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Effects Of Density Dependence Environment And Species Interaction During Spawning And Incubation On Population Dynamics Of Pink And Sockeye Salmon In The Auke Lake System Southeast Alaska
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Book Synopsis Effects of Density-dependence, Environment and Species Interaction During Spawning and Incubation on Population Dynamics of Pink and Sockeye Salmon in the Auke Lake System, Southeast Alaska by : Michio Fukushima
Download or read book Effects of Density-dependence, Environment and Species Interaction During Spawning and Incubation on Population Dynamics of Pink and Sockeye Salmon in the Auke Lake System, Southeast Alaska written by Michio Fukushima and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 268 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Quantitative Fish Dynamics by : Terrance J. Quinn
Download or read book Quantitative Fish Dynamics written by Terrance J. Quinn and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 1999-03-25 with total page 561 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book serves as an advanced text on fisheries and fishery population dynamics and as a reference for fisheries scientists. It provides a thorough treatment of contemporary topics in quantitative fisheries science and emphasizes the link between biology and theory by explaining the assumptions inherent in the quantitative methods. The analytical methods are accessible to a wide range of biologists, and the book includes numerous examples. The book is unique in covering such advanced topics as optimal harvesting, migratory stocks, age-structured models, and size models.
Book Synopsis Bulletin of National Research Institute of Aquaculture by :
Download or read book Bulletin of National Research Institute of Aquaculture written by and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 366 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences by :
Download or read book Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences written by and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 1656 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author :United States-Japan Cooperative Program in Natural Resources. Aquaculture Panel. Symposium Publisher : ISBN 13 : Total Pages :162 pages Book Rating :4.:/5 (31 download)
Book Synopsis Goals and Strategies for Breeding in Fisheries by : United States-Japan Cooperative Program in Natural Resources. Aquaculture Panel. Symposium
Download or read book Goals and Strategies for Breeding in Fisheries written by United States-Japan Cooperative Program in Natural Resources. Aquaculture Panel. Symposium and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 162 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis American Doctoral Dissertations by :
Download or read book American Doctoral Dissertations written by and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 896 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis The Role of Life History and the Environment in Population Dynamics of Sockeye Salmon (Oncorhynchus Nerka) by : Douglas Clifford James Braun
Download or read book The Role of Life History and the Environment in Population Dynamics of Sockeye Salmon (Oncorhynchus Nerka) written by Douglas Clifford James Braun and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Processes linking the environment and life histories are central to our understanding of population dynamics. This thesis combines life history theory and environmental variation to explain recruitment dynamics among populations in Fraser River sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka). I first explore relationships between spawning stream characteristics and spawning densities and show that streams with more cover have higher spawning densities. Next, I use a 21-year time series for three of these populations to explore hypotheses about how maternal life history traits and migration conditions, experienced during upstream migrations to their spawning grounds, influence reproductive investment. Maternal body size is strongly linked to total reproductive investment and both egg mass and fecundity; however, migration difficulty only influences egg mass and not fecundity. Using the same dataset, I show that egg mass and incubation temperatures influence juvenile fitness-related traits including length, mass and emergence timing. The main finding from these analyses, that warmer incubation temperatures result in lighter juveniles that emerge earlier, led to hypotheses about how incubation temperature might select for egg size among populations. I tested these hypotheses by comparing 16 populations and confirmed the prediction that in streams with warmer water, fish would produce heavier eggs. I then asked if these same maternal traits and environmental conditions would relate to adult recruitment dynamics. Populations spawning in streams with deeper water had higher maximum population growth rates and less variable recruitment. In addition, populations in streams with larger gravel exhibited stronger density-dependence. Finally, I develop a novel framework for evaluating how habitat data, combined with the cost of collecting such information, can be used in developing cost-effective surveys. I demonstrate this general framework with a simple example using the relationships between stream characteristics and sockeye densities, considering the costs and effectiveness of stream variables. Overall, this demonstration of the joint role of maternal traits and environmental conditions in recruitment dynamics supports the potential use of such variables as indicators of population dynamics in the absence of long-term demographic data. Furthermore, it supports the development of cost-effective surveys, which is important as human impacts on populations increase, and as monitoring resources decline.
Book Synopsis Factors Affecting Pink Salmon Pre-spawning Mortality in Southeast Alaska by :
Download or read book Factors Affecting Pink Salmon Pre-spawning Mortality in Southeast Alaska written by and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 98 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Climate, Embryonic Development, and Potential for Adaptation to Warming Water Temperatures by Bristol Bay Sockeye Salmon by : Morgan McKenzie Sparks
Download or read book Climate, Embryonic Development, and Potential for Adaptation to Warming Water Temperatures by Bristol Bay Sockeye Salmon written by Morgan McKenzie Sparks and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 196 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Rapidly warming water temperatures associated with climate change represent a substantial disturbance to the habitat of aquatic ectothermic organisms. For salmonid fishes (family Salmonidae), early life history survival and timing of reproduction and development are closely tied to temperature, such that altered thermal regimes could alter patterns of survival or shift phenology into a mismatch with the environment. Because temperature is the dominant driver of developmental rates, empirical statistical models have been developed to predict the timing of hatching and fry emergence based on incubation temperature. In this thesis I explored how the timing of hatching and emergence may shift in response to warming temperatures and how spawning timing across an Alaskan landscape is shaped by incubation temperatures experienced by sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) embryos and alevin. Additionally, I quantified the relative roles of genetics and environmentally induced plasticity on the timing of hatching in two populations of sockeye salmon from the Iliamna Lake system, Alaska by rearing them in common garden conditions in the laboratory. To meet these goals I reformulated a widely cited developmental model to incorporate variability in natural regimes and use it to predict hatching timing over the course of the spawning duration for 25 populations of Bristol Bay sockeye salmon. Additionally, I hind- and forecasted lake temperature based off historical and predicted air temperatures to estimate and predict hatching for a single population. I found that predicted hatching timing for wild populations varied between 58 and 260 days, and was largely variable as a result of habitat thermal heterogeneity and parental spawn time. I also predicted a three-week decrease in hatching timing over the course of the next century for a single beach spawning population, which was just beyond historic variability. Counter to expectations, for a subset of populations hatching and emergence timing variability exceeded that of spawning timing, indicating the relationship between spawning timing and incubation temperature may be weaker than expected. The results of the common garden experiment revealed indistinguishable differences between populations in hatching timing across five temperature scenarios, but strong plasticity as timing differed between 74 and 189 days in the warmest to coolest treatment. Furthermore, I detected family-specific differences in hatching timing both within and among treatments consistent with heritable developmental rates and gene by environment interactions in days to hatch, where the interaction between treatment and family was as high as 10 days difference in hatching. Population or family-specific survival in this experiment did not differ in response to temperature suggesting a lack of thermal adaptation in this regard during this life stage in these populations. Alevin mass and length upon hatching varied little among treatments (
Book Synopsis Populations in Varying Environments by : Lauren Ann Yamane
Download or read book Populations in Varying Environments written by Lauren Ann Yamane and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This research aimed to understand the mechanisms underlying variability in population abundances over time. Many studies have suggested that age-structured demographic rates and interactions together with density-dependent regulation are important in determining how populations fluctuate in response to changes in the environment. More recent research has determined that through a phenomenon called cohort resonance, the combination of age-structure, density-dependence, and environmental stochasticity can result in population sizes fluctuating over two characteristic time scales. These time scales include short time scales equal to the mean population spawning age (i.e., generational frequencies), and also long time scales. These specific time scales of variability (the population's sensitivities to changing environmental conditions) have been found in empirical time series of cod and tuna abundances. Salmon populations also have demographic characteristics that make them particularly susceptible to cohort resonance. However, the potential importance of cohort resonance for salmon populations rests on whether supplementation with hatchery fish reduces the strength of the cohort resonance effect, and to what extent it might dampen the increase in variability associated with increased harvest rates (Chapter 1). Of additional importance in evaluating the potential for cohort resonance to drive salmon population variability is how life history characteristics might strengthen or diminish the effect. I examined how the central spawning age of the population and the fraction of spawners at that central age affect the sensitivity of populations to both low frequencies (environmental variability over long time scales) and generational frequencies (Chapter 2). Finally, I analyzed how temporal variability in the time series of subpopulations (specifically asynchrony) within a broader aggregate stock can lead to statistical dampening of variability at the stock level through the portfolio effect (Chapter 3). I developed a new metric, which quantifies the variability reduction possible with increased diversity among subpopulation dynamics (the Diversity Deficit; DD). I provide an example of applying this metric to retrospectively identify gains and losses in statistical independence for the Sacramento River Fall-run Chinook (SRFC) salmon stock. I found that compared to increased fishing levels, hatchery fish had a relatively small effect on the overall population variability (Chapter 1). However, the addition of hatchery fish to a population could alter the time scales of variability in salmon population time series, specifically magnifying fluctuations at intermediate to longer time scales. Such periods of population variability are normally reduced with higher levels of fishing. In addition, supplementation can be expected to have less of an effect on reversing the increased variability in abundances occurring over generational time scales. However, it is important to note that these effects occurred when populations were supplemented for extremely long periods of time. Analyses of the effects of the spawning age distribution revealed that higher central spawning ages increased population sensitivity to low frequencies, but had little impact on the generational frequencies (Chapter 2). The opposite was true for the fraction of central age spawners. Increasing the fraction of central age spawners did little to excite low frequency variability, but it greatly increased the population's propensity to exhibit sensitivity to generational frequencies. Analyses for the SRFC stock revealed that there has been an increase in the DD over time (Chapter 3). Thus, stock variability could have been reduced to a greater extent if independence among subpopulation dynamics had been restored. However, the mechanism of lost independence among subpopulation abundances is largely attributed to a rise in correlations with a single subpopulation, early in the time series.
Book Synopsis Linking Freshwater Growth to Size-dependent Marine Survival of Sockeye Salmon by : Marta Elizabeth Ree
Download or read book Linking Freshwater Growth to Size-dependent Marine Survival of Sockeye Salmon written by Marta Elizabeth Ree and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 186 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Due to the mediating role of body size in determining fitness, the ‘bigger is better’ hypothesis still pervades evolutionary ecology despite evidence that natural selection on phenotypic traits varies in time and space. For Pacific salmon (genus Oncorhynchus), the size at which juveniles migrate to sea (i.e., smolts) has been linked to survival during the early marine period, where larger smolts typically survive at a higher rate than their smaller counterparts. However, the relationship of smolt size and survival becomes more ambiguous when considering confounding factors of age, ocean entry timing, and environmental variability. Despite equivocal results, smolt size appears to be a key trait and therefore changes in freshwater conditions may have consequences for population productivity. Furthermore, due to differences in site-specific habitats, trophic dynamics, and population traits the response of specific populations to these changes is likely to be context specific. The objective of this thesis was to 1) quantify the direction and magnitude of natural selection on smolt size for three age classes of sockeye salmon in a small watershed on Kodiak Island, AK and 2) explore stock-specific effects of temperature and conspecific density on smolt size over a multi-decade time-series to understand historic and possible future trends. To address our first objective, we calculated standardized selection differentials by comparing observed size distributions of out-migrating juvenile salmon to back-calculated smolt length from the scales of surviving, returning adults. Results reveal the magnitude of selection on size was very strong and consistent among years. However, the direction of selection on size consistently varied among age classes. The absolute magnitude of selection was negatively correlated to apparent marine survival and positively correlated to late mean ocean entry timing. To address our second objective, we back-calculated smolt size from returning adult scales to reconstruct a time-series of smolt length of two stocks within a small Alaska watershed on Kodiak Island. Using a dynamic linear model framework, we detected evidence that for one stock, temperature was important in explaining smolt length, and density effects influenced both stocks utilizing the same lakes. Furthermore, forecasts of smolt length showed highly variable responses under scenarios of increasing temperature and high and low densities. Collectively, these results demonstrate that interactions between processes of climate, density, and natural selection are highly context-specific in terms of both inter- and intra- population variability.
Book Synopsis Effects of Spawning Pacific Salmon on the Trophic and Population Ecology of Stream-resident Sculpins by : Noel Richard Swain
Download or read book Effects of Spawning Pacific Salmon on the Trophic and Population Ecology of Stream-resident Sculpins written by Noel Richard Swain and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Across the North Pacific coast, marine and freshwater ecosystems are linked by annual spawning runs of Pacific salmon. Although past research has highlighted the importance of these nutrient subsidies to freshwater food webs, their effects on the trophic and population dynamics of freshwater fish remain poorly understood. In this thesis I examined the relative influences of pink (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) and chum (O. keta) salmon and habitat on the diets, individual condition, and population densities of freshwater prickly sculpins (Cottus asper), and coastrange sculpins (C. aleuticus). I found that sculpin condition and salmon nutrients in sculpin diets increased with the availability and density of spawning salmon, and were influenced by season, sculpin species, body size, and habitat. I also found that salmon density, pH, and habitat were related to sculpin population densities, but that their effects differed between sculpin species. This is the first study to test such relationships for freshwater fishes across wide, natural gradients in salmon spawning density and habitat.
Book Synopsis Spatio-temporal Genetic Structure, Effective Population Size, and Parentage Simulations from Contemporary Genetic Samples and Historic Demographic Data of Sockeye Salmon (Oncorhynchus Nerka) in Auke Lake, Alaska by : Patrick D. Barry
Download or read book Spatio-temporal Genetic Structure, Effective Population Size, and Parentage Simulations from Contemporary Genetic Samples and Historic Demographic Data of Sockeye Salmon (Oncorhynchus Nerka) in Auke Lake, Alaska written by Patrick D. Barry and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 312 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) have great ecological, economic, and cultural importance. Accordingly, understanding the genetic diversity of Pacific salmon populations is critical for their effective management and conservation. Spatial and temporal homing fidelity, a central life-history characteristic of Pacific salmon, generates genetic structure through reproductive isolation. Within and among populations, heterogeneity in the freshwater environment should lead to selection for traits that maximize fitness resulting in local adaptation. This adaptation increases productivity of individual populations while diversity among populations can promote long-term stability. Additionally, the demographic properties (age structure, generation length, size) of a population will affect genetic structure by regulating its response to the evolutionary forces of selection, migration, and genetic drift. The scale and extent to which reproductive isolation can produce genetic structure is incompletely understood. In this dissertation, I investigated spatial and temporal trends in population genetic structure and estimated the effective population size (Ne) of Sockeye Salmon from Auke Lake in Southeast Alaska from contemporary genetic samples (2008, 2009, 2011) and historic demographic data (1980–2017). A simulation library in the R statistical environment was developed to assess the accuracy of parentage and sibship inference from genetic markers. This library proved useful in evaluating the sibship method for estimating Ne from genetic data and evaluating genetic markers for a large-scale parentage project. I detected substantial genetic differentiation between Auke Lake and other Southeast Alaska populations (average FST = 0.1137) and an isolation-by-time pattern within the Auke Lake population. A genetically distinct cluster was identified in the late portion of the 2008 return. This group may represent a spatially segregated spawning aggregation previously described in tagging studies; however, because fish were sampled as they passed through the weir, spatial structure within Auke Lake could not be evaluated. Genetic tests for demographic change within the population indicated that the Auke Lake Sockeye Salmon population underwent a historical bottleneck event but has since increased in size. Demographic estimates of Ne from a long-term dataset from the Auke Creek weir revealed that the effective population size was low in the early 1980s and has since increased. Over the six generations evaluated, the major demographic factors that determined Ne were variance in family size, variable contribution to the next generation by brood years within a generation, and fluctuations in population size. Contemporary estimates of Ne from genetic methods were smaller than those from demographic methods and indicated that Ne may be roughly the size of an individual return year. Genetic estimates of the ratio of the effective population size to the census size (Ne/Nc = 0.21) were consistent with values previously reported for other salmonids. Collectively, these chapters contribute to an improved understanding of Sockeye Salmon population genetics and provide a useful tool to assess the power of genetic markers for parentage and sibship inference.
Book Synopsis Environmental, Biological, and Genetic Factors Influencing Local Adaptation of Pink Salmon (Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha) in Auke Creek, Alaska by : Christopher V. Manhard
Download or read book Environmental, Biological, and Genetic Factors Influencing Local Adaptation of Pink Salmon (Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha) in Auke Creek, Alaska written by Christopher V. Manhard and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 137 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Pacific salmon form distinct, locally adapted populations because of the spatial and temporal precision with which they home to their natal streams. Local adaptation is recognized as an important component underlying the productivity and sustainability of salmonid populations, yet there remains uncertainty of the scale at which it occurs. This uncertainty was addressed by analysis of demographic, genetic, and experimental data collected from seasonally structured brood lines of Pink Salmon that spawn in Auke Creek, Alaska. An extensive background of research on this system has indicated that the timing of the adult and juvenile migrations is closely aligned with fitness and productivity in this stream; this background provided a framework for synthesizing the results of the analyses to address these questions: (1) What ecological factors influence productivity of the freshwater and marine life history stages; (2) Do these factors suggest a mechanism for evolution of migration time; (3) What are the consequences of disrupting fine-scale local adaptation of migration time? Freshwater productivity appeared to be influenced primarily by competition for spawning habitat, rather than variability in environmental conditions. Marine productivity, conversely, was associated with physical processes that influence survival of juveniles in the nearshore environment. Consistent with these findings, genetic evolution of earlier migration time, which was observed in both adults and juveniles over two generations, appeared to be driven by earlier vernal warming of the nearshore environment. Despite these environmental changes and resulting selection against late migrating fish, recruitment to Auke Creek has remained stable, thereby indicating that seasonal structure of migration time has supported sustained productivity in a changing climate. Experimental relaxation of natural barriers to gene flow that maintain the seasonal structure resulted in intermediate adult migration times in two generations of hybrid fish. These patterns were consistent with an additive genetic basis for migration time and suggest that ecological outbreeding depression is a post-zygotic mechanism that maintains adaptive variation of migration time in Auke Creek. Collectively, these results provide evidence that fine-scale local adaptation can enhance productivity of salmonid populations while providing resilience to climate change.
Book Synopsis First-generation Effects on Development Time of Outcrossing Between Geographically Isolated and Seasonally Isolated Populations of Pink Salmon (Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha) by : Jesse D. Echave
Download or read book First-generation Effects on Development Time of Outcrossing Between Geographically Isolated and Seasonally Isolated Populations of Pink Salmon (Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha) written by Jesse D. Echave and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 86 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Bootstrap analyses of hatch data collected during two independent experiments revealed that hybridization between pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) breeding populations separated at either a large geographic scale or a fine temporal scale can influence development time. Restricted maximum likelihood estimators also revealed that sire, dam, cross, and parental interaction can influence genetic variance associated with development time at either scale. Few studies have investigated the extent of local adaptation that results from fine-scale ecological variation, the genetic underpinnings of that adaptation, or the potential impacts outbreeding at that level may have on fitness. We tested whether or not local adaptation contributed to genetic divergence among subpopulations of pink salmon that overlap temporally within the same spawning habitat (early-run fish and late-run fish within Auke Creek, near Juneau, Alaska) by determining whether or not outbreeding influenced development time (a fitness-related trait) in first-generation hybrids. We examined genetic divergence among populations isolated at a much broader scale (Pillar Creek on Kodiak Island, Alaska, and Auke Creek, 1,000 km great circle distance) as a more extreme reference to local adaptation. Results provide evidence that development time is locally adapted and expressed primarily in a locus-by-locus manner" -- Leaf iii.
Book Synopsis Bulletin of the Bureau of Fisheries by :
Download or read book Bulletin of the Bureau of Fisheries written by and published by . This book was released on 1902 with total page 664 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Status of Alaska Wetlands by : Jonathan V. Hall
Download or read book Status of Alaska Wetlands written by Jonathan V. Hall and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 36 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
