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Empirical Investigation Of The Effect Of Countdown Pedestrian Signals On Driver Behavior And Capacity At Urban Signalized Intersections
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Book Synopsis Empirical Investigation of the Effect of Countdown Pedestrian Signals on Driver Behavior and Capacity at Urban Signalized Intersections by : Ogechi Lauretta Elekwachi
Download or read book Empirical Investigation of the Effect of Countdown Pedestrian Signals on Driver Behavior and Capacity at Urban Signalized Intersections written by Ogechi Lauretta Elekwachi and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 136 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Evaluating the Effectiveness of Pedestrian Countdown Signals by : Arpan A. Desai
Download or read book Evaluating the Effectiveness of Pedestrian Countdown Signals written by Arpan A. Desai and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 128 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This thesis deals with evaluating the effectiveness of pedestrian countdown signals in improving the safety of the pedestrians at signalized intersections in urban areas. The research also focuses on scrutinizing the effects of implementation of this countermeasure on the nature of all types of vehicular crashes at the intersections. A simple 'before and after' study design and Empirical Bayes Method were used to evaluate the effectiveness of pedestrian countdown signals installed recently at 109 signalized intersections in the city of Charlotte, NC. In all, more than 16,000 crashes reported at the selected study intersections were analyzed using both the above mentioned methods. The analytical results show that there has been a significant decrease in auto-pedestrian crashes "after" the installation of the countdown signals at these intersections. Moreover, a decrease in the number of all crashes was also observed at these study intersections. The percent of intersections with improvement (reduction in number of all crashes and by crash characteristics), in general, is greater than 50 percent while 33 percent of intersections have not seen any change in safety upon installation of pedestrian countdown signals. Also, improvements generally tend to be high at high crash intersections. Overall, it was found that the installation of pedestrian countdown signals have rather a positive influence in reducing auto-pedestrian as well as vehicular crashes and thereby improving the level of safety at the intersections.
Book Synopsis Efficiency Assessment of Green Time Utilization at Countdown Signalized Intersections by : Ijeoma Marian Ihuoma
Download or read book Efficiency Assessment of Green Time Utilization at Countdown Signalized Intersections written by Ijeoma Marian Ihuoma and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 138 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The use of countdown traffic signals, although not common in North America, is increasing in Asian and European countries. Past studies conducted albeit outside the United States have addressed some operational benefits and issues associated with the use of countdown traffic signals, including but are not limited to effect on saturation flow rate, accident rate, and red light running. Experience from the successful use of pedestrian countdown signals at urban traffic intersections has engendered some local interest in the use of countdown traffic signal devices in the United States. The purpose of this thesis was to analyze using driver behavior survey the efficiency of green-time utilization rate at countdown signalized intersections. Specifically, this thesis performed a comparative analysis based on the postulation that countdown traffic signal is associated with underutilized effective green time when compared to the scenario at intersections controlled by traditional (non-countdown) traffic signals. Binary regression models were developed, using data obtained from the driver behavior survey, to estimate the decision probabilities for different combinations of vehicle position (i.e. distance to the stop line) and available green time (i.e. time left before the transition to yellow phase). A comparison between the estimated decision probabilities for countdown signal and a priori decision-probabilities (determined from deductive reasoning) for traditional traffic signal supported a pattern of underutilization of green time for the countdown signal scenario. The underutilization of green time was associated with the likelihood of drivers slowing down prematurely to stop in reaction to the visual display of available green time before the change of signal phase. Underutilization of effective green time translates into a lower saturation flow rate and hence reduced intersection capacity. The findings of this research could motivate additional studies pertaining to the determination of net operational benefits or plausibility of using countdown signal devices at urban traffic intersections in the United States. -- Abstract.
Book Synopsis A Comparative Study of Pedestrian Countdown Signal Versus Pedestrian Traditional Signal by : Farhad Bolourchi (Graduate student)
Download or read book A Comparative Study of Pedestrian Countdown Signal Versus Pedestrian Traditional Signal written by Farhad Bolourchi (Graduate student) and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract: In the United States, Countdown pedestrian signals are becoming more common in urban areas to increase the safety of the pedestrians as well as the efficiency of the roadways. The main focus of this research is to comparatively study the influence of the pedestrian countdown signal on pedestrian behavior, and the effects of the signal on safety of both pedestrians and car traffic, versus the pedestrian traditional signal. This study was executed in 2013 on two major intersections at City of Long Beach, operated with the countdown and traditional pedestrian signals. Field data were collected from September 26, 2013 to November 23, 2013. Six years of accident history from January 1, 2007 to August 30,2013 were obtained from City of Long Beach Traffic Engineering Department: 1949 pedestrians were observed, and 171 total accidents history obtained and analyzed. Pedestrian countdown signal is more effective in reduction of accidents which involved injuries and fatalities at the intersection with pedestrian countdown signal, based on before and after study conducted. Decreased signal effectiveness due to higher foot traffic volume and Blue line train station at the median of the pedestrian countdown signal intersection were the most common causes of the observed violations. Finally, the results showed that push button violations, regardless of the signal at intersections, were more recurrent in the male population.
Book Synopsis The Effects of Pedestrian Countdown Timers on Safety and Efficiency of Operations at Signalized Intersections by : Anuj Sharma
Download or read book The Effects of Pedestrian Countdown Timers on Safety and Efficiency of Operations at Signalized Intersections written by Anuj Sharma and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 102 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis The Effect of Pedestrian Countdown Signals on Pedestrian Walking Speed by : Alexandra Campbell
Download or read book The Effect of Pedestrian Countdown Signals on Pedestrian Walking Speed written by Alexandra Campbell and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This research investigates the effect of pedestrian countdown signals (PCS devices) on crossing walking speed of pedestrians at urban signalized intersections. The research considers two age groups: (1) younger pedestrians (ages 20 to 64); and (2) older pedestrians (ages 65 and older). Two pedestrian walking speeds were used for this research: (1) crossing walking speed (speed pedestrians walk crossing a signalized intersection); and (2) normal walking speed (speed pedestrians walk a segment of sidewalk). The research found that PCS devices have an effect on a pedestrians' crossing walking speed, regardless of age, by decreasing the speed. Older pedestrians alter their walking speed after the installation of PCS devices more than younger pedestrians. Furthermore, after the installation of PCS devices the walking speed of pedestrians shifts from a faster crossing walking speed towards a slower normal walking speed.
Book Synopsis Urban Intersection Improvements for Pedestrian Safety by : C. M. Abrams
Download or read book Urban Intersection Improvements for Pedestrian Safety written by C. M. Abrams and published by . This book was released on 1976 with total page 346 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis The Effects of Pedestrian Countdown Signals on Start-up Lost Time at Signalized Intersections by : Nathan Lloyd Conard
Download or read book The Effects of Pedestrian Countdown Signals on Start-up Lost Time at Signalized Intersections written by Nathan Lloyd Conard and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 108 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the recent past, pedestrian countdown signals have become well-accepted with many city and state Departments of Transportation across the United States and abroad. Countdown signals have a timer that is displayed only during the "flashing don't-walk" phase. It indicates how much time is left for a pedestrian to safely cross the street. Countdown signals have become widely popular because this feature has been shown to increase safety by reducing the occurrence of vehicle-pedestrian crashes. The conjecture of this research is to determine if drivers are using countdown signals to anticipate the onset of their "green" phase, and if so, then to quantify this occurrence and measure the effects that this has on intersection operational performance. No prior research was found that relates countdown signals to start-up lost time. For this study, four intersections in Charlotte, North Carolina were considered. A camcorder and field observations were used to record video and notes of the intersection approach. This video was reviewed after data collection to measure headways and the start-up lost time for every cycle recorded and a statistical analysis was performed. The statistical analysis did not show strong evidence that countdown signals have an effect on start-up lost time at signalized intersections. The variation in the data between intersections and even morning and afternoon peak periods suggests that it is more likely that the effect of pedestrian countdown signals, specifically the countdown feature on these signals, does little, if anything, to reduce or add to start-up lost time.
Book Synopsis Effectiveness of Countdown Pedestrian Systems in Downtown San Diego by : Vinay Verma
Download or read book Effectiveness of Countdown Pedestrian Systems in Downtown San Diego written by Vinay Verma and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 63 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In California, 6,957 pedestrians were killed during 2000 to 2009, resulting in a fatality rate of 2.0 deaths per 100,000 residents. Approximately one quarter of all fatalities occurs at urban intersections, and the main cause of fatalities is improper crossing. Pedestrians' misunderstanding of pedestrian signal indications at crossings is identified in the literature as a contributing factor to improper crossings. To address this problem and potentially increase the safety at signalized intersection crossings, pedestrian countdown signals were created by incorporating a countdown timer that is displayed simultaneously during the flashing 'DON'T WALK' (FDW) interval. Countdown pedestrian signals (CPS) are increasingly used as a device for improving safety at signalized intersections the timer counts down the number of seconds remaining until the display of the solid 'DON'T WALK' (DW) interval. It has been assumed that this signal design leads to a higher level of pedestrian safety by enabling pedestrians to make better crossing decisions with the added information. That prompted a research project reported in this thesis. A before study was performed on an intersection in downtown San Diego in 2005. An after study of the same pedestrian countdown signal was conducted. That intersection had high pedestrian and vehicular traffic volumes. Pedestrian population was diversified, giving an opportunity to look closer at those groups who are most likely to violate the established crossing rules. The data was collected from August 10, 2009 to August 27, 2009, using a videotaping that simultaneously captured pedestrian and the corresponding traffic signal indications. Over the course of the study, a total of 5,504 pedestrians were observed. Major violators are younger males, runners and bicyclists and they together committing 58.6% Violations of total pedestrian violations. The runners and bicyclists are committing Violation Type 4 (illegal entry, illegal exit) in 38.2% of all their crossing episodes and Violation Type 2 (illegal entry, legal exit) in 16.1% of their crossing episodes. Auto traffic does effect the pedestrian violations. On 2nd avenue (short crossing) with higher auto-gap, more violations were recorded as compared to long crossing with lower auto-gap. Another factor influencing the relatively high violation rate on the short crossing is the problematic designs of the deficient length of flashing don't walk on that approach. More violations were recorded during peak official hours than during the next off-peak hour, but the difference was not statistically significant. Violations on short crossing with less auto traffic are consistent. Pedestrian adjust their speed to be on safe side to finish crossing by observing countdown timer on long crossing with higher auto traffic as compared to short crossing with lower auto traffic. Countdown pedestrian signals appear less effective in places where there is small crossing distance and high auto-gap. After the comparison of results from previous before and after study (3), Violation Type 4 (illegal entry, illegal exit) increased for short crossing (from 12.5% to 20.5%). But Violation Type 4 (illegal entry, illegal exit) for long crossing decreased (from 21.4% to 5.6%). Pedestrians adjusted their speed to be on Violation Type 2 (illegal entry) to avoid Violation Type 4 (illegal entry, illegal exit).
Book Synopsis Bayesian Approach on Quantifying the Safety Effects of Pedestrian Countdown Signals to Drivers by : Angela Edes Kitali
Download or read book Bayesian Approach on Quantifying the Safety Effects of Pedestrian Countdown Signals to Drivers written by Angela Edes Kitali and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Pedestrian countdown signals (PCSs) are viable traffic control devices that assist pedestrians in crossing intersections safely. Despite the fact that PCSs are meant for pedestrians, they also have an impact on drivers' behavior at intersections. This study focuses on the evaluation of the safety effectiveness of PCSs to drivers in the cities of Jacksonville and Gainesville, Florida. The study employs two Bayesian approaches, before-and-after empirical Bayes (EB) and full Bayes (FB) with a comparison group, to quantify the safety impacts of PCSs to drivers. Specifically, crash modification factors (CMFs), which are estimated using the aforementioned two methods, were used to evaluate the safety effects of PCSs to drivers. Apart from establishing CMFs, crash modification functions (CMFunctions) were also developed to observe the relationship between CMFs and traffic volume. The CMFs were established for distinctive categories of crashes based on crash type (rear-end and angle collisions) and severity level (total, fatal and injury (FI), and property damage only (PDO) collisions). The CMFs findings, using the EB approach indicated that installing PCSs result in a significant improvement of driver's safety, at a 95% confidence interval (CI), by a 8.8% reduction in total crashes, a 8.0% reduction in rear-end crashes, and a 7.1% reduction in PDO crashes. In addition, FI crashes and angle crashes were observed to be reduced by 4.8%, whereas a 4.6% reduction in angle crashes was observed. In the case of the FB approach, PCSs were observed to be effective and significant, at a 95% Bayesian credible interval (BCI), for a total (Mean = 0.894, 95% BCI (0.828, 0.911)), PDO (Mean = 0.908, 95% BCI (0.838, 0.953)), and rear-end (Mean = 0.920, 95% BCI (0.842, 0.942)) crashes. The results of two crash categories such as FI (Mean = 0.957, 95% BCI (0.886, 1. 020)) and angle (Mean = 0.969, 95% BCI (0.931, 1.022)) crashes are less than one but are not significant at the 95 % BCI. Also, discussed in this study are the CMFunctions, showing the relationship between the developed CMFs and total entering traffic volume, obtained by combining the total traffic on the major and the minor approaches. In addition, the CMFunctions developed using the FB indicated the relationship between the estimated CMFs with the post-treatment year. The CMFunctions developed in this study clearly show that the treatment effectiveness varies considerably with post-treatment time and traffic volume. Moreover, using the FB methodology, the results suggest the treatment effectiveness increased over time in the post-treatment years for the crash categories with two important indicators of effectiveness, i.e., total and PDO, and rear-end crashes. Nevertheless, the treatment effectiveness on rear-end crashes is observed to decline with post-treatment time, although the base value is still less than one for all the three years. In summary, the results suggest the usefulness of PCSs for drivers.
Book Synopsis Urban Pedestrian Accident Countermeasures Experimental Evaluation by : BioTechnology, Inc
Download or read book Urban Pedestrian Accident Countermeasures Experimental Evaluation written by BioTechnology, Inc and published by . This book was released on 1975 with total page 292 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Safety Evaluation of Pedestrian Countdown Signals by : Raghavan Srinivasan (Transportation engineer)
Download or read book Safety Evaluation of Pedestrian Countdown Signals written by Raghavan Srinivasan (Transportation engineer) and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 41 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A before-after empirical Bayes analysis was performed using data from 115 treated intersections in Charlotte, NC, and 218 treated intersections in Philadelphia, PA, to evaluate the safety effects of pedestrian countdown signals (PCSs). Additionally, the evaluation included 136 reference intersections in Charlotte, NC, and 597 reference intersections in Philadelphia, PA. The project team also investigated the possibility of using data from two additional cities, but the data from those cities could not be used in this evaluation because of unknown PCS installation dates, lack of pedestrian volume, and crash data reliability concerns. Following the implementation of PCSs, total crashes decreased by approximately 8 percent, and rear-end crashes decreased by approximately 12 percent. These reductions were statistically significant at the 95 percent confidence level. Pedestrian crashes decreased by about 9 percent, and this reduction was statistically significant at the 90 percent confidence level. The economic analysis revealed a benefit-cost ratio of 23, with a low of 13 and a high of 32.
Book Synopsis Countdown Pedestrian Signals (CPS) Legibility and Comprehension Without Flashing Hand by :
Download or read book Countdown Pedestrian Signals (CPS) Legibility and Comprehension Without Flashing Hand written by and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 87 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The purpose of this study was to conduct two human factors field studies examining the utility of the presence of the Flashing Don’t WALK FDW icon i.e., the flashing hand during the countdown pedestrian signal CPS. Phase 1 examined pedestrians’ comprehension of the CPS with and without the FDW signal, and the effect of removing the FDW on pedestrians with low vision. Three results were found: pedestrians were more likely to consider crossing with the CPS Alone than with the CPS plus FDW; healthy, young participants had little difficulty judging the time required to cross for three different distances without changing their speed; and the removal of the FDW from the CPS plus FDW signal had no negative impact on low-vision pedestrians’ decisions to cross during the CPS. Phase 2 further evaluated the effect of removing the FDW from the CPS by observing pedestrians’ natural behavior at two intersections. Participants were naturally observed pedestrians at two intersections. Following a baseline period, the FDW was removed from the CPS signal. Data were collected immediately after FDW removal and six months later. Regardless of the CPS present, pedestrians were likely to begin crossing during the pedestrian change interval. Finishing times show significantly fewer people in the crosswalk after the cross-traffic was released at three of the four sites during the CPS alone follow-up condition than during the CPS plus FDW condition.
Book Synopsis Evaluation of Innovative Safety Treatments by :
Download or read book Evaluation of Innovative Safety Treatments written by and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 26 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Traffic Signal Retiming Practices in the United States by : Robert L. Gordon
Download or read book Traffic Signal Retiming Practices in the United States written by Robert L. Gordon and published by Transportation Research Board. This book was released on 2010 with total page 92 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: TRB's National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Synthesis 409: Traffic Signal Retiming Practices in the United States explores practices that operating agencies currently use to revise traffic signal timing. The report examines the processes used to develop, install, verify, fine-tune, and evaluate the plans--
Book Synopsis Changes in Driver Behavior Resulting from Pedestrian Countdown Signals by :
Download or read book Changes in Driver Behavior Resulting from Pedestrian Countdown Signals written by and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 10 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Comprehensive Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Pedestrian Countdown Signals on Road Users in Michigan by : Richard Atta Boateng
Download or read book Comprehensive Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Pedestrian Countdown Signals on Road Users in Michigan written by Richard Atta Boateng and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 136 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Pedestrian countdown signals (PCSs) are specifically designed to improve pedestrian safety at intersections. Installation of these devices may be with push buttons or without push buttons. Studies have shown that intersections where PCSs with push buttons have been installed have recorded reduction in pedestrian violation as well as reduction in the number of pedestrians trapped in the roadway. Studies have also shown that PCSs may be used by approaching drivers in the same way as other traffic signal anticipation devices such as green signal countdown (GSC). While other signal anticipation devices have been found to benefit drivers, a very limited number of studies have focused on PCSs benefits to drivers. In addition, very limited studies have been done on the comparison of the effectiveness of PCSs with push buttons and PCSs without push buttons. The study revealed a comparatively higher reduction in crashes involving drivers, pedestrians and bicyclists at intersections where PCSs with push buttons only have been installed. A combined sample sites where PCSs with push and non-push buttons have been installed also showed reductions in driver, pedestrian and bicyclist crashes. However, intersections where PCSs with non-push button only have been installed saw insignificant increases in crashes involving drivers and pedestrians 65 years and below. An economic analysis conducted for PCS showed a tremendous benefit-cost ratio of 459:1. The findings in this study are consistent with previous studies documented in the literature review section.
