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Effect Of The Interplanetary Magnetic Field On The Propagation Of Cosmic Rays
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Book Synopsis Effect of the Interplanetary Magnetic Field on the Propagation of Cosmic Rays by : Kenneth G. McCracken
Download or read book Effect of the Interplanetary Magnetic Field on the Propagation of Cosmic Rays written by Kenneth G. McCracken and published by . This book was released on 1968 with total page 16 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report presents a study of cosmic-ray propagation in the interplanetary magnetic field using spacecraft and neutron monitor data. Improved methods have been developed for mapping cosmic ray flux as a function of direction and time. This cosmic-ray mapping technique made possible a detailed study of the Forbush decrease observed on January 20, 1966. Using numerical filtration techniques developed for the purpose, demi-diurnal and dirunal components of cosmic radiation were studied. Two distinctly different anisotropies were identified in the course of studying the interrelationship of cosmic ray anistropy and the interplanetary magnetic field. One anisotropy is due to convective removal of cosmic radiation from the solar system by the radial flow of the solar wind. The other is due to diffusion of the cosmic radiation parallel to the lines of force of the interplanetary magnetic field. Temporal variability of Pioneer VII data during high counting rate periods has been studied. Study of some five days of data indicates continuous fluctuation of the cosmic radiation flux, with periods as short as five minutes occurring frequenctly. No diminution of fluctuation amplitude with time was observed. (Author).
Book Synopsis Cosmic Rays in Interplanetary Magnetic Fields by : I.N. Toptygin
Download or read book Cosmic Rays in Interplanetary Magnetic Fields written by I.N. Toptygin and published by Springer. This book was released on 1985-12-31 with total page 400 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fast particles of natural or1g1n (cosmic rays) have been used for a long time as an important source of astrophysical and geophysical information. A study of cosmic ray spectra, time variations, abundances, gradients, and anisotropy provides a wealth of data on physical conditions in the regions of cosmic ray generation as well as in the media through which cosmic rays propagate. Astrophysical aspects of cosmic ray physics have been considered in a number of monograpqs. The most detailed seems to be "The Origin of Cosmic Rays" by V. L. Ginzburg and S. 1. Syrovatskij (1964) which is, however, concerned mainly with galactic cosmic rays. The physics of the circumsolar space is discussed in this book only rather briefly. Several other monographs have been devoted mostly to the physics of the interplanetary medium and cosmic rays in interplanetary space. These include the books by Dorman (1963, 1975a, b), Parker (1963), Dorman and Miroshnichenko (1968). The present monograph differs from the above mentioned books in two main aspects: (i) It presents a unified theoretical approach to analys{ng the properties of fast particles in interplanetary space, based upon consideration of cosmic rays as a highly energetic component of the interplane~ary plasma, which makes use of the plasma physics methods to describe the behaviour of cosmic rays.
Book Synopsis Comic Rays in Interplanetary Magnetics Fields by : I.N. Toptygin
Download or read book Comic Rays in Interplanetary Magnetics Fields written by I.N. Toptygin and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 388 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fast particles of natural or1g1n (cosmic rays) have been used for a long time as an important source of astrophysical and geophysical information. A study of cosmic ray spectra, time variations, abundances, gradients, and anisotropy provides a wealth of data on physical conditions in the regions of cosmic ray generation as well as in the media through which cosmic rays propagate. Astrophysical aspects of cosmic ray physics have been considered in a number of monograpqs. The most detailed seems to be "The Origin of Cosmic Rays" by V. L. Ginzburg and S. 1. Syrovatskij (1964) which is, however, concerned mainly with galactic cosmic rays. The physics of the circumsolar space is discussed in this book only rather briefly. Several other monographs have been devoted mostly to the physics of the interplanetary medium and cosmic rays in interplanetary space. These include the books by Dorman (1963, 1975a, b), Parker (1963), Dorman and Miroshnichenko (1968). The present monograph differs from the above mentioned books in two main aspects: (i) It presents a unified theoretical approach to analys{ng the properties of fast particles in interplanetary space, based upon consideration of cosmic rays as a highly energetic component of the interplane~ary plasma, which makes use of the plasma physics methods to describe the behaviour of cosmic rays.
Book Synopsis Cosmic Rays in Magnetospheres of the Earth and other Planets by : Lev Dorman
Download or read book Cosmic Rays in Magnetospheres of the Earth and other Planets written by Lev Dorman and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2009-01-20 with total page 770 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The problem of cosmic ray (CR) geomagnetic effects came to the fore at the beg- ning of the 1930s after the famous expeditions by J. Clay onboard ship (Slamat) between the Netherlands and Java using an ionization chamber. Many CR la- tude expeditions were organized by the famous scientists and Nobel Laureates R. Millikan and A. Compton. From the obtained latitude curves it follows that CRs cannot be gamma rays (as many scientists thought at that time), but must be charged particles. From measurements of azimuthally geomagnetic effect at that time it also followed that these charged particles must be mostly positive (see Chapter 1, and for more details on the history of the problem see monographs of Irina Dorman, M1981, M1989). The ?rst explanations of obtained results were based on the simple dipole - proximation of the geomagnetic ?eld and the theory of energetic charged particles moving in dipole magnetic ?elds, developed in 1907 by C. Stormer ̈ to explain the aurora phenomenon. Let us note that it was made about 5 years before V. Hess discovered CRs, and received the Nobel Prize in 1936 together with K. Anderson (for the discovery of CR and positrons in CR).
Book Synopsis Interplanetary Magnetic Fields and the Propagation of Cosmic Rays by : Gerd Wibberenz
Download or read book Interplanetary Magnetic Fields and the Propagation of Cosmic Rays written by Gerd Wibberenz and published by . This book was released on 1974 with total page 140 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Solar Cosmic Rays by : L.I. Miroshnichenko
Download or read book Solar Cosmic Rays written by L.I. Miroshnichenko and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-06-29 with total page 489 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It turned out to be really a rare and happy occasion that we know exact1y when and how a new branch of space physics was born, namely, a physics of solar cosmic rays. It happened on February 28 and March 7, 1942 when the fIrst "cosmic ray bursts" were recorded on the Earth, and the Sun was unambiguously identifIed for the fIrst time as the source of high-velocity 10 particles with energies up to > 10 eV. Just due to such a high energy these relativistic particles have been called "solar cosmic rays" (SCR), in distinction from the "true" cosmic rays of galactic origin. Between 1942 and the beginning ofthe space era in 1957 only extremely high energy solar particle events could be occasionally recorded by cosmic ray ground-Ievel detectors and balloon borne sensors. Since then the detection techniques varied considerably and the study of SCR turned into essential part of solar and solar-terrestrial physics.
Book Synopsis Cosmic Rays and Earth by : J.W. Bieber
Download or read book Cosmic Rays and Earth written by J.W. Bieber and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-04-17 with total page 405 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The year 1998 marked the 50th anniversary of the invention of the neutron monitor, a key research tool in the field of space physics and solar-terrestrial relations. In honor of this occasion a workshop entitled 'Cosmic Rays and Earth' was organized to review the detection of cosmic rays at the surface and in the lower atmosphere of Earth, including the effect that this radiation has on the terrestrial environment. A special focus was the role of neutron monitors in the investigation of this radiation, on the science enabled by the unique dataset of the worldwide network of neutron monitors, and on continuing opportunities to use these data to solve outstanding problems. This book is the principal product of that workshop, integrating the contribu tions of all participants. Following a general summary of the workshop prepared by the editors, the volume leads off with a keynote article by Professor John Simpson describing his invention of the neutron monitor in 1948 and the early scientific discoveries made with this instrument.
Book Synopsis A Simple Model of the Interplanetary Magnetic Field: The cosmic ray anisotropy by : David Peter Stern
Download or read book A Simple Model of the Interplanetary Magnetic Field: The cosmic ray anisotropy written by David Peter Stern and published by . This book was released on 1964 with total page 24 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Solar Particle Radiation Storms Forecasting and Analysis by : Olga E Malandraki
Download or read book Solar Particle Radiation Storms Forecasting and Analysis written by Olga E Malandraki and published by . This book was released on 2020-10-08 with total page 208 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Solar energetic particles (SEPs) emitted from the Sun are a major space weather hazard motivating the development of predictive capabilities. This book presents the results and findings of the HESPERIA (High Energy Solar Particle Events forecasting and Analysis) project of the EU HORIZON 2020 programme. It discusses the forecasting operational tools developed within the project, and presents progress to SEP research contributed by HESPERIA both from the observational as well as the SEP modelling perspective. Using multi-frequency observational data and simulations HESPERIA investigated the chain of processes from particle acceleration in the corona, particle transport in the magnetically complex corona and interplanetary space, to the detection near 1 AU. The book also elaborates on the unique software that has been constructed for inverting observations of relativistic SEPs to physical parameters that can be compared with space-borne measurements at lower energies. Introductory and pedagogical material included in the book make it accessible to students at graduate level and will be useful as background material for Space Physics and Space Weather courses with emphasis on Solar Energetic Particle Event Forecasting and Analysis. This work was published by Saint Philip Street Press pursuant to a Creative Commons license permitting commercial use. All rights not granted by the work's license are retained by the author or authors.
Book Synopsis Biological Effects and Physics of Solar and Galactic Cosmic Radiation Part B by : Charles E. Swenberg
Download or read book Biological Effects and Physics of Solar and Galactic Cosmic Radiation Part B written by Charles E. Swenberg and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 938 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Space missions subject human beings or any other target of a spacecraft to a radiation environment of an intensity and composition not available on earth. Whereas for missions in low earth orbit (LEO), such as those using the Space Shuttle or Space Station scenario, radiation exposure guidelines have been developed and have been adopted by spacefaring agencies, for exploratory class missions that will take the space travellers outside the protective confines of the geomagnetic field sufficient guidelines for radiation protection are still outstanding. For a piloted Mars mission, the whole concept of radiation protection needs to be reconsidered. Since there is an increasing interest of many nations and space agencies in establishing a lunar base and lor exploring Mars by manned missions, it is both, timely and important to develop appropriate risk estimates and radiation protection guidelines which will have an influence on the design and structure of space vehicles and habitation areas of the extraterrestrial settlements. This book is the result of a multidisciplinary effort to assess the state of art in our knowledge on the radiation situation during deep space missions and on the impact of this complex radiation environment on the space traveller. It comprises the lectures by the faculty members as well as short contributions by the students given at the NATO Advanced Study Institute "Biological Effects and Physics of Solar and Galactic Cosmic Radiation" held in Armacao de Pera, Portugal, 12-23 October, 1991.
Book Synopsis Interplanetary Medium Data Book by : Joseph H. King
Download or read book Interplanetary Medium Data Book written by Joseph H. King and published by . This book was released on 1977 with total page 1040 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Effects of Asymmetric Magnetospheric Currents on Cosmic Radiation by : Erwin O. Flückiger
Download or read book Effects of Asymmetric Magnetospheric Currents on Cosmic Radiation written by Erwin O. Flückiger and published by . This book was released on 1982 with total page 40 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Up to now, most studies were carried out assuming azimuthally symmetric currents, neglecting the well established longitudinal asymmetry in the geomagnetic disturbance at low- and mid-latitudes during magnetic storms. The asymmetric perturbations superposed upon a symmetric field depression has been attributed by several authors to a a longitudinally limited, partial ring current with field aligned closure through the auroral ionosphere (Cummings; Fukushima and Kamide; and references therein). It has been the objective of the research covered by this report to study the effects of such magnetospheric current systems on the propagation of cosmic ray particles through the domain of the earth's magnetosphere. The corresponding results were expected to demonstrate the significance of cosmic ray measurements as an additional tool for magnetospheric studies, especially in modeling the disturbed magnetic field in the magnetosphere. In this report, first the approach to the problem is reviewed in Section 2, and examples of the basic tools needed in the procedure are illustrated in Section 3. Then, in Section 4, the results of a simple study correlating local perturbations in the geomagnetic field with cosmic ray cutoff rigidity variations are discussed. Section 5 contains a summary of a detailed quantitative analysis on the effects of a partial ring current and of field-aligned currents on both cutoff rigidities and asymptotic directions in different latitude regions. In conclusions, the significance of the results obtained in the entire study is discussed in Section 6 for both magnetospheric and cosmic ray research.
Book Synopsis Cosmic Rays in Magnetospheres of the Earth and other Planets by : Lev Dorman
Download or read book Cosmic Rays in Magnetospheres of the Earth and other Planets written by Lev Dorman and published by Springer. This book was released on 2009-01-28 with total page 770 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The problem of cosmic ray (CR) geomagnetic effects came to the fore at the beg- ning of the 1930s after the famous expeditions by J. Clay onboard ship (Slamat) between the Netherlands and Java using an ionization chamber. Many CR la- tude expeditions were organized by the famous scientists and Nobel Laureates R. Millikan and A. Compton. From the obtained latitude curves it follows that CRs cannot be gamma rays (as many scientists thought at that time), but must be charged particles. From measurements of azimuthally geomagnetic effect at that time it also followed that these charged particles must be mostly positive (see Chapter 1, and for more details on the history of the problem see monographs of Irina Dorman, M1981, M1989). The ?rst explanations of obtained results were based on the simple dipole - proximation of the geomagnetic ?eld and the theory of energetic charged particles moving in dipole magnetic ?elds, developed in 1907 by C. Stormer ̈ to explain the aurora phenomenon. Let us note that it was made about 5 years before V. Hess discovered CRs, and received the Nobel Prize in 1936 together with K. Anderson (for the discovery of CR and positrons in CR).
Book Synopsis Cosmic Rays in the Heliosphere by : L.A. Fisk
Download or read book Cosmic Rays in the Heliosphere written by L.A. Fisk and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-04-17 with total page 376 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In every scientific discipline there are milestones - periods of significant accom plishment when it is appropriate to pause and summarize the state of the field. Such is the case for the study of the behavior of cosmic rays in the heliosphere. We are just passing through solar minimum conditions, when the heliosphere has a well-ordered and relatively simple configuration. We have been fortunate to have an array of spacecraft - unprecedented in the history of space exploration and unlikely to be repeated for generations - to provide comprehensive measurements of cosmic rays throughout the heliosphere. Ulysses has completed its historic first exploration of the heliosphere at high heliographic latitudes. Pioneer and Voyager have been exploring the outer heliosphere. The durable IMP-8 and now the WIND spacecraft have provided detailed baseline measurements at Earth. Concurrently, there has been a steady improvement in theoretical understanding of cosmic ray behavior through the use of ever more sophisticated numerical models. This milestone in cosmic ray studies was celebrated with a Workshop on Cos mic Rays in the Heliosphere which was convened by L. A. Fisk, J. R. Jokipii.
Book Synopsis Variations in the Interplanetary Magnetic Field: Mariner 2: Some effects upon solar cosmic rays by : Paul J. Coleman
Download or read book Variations in the Interplanetary Magnetic Field: Mariner 2: Some effects upon solar cosmic rays written by Paul J. Coleman and published by . This book was released on 1966 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Cosmic Rays, Solar Activity, Magnetic Coupling, and Lightning Incidence by : J. T. A. Ely
Download or read book Cosmic Rays, Solar Activity, Magnetic Coupling, and Lightning Incidence written by J. T. A. Ely and published by . This book was released on 1984 with total page 24 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Radiation Hazard in Space by : L.I. Miroshnichenko
Download or read book Radiation Hazard in Space written by L.I. Miroshnichenko and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-04-17 with total page 254 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The mono graph contains 8 chapters, and their contents cover all principal aspects of the problem: 1. Introduction and brief his tory ofthe radiation problem and background information ofradiation hazard in the near-Earth and interplanetary space. 2. General description of radiation conditions and main sources of charged partic1es in the Earth's environment and interplanetary space, effects of space environment on spacecraft. 3. Basic information about physical conditions in space and main sources of charged particles in the Earth's environment and interplanetary space, in the context of "Space W eather" monitoring and prediction. 4. Trapped radiation belts of the Earth (ERB): theory of their origin, spatial and temporal dynamics, and experimental and statistical models. 5. Galactic cosmic rays (GCR): variations of energetic, temporal and spatial characteristics, long-term modulation, and anomalous cosmic ray (ACR) component, modeling oftheir dynamics. 6. Production of energetic particles (SEPs) at/ne ar the Sun: available databases, acceleration, propagation, and prediction of individual SEP event, statistical models of solar cosmic rays (SCR). 7. Existing empirical techniques of estimating, prediction and modeling of radiation hazard, methodical approaches and constraints, some questions of changes in the Earth's radiation environment due to changes of the solar activity level. 8. Unresolved problems of radiation hazard prediction and spacecraft protection, radiation experiments on board the spacecraft, estimating of radiation conditions during interplanetary missions. Space does not allow us to explain every time the solar-terrestrial and radiation physics nomencIature used in current English-language literature.
