,000 square feet of pavement or gravel, and widening a truck dock as well as various other supporting infrastructure. DOE's proposed action would provide approximately $105 million in financial assistance in a cost-sharing arrangement to GM. The cost of the proposed project would be approximately $283.9 million. This EA evaluates the environmental resource areas DOE commonly addresses in its EAs and identifies no significant adverse environmental impacts for the proposed project. The proposed project could result in beneficial impacts to the nation's fuel efficiency and the local economy.
Author :U. S Department of Energy Publisher :Createspace Independent Pub ISBN 13 :9781482553765 Total Pages :202 pages Book Rating :4.5/5 (537 download)
Book Synopsis Final Environmental Assessment for a Loan and Grant to A123 Systems, Inc. , for Vertically Integrated Mass Production of Automotive-Class Lithium-Ion Batteries (DOE/EA-1690) by : U. S Department of Energy
Download or read book Final Environmental Assessment for a Loan and Grant to A123 Systems, Inc. , for Vertically Integrated Mass Production of Automotive-Class Lithium-Ion Batteries (DOE/EA-1690) written by U. S Department of Energy and published by Createspace Independent Pub. This book was released on 2013-02-15 with total page 202 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) proposes to issue A123 Systems, Inc. (A123), loan and grant funding to retrofit several existing facilities and construct and equip a new facility to support lithium-ion phosphate battery manufacturing operations for hybrid electric vehicles and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. All facilities associated with the Proposed Action would be in the Detroit metropolitan area of southeastern Michigan. DOE prepared this Environmental Assessment (EA) in accordance with the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA), Council on Environmental Quality NEPA implementing regulations (40 Code of Federal Regulations [CFR] Parts 1500-1508), and DOE NEPA implementing procedures (10 CFR 1021). The EA examines the potential environmental effects associated with the Proposed Action and the No-Action Alternative. Using the targeted benchmark of 2012 for production, the incorporation of 1 year's output of A123 lithium-ion phosphate batteries into plug-in hybrid electric vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles would be expected to reduce national fuel consumption by more than 1 billion gallons of gasoline and reduce emissions of carbon dioxide by approximately 12 million tons over a 10-year period. Therefore, the A123 project would help avoid and reduce emissions of air pollutants and human-caused greenhouse gases, as mandated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for passenger cars and trucks pursuant to federal emissions requirements under the Clean Air Act (65 Federal Register 6698, February 10, 2000). The analysis did not identify adverse impacts to land use (zoned use), visual resources, water resources, biological resources, cultural resources, noise, or public health and safety from implementing the Proposed Action. The analysis identified small adverse impacts to air quality and traffic. The analysis identified small short- and long-term beneficial impacts to socioeconomics in the region of influence from job creation associated with the proposed project. The No-Action Alternative would not impact the environmental resources evaluated in the EA. If DOE did not issue A123 loan and grant funding, A123 would not proceed with the project. Without the financial assistance a DOE loan and grant would provide, A123 would not pursue creation of lithium-ion phosphate battery manufacturing centers in the United States. This would not be consistent with DOE Incentive Program and Vehicle Technologies Program goals.
Book Synopsis Electric Hybrid Vehicle Research, Development and Demonstration Programm by : United States. Department of Energy
Download or read book Electric Hybrid Vehicle Research, Development and Demonstration Programm written by United States. Department of Energy and published by . This book was released on 1979 with total page 85 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Environmental Assessment for EnerG2, Inc. Electric Drive Vehicle Battery and Component Manufacturing Initiative Project, Albany, Or (DOE/EA-1718) by : U. S Department of Energy
Download or read book Environmental Assessment for EnerG2, Inc. Electric Drive Vehicle Battery and Component Manufacturing Initiative Project, Albany, Or (DOE/EA-1718) written by U. S Department of Energy and published by Createspace Independent Pub. This book was released on 2013-02-21 with total page 86 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: DOE prepared this Environmental Assessment (EA) to review the potential for impacts to the human and natural environment of its Proposed Action-providing financial assistance to EnerG2 under a cooperative agreement. DOE's objective is to support the development of the EDV industry in an effort to substantially reduce the United States' consumption of petroleum, in addition to stimulating the United States' economy. More specifically, DOE's objective is to accelerate the development and production of various EDV systems by building or increasing domestic manufacturing capacity for advanced automotive batteries, their components, recycling facilities, and EDV components. DOE's program will enable market introduction of various electric vehicle technologies by lowering the cost of battery packs, batteries, and electric propulsion systems for EDVs through high-volume manufacturing. Under the terms of this cooperative agreement, DOE would provide approximately 75 percent of the funding for EnerG2 to establish a commercial-size manufacturing plant for fine-grained carbon powder (also known as electrode carbon) having a high degree of purity, a high surface area per unit mass, and an improved pore structure. The plant would be setup inside an existing warehouse currently owned by Oregon Freeze Dry, Inc. and located in Albany, Oregon. If successful, the plant would help meet the growing needs of domestic and global producers of EDVs and HEVs. The production capacity would be enough to support building at least 60,000 EDVs per year. Additionally, the project would create approximately 50 temporary construction jobs and approximately 35 permanent jobs. The environmental analysis identified that the most notable changes, although minor, to result from EnerG2's Proposed Project would occur in the following areas: air quality and greenhouse gas, noise, geology and soils, vegetation and wildlife, solid and hazardous wastes, utilities, transportation and traffic, and human health and safety. No significant environmental effects were identified in analyzing the potential consequences of these changes.
Book Synopsis Transitions to Alternative Transportation Technologies by : National Research Council
Download or read book Transitions to Alternative Transportation Technologies written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2008-11-17 with total page 141 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (HFCVs) could alleviate the nation's dependence on oil and reduce U.S. emissions of carbon dioxide, the major greenhouse gas. Industry-and government-sponsored research programs have made very impressive technical progress over the past several years, and several companies are currently introducing pre-commercial vehicles and hydrogen fueling stations in limited markets. However, to achieve wide hydrogen vehicle penetration, further technological advances are required for commercial viability, and vehicle manufacturer and hydrogen supplier activities must be coordinated. In particular, costs must be reduced, new automotive manufacturing technologies commercialized, and adequate supplies of hydrogen produced and made available to motorists. These efforts will require considerable resources, especially federal and private sector funding. This book estimates the resources that will be needed to bring HFCVs to the point of competitive self-sustainability in the marketplace. It also estimates the impact on oil consumption and carbon dioxide emissions as HFCVs become a large fraction of the light-duty vehicle fleet.
