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Author : New Zealand. Ministry of Commerce. Energy Management
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 1 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (429 download)
Download or read book Project Profile written by New Zealand. Ministry of Commerce. Energy Management and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 1 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 2 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (639 download)
Download or read book Energy Efficient Features of a Supermarket Refrigeration/air-conditioning System written by and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 2 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 1 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (992 download)
Download or read book Energy Efficient Features of a Supermarket Refrigeration/air-conditioning System written by and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 1 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A parallel rack refrigeration system combines with waste heat recovery and other innovative measures to significantly reduce operating costs in a new supermarket. The system is PLC controlled, switching compressors off/on as required to control the maximum electricity demand. Electricity costs are therefore reduced. Further savings are achieved by recovering heat from the system for space heading and hot water generation; and by hot gas instead of electric defrosting. The system also incorporates monitoring features which avoid costly breakdowns. Maintenance cost, and insurance premiums, are thereby reduced.
Author : United States. Office of Energy Conservation and Environment
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 52 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)
Download or read book Guide to Energy Conservation for Grocery Stores written by United States. Office of Energy Conservation and Environment and published by . This book was released on 1977 with total page 52 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Fabio Polonara
Publisher : MDPI
ISBN 13 : 3039438239
Total Pages : 180 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (394 download)
Download or read book Refrigeration, Air Conditioning and Heat Pumps written by Fabio Polonara and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2021-02-11 with total page 180 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Refrigeration, air conditioning, and heat pumps (RACHP) have an important impact on the final energy uses of many sectors of modern society, such as residential, commercial, industrial, transport, and automotive. Moreover, RACHP also have an important environmental impact due to the working fluids that deplete the stratospheric ozone layer, which are being phased out according to the Montreal Protocol (1989). Last, but not least, high global working potential (GWP), working fluids (directly), and energy consumption (indirectly) are responsible for a non-negligible quota of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the atmosphere, thus impacting climate change.
Author : G F Hundy
Publisher : Butterworth-Heinemann
ISBN 13 : 0081006667
Total Pages : 512 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (81 download)
Download or read book Refrigeration, Air Conditioning and Heat Pumps written by G F Hundy and published by Butterworth-Heinemann. This book was released on 2016-03-07 with total page 512 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Refrigeration, Air Conditioning and Heat Pumps, Fifth Edition, provides a comprehensive introduction to the principles and practice of refrigeration. Clear and comprehensive, it is suitable for both trainee and professional HVAC engineers, with a straightforward approach that also helps inexperienced readers gain a comprehensive introduction to the fundamentals of the technology. With its concise style and broad scope, the book covers most of the equipment and applications professionals will encounter. The simplicity of the descriptions helps users understand, specify, commission, use, and maintain these systems. It is a must-have text for anyone who needs thorough, foundational information on refrigeration and air conditioning, but without textbook pedagogy. It includes detailed technicalities or product-specific information. New material to this edition includes the latest developments in refrigerants and lubricants, together with updated information on compressors, heat exchangers, liquid chillers, electronic expansion valves, controls, and cold storage. In addition, efficiency, environmental impact, split systems, retail refrigeration (supermarket systems and cold rooms), industrial systems, fans, air infiltration, and noise are also included. Full theoretical and practical treatment of current issues and trends in refrigeration and air conditioning technology Meets the needs of industry practitioners and system designers who need a rigorous, but accessible reference to the latest developments in refrigeration and AC that is supported by coverage at a level not found in typical course textbooks New edition features updated content on refrigerants, microchannel technology, noise, condensers, data centers, and electronic control
Author : Matthew R Hall
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 1845699270
Total Pages : 761 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (456 download)
Download or read book Materials for Energy Efficiency and Thermal Comfort in Buildings written by Matthew R Hall and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2010-04-21 with total page 761 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Almost half of the total energy produced in the developed world is inefficiently used to heat, cool, ventilate and control humidity in buildings, to meet the increasingly high thermal comfort levels demanded by occupants. The utilisation of advanced materials and passive technologies in buildings would substantially reduce the energy demand and improve the environmental impact and carbon footprint of building stock worldwide. Materials for energy efficiency and thermal comfort in buildings critically reviews the advanced building materials applicable for improving the built environment. Part one reviews both fundamental building physics and occupant comfort in buildings, from heat and mass transport, hygrothermal behaviour, and ventilation, on to thermal comfort and health and safety requirements. Part two details the development of advanced materials and sustainable technologies for application in buildings, beginning with a review of lifecycle assessment and environmental profiling of materials. The section moves on to review thermal insulation materials, materials for heat and moisture control, and heat energy storage and passive cooling technologies. Part two concludes with coverage of modern methods of construction, roofing design and technology, and benchmarking of façades for optimised building thermal performance. Finally, Part three reviews the application of advanced materials, design and technologies in a range of existing and new building types, including domestic, commercial and high-performance buildings, and buildings in hot and tropical climates. This book is of particular use to, mechanical, electrical and HVAC engineers, architects and low-energy building practitioners worldwide, as well as to academics and researchers in the fields of building physics, civil and building engineering, and materials science. Explores improving energy efficiency and thermal comfort through material selection and sustainable technologies Documents the development of advanced materials and sustainable technologies for applications in building design and construction Examines fundamental building physics and occupant comfort in buildings featuring heat and mass transport, hygrothermal behaviour and ventilation
Author : Judith A. Evans
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 0470659408
Total Pages : 369 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (76 download)
Download or read book Sustainable Retail Refrigeration written by Judith A. Evans and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2016-01-19 with total page 369 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Carbon emissions from the retail segment of the food cold chain are relatively high compared to other parts of the food cold chain. Studies have also shown that food temperature is less well controlled at the retail and consumer end of the cold chain. There is therefore considerable potential to optimize performance of refrigerated display cabinets and the refrigeration systems that are used to operate them to reduce carbon emissions and to improve food temperature control. Sustainable Retail Refrigeration draws together world experts on retail refrigeration. In a single resource, the authors cover the latest technologies and best current knowledge in the field. With increasing concerns about energy use and global warming gasses, retailers are increasingly being called to account for their actions. Sustainable Retail Refrigeration is a valuable reference to manufacturers, managers and policy makers, incorporating both a design and an operational perspective.
Download or read book Energy Efficiency and Environmental Impact Analyses of Supermarket Refrigeration Systems written by and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper presents energy and life cycle climate performance (LCCP) analyses of a variety of supermarket refrigeration systems to identify designs that exhibit low environmental impact and high energy efficiency. EnergyPlus was used to model refrigeration systems in a variety of climate zones across the United States. The refrigeration systems that were modeled include the traditional multiplex DX system, cascade systems with secondary loops and the transcritical CO2 system. Furthermore, a variety of refrigerants were investigated, including R-32, R-134a, R-404A, R-1234yf, R-717, and R-744. LCCP analysis was used to determine the direct and indirect carbon dioxide emissions resulting from the operation of the various refrigeration systems over their lifetimes. Our analysis revealed that high-efficiency supermarket refrigeration systems may result in up to 44% less energy consumption and 78% reduced carbon dioxide emissions compared to the baseline multiplex DX system. This is an encouraging result for legislators, policy makers and supermarket owners to select low emission, high-efficiency commercial refrigeration system designs for future retrofit and new projects.
Download or read book Research and Development of Highly Energy-efficient Supermarket Refrigeration Systems written by and published by . This book was released on 1981 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : W. M. Toscano
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 332 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (743 download)
Download or read book Research and Development of Highly Energy-efficient Supermarket Refrigeration Systems written by W. M. Toscano and published by . This book was released on 1981 with total page 332 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : National Research Council
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309074487
Total Pages : 240 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (9 download)
Download or read book Energy Research at DOE written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2001-12-12 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In legislation appropriating funds for DOE's fiscal year (FY) 2000 energy R&D budget, the House Interior Appropriations Subcommittee directed an evaluation of the benefits that have accrued to the nation from the R&D conducted since 1978 in DOE's energy efficiency and fossil energy programs. In response to the congressional charge, the National Research Council formed the Committee on Benefits of DOE R&D on Energy Efficiency and Fossil Energy. From its inception, DOE's energy R&D program has been the subject of many outside evaluations. The present evaluation asks whether the benefits of the program have justified the considerable expenditure of public funds since DOE's formation in 1977, and, unlike earlier evaluations, it takes a comprehensive look at the actual outcomes of DOE's research over two decades.
Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 78 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (684 download)
Download or read book IEA Annex 26 written by and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 78 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With increased concern about the impact of refrigerant leakage on global warming, a number of new supermarket refrigeration system configurations requiring significantly less refrigerant charge are being considered. In order to help promote the development of advanced systems and expand the knowledge base for energy-efficient supermarket technology, the International Energy Agency (IEA) established IEA Annex 26 (Advanced Supermarket Refrigeration/Heat Recovery Systems) under the ''IEA Implementing Agreement on Heat Pumping Technologies''. Annex 26 focuses on demonstrating and documenting the energy saving and environmental benefits of advanced systems design for food refrigeration and space heating and cooling for supermarkets. Advanced in this context means systems that use less energy, require less refrigerant and produce lower refrigerant emissions. Stated another way, the goal is to identify supermarket refrigeration and HVAC technology options that reduce the total equivalent warming impact (TEWI) of supermarkets by reducing both system energy use (increasing efficiency) and reducing total refrigerant charge. The Annex has five participating countries: Canada, Denmark, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The working program of the Annex has involved analytical and experimental investigation of several candidate system design approaches to determine their potential to reduce refrigerant usage and energy consumption. Advanced refrigeration system types investigated include the following: distributed compressor systems--small parallel compressor racks are located in close proximity to the food display cases they serve thus significantly shortening the connecting refrigerant line lengths; secondary loop systems--one or more central chillers are used to refrigerate a secondary coolant (e.g. brine, ice slurry, or CO2) that is pumped to the food display cases on the sales floor; self-contained display cases--each food display case has its own refrigeration unit; low-charge direct expansion--similar to conventional multiplex refrigeration systems but with improved controls to limit charge. Means to integrate store HVAC systems for space heating/cooling with the refrigeration system have been investigated as well. One approach is to use heat pumps to recover refrigeration waste heat and raise it to a sufficient level to provide for store heating needs. Another involves use of combined heating and power (CHP) or combined cooling, heating, and power (CCHP) systems to integrate the refrigeration, HVAC, and power services in stores. Other methods including direct recovery of refrigeration reject heat for space and water heating have also been examined.
Author : D. H. Walker
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (316 download)
Download or read book Investigation of Energy-Efficient Supermarket Display Cases written by D. H. Walker and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Supermarkets represent one of the largest energy-intensive building groups in the commercial sector, consuming 2 to 3 million kWh/yr per store (ES-1). Over half of this energy use is for the refrigeration of food display cases and storage coolers. Display cases are used throughout a supermarket for the merchandising of perishable food products. The cases are maintained at air temperatures ranging from -10 to 35 F, depending upon the type of product stored. The operating characteristics and energy requirements of the refrigeration system are directly related to the refrigeration load. The sources of the display case refrigeration load consist of: (1) Moist and warm air infiltration through the open front of the case--air curtains are employed to inhibit this infiltration, but some ambient air is entrained, which adds a substantial portion to the refrigeration load. (2) Heat conduction through case panels and walls. (3) Thermal radiation from the ambient to the product and display case interior. (4) Internal thermal loads--the use of lights, evaporator fans, periodic defrosts, and antisweat heaters adds to the refrigeration load of the display case as well as directly consuming electric energy. The impact of each of these elements on the refrigeration load is very dependent upon case type (Figure ES-1). For example, air infiltration is the most significant portion of the refrigeration load for open, multi-deck cases, while radiation is the largest part of the load for tub-type cases. The door anti-sweat heaters represent a major share of the refrigeration load for frozen food door reach-in cases. Figure ES-2 shows the distribution of display cases in a typical supermarket (ES-2). Open, multi-deck, medium temperature display cases typically comprise about half of the refrigerated fixtures in a store (ES-3). In addition, medium temperature fixtures and storage coolers account for roughly 70 to 75 percent of the total store refrigeration load with open, multi-deck cases contributing about 3/4 of that fraction. Consequently, the focus of this investigation has tilted toward the open, vertical, multi-deck medium temperature case type. Various technologies and control methods are energy efficiency measures (EEMs) that could be applied to display cases and result in the reduction of the refrigeration load and of the energy consumption of the supermarket refrigeration system. An extensive evaluation of the EEMs was conducted in order to select those that met the following criteria: (1) Near-term implementation--All EEMs considered could be implemented with existing refrigeration hardware and technology. (2) Potential for energy-efficiency improvements--Energy savings and/or refrigeration load reduction must be obtained by the implementation of the EEM. (3) Enhancement of the ability to maintain target product temperature--Proper operation of the display case and maintenance of the stored product temperature could not be compromised by the use of the EEM. The energy impact of a number of viable display case EEMs was quantified by performing whole building hourly simulations. A special version of the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE-2.3) program was used to develop a model of a supermarket. The model was then calibrated using available end-use monitored data to increase confidence in simulation results.
Author : T. L. Tsaros
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (355 download)
Download or read book Supermarket Refrigeration Assessment for the New England Electric System written by T. L. Tsaros and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 922 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (129 download)
Download or read book Energy Research Abstracts written by and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 922 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Johan Marigny
Publisher : LAP Lambert Academic Publishing
ISBN 13 : 9783846523780
Total Pages : 92 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (237 download)
Download or read book Heat Recovery in Supermarket Refrigeration written by Johan Marigny and published by LAP Lambert Academic Publishing. This book was released on 2012-03 with total page 92 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Covering the simultaneous needs for cooling and heating in supermarkets by a proper utilization of vapour compression systems is an interesting possibility for significant energy savings. This is a major issue considering supermarket refrigeration systems consume a large amount of energy. The environmental concerns and regulations attached to refrigeration applications forced the implementation of new system solutions where natural refrigerants have been widely used. This book includes an analytic comparison of conventional supermarket refrigeration systems using R404A with refrigeration system solutions using natural refrigerants such as carbon dioxide and ammonia. This investigation points out the fact that systems running with natural refrigerants can compete with systems running with artificial refrigerants by using adequat heat recovery systems such as heat pump cascade, heat pump cascade for sub-cooling, fixed pressure system and de-superheater.
