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Effect Of Solute Concentration Factor Cf On Ultrafiltration Fouling Mechanism
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Book Synopsis Effect of Solute Concentration Factor (CF) on Ultrafiltration Fouling Mechanism by : Oluwajinmi Abidemi Aina
Download or read book Effect of Solute Concentration Factor (CF) on Ultrafiltration Fouling Mechanism written by Oluwajinmi Abidemi Aina and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study examined the effect of varying the solute concentration factor on the fouling mechanisms, during ultrafiltration (UF) of natural water. Permeation was conducted in two phases: concentration phase and steady-state phase, at different concentration factor (1, 5, and 10). High peak shear, which is representative of large pulse bubble sparging was applied throughout. Results showed that total UF fouling increases with CF during the concentration phase. The dominant fouling mechanism during a cycle is unaffected by increase in CF. For a given CF, standard blocking was dominant during the first cycle of the concentration phase, while combined cake based (i.e. cake-standard and cake-intermediate) blocking during the first cycle of steady-state phase. A fit between measured CF of organic carbon and the predicted values indicated that total and particulate organic carbon (TOC and POC) concentration in the reactor sample correlated with the CF predicted by modeling (R2>0.97).
Book Synopsis Determination of Fouling Mechanisms for Ultrafiltration of Oily Wastewater by : Leila Safazadeh Haghighi
Download or read book Determination of Fouling Mechanisms for Ultrafiltration of Oily Wastewater written by Leila Safazadeh Haghighi and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 130 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The use of Membrane technology is extensively increasing in water and wastewater treatment, food processing, chemical, biotechnological, and pharmaceutical industries because of their versatility, effectiveness, high removal capacity and ability to meet multiple treatment objectives. A common problem with using membranes is fouling, which results in increasing operating costs due to higher operating pressure losses, membrane downtime needed for cleaning, with associated production loss and manpower costs. In the literature, four different mechanisms for membrane fouling have been studied, which are complete pore blocking, internal pore blinding, partial pore bridging and cake filtration. Mathematical models have been developed for each of these fouling mechanisms. The objective of this thesis was to investigate the membrane fouling mechanisms for one porous and one dense membrane, during ultrafiltration of an emulsified industrial oily wastewater. An experimental system was designed, assembled and operated at the Ford Transmission Plant in Sharonville, Ohio, wherein ultrasonic baths were used for cleaning transmission parts before assembly. The oil wastewater, containing emulsified oils and cleaning chemicals was collected in a batch vessel and then pumped through a porous polyethersulfone, monolithic membrane, and through a dense cuproammonium cellulose membrane unit. For the porous membrane, use of a Dupont's flurosurfactant (FS 63) and backwashing with permeate and for the dense membrane the use of both the flurorosurfactant and sparged air were investigated to reduce membrane fouling. For the porous membrane study, it was observed that the permeate flux was strongly dependent on the transmembrane pressure difference, and addition of the flurosurfactant significantly improved the performance of the membrane. The backwashing cleaning efficiency was found to depend on the duration of backwashing and its frequency. An integrated fouling model was developed by combining the individual models for each fouling mechanism, originally published by Hermia [18], and analysis of the experimental data for ultrafiltration of oily emulsion revealed that the primary mechanism for fouling of the porous membrane was cake filtration. With increasing transmembrane pressure, the role of other mechanisms, such as pore blocking and partial pore bridging, increases, although the effect of cake filtration dominates. Hence, for oily emulsions, methods to disrupt the formation of a cake layer at the membrane surface would have the most impact in increasing the water permeation rates through the membrane. For the dense membrane study, permeate flux also increased with increasing transmembrane pressure difference, as in the porous membrane, and the major mechanisms for fouling were found to be concentration polarization gel layer formation on the membrane surface. In this case, the use of both sparged air and fluorosurfactant, increased the water permeation rates, but the permeation rate improvement with sparged air alone was significantly higher than with fluorosurfactant only. A mathematical model was developed to derive the mass transfer coefficients under the various operation conditions. Future studies will concentrate on improving membrane performance by reducing the impact of the dominant fouling mechanisms, found in this study, for both porous and dense membranes.
Book Synopsis TOWARDS EFFICIENT WATER TREATMENT by :
Download or read book TOWARDS EFFICIENT WATER TREATMENT written by and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract : This research study first reviewed challenges of conventional and membrane separation systems for water treatment. Though membrane separation systems appeared superior to the conventional counterparts for water and wastewater treatment, wider applications of membrane systems have been limited by some factors, most notably is membrane fouling. Experimental studies were therefore conducted to achieve the goal of this research, which is to investigate how feed properties affect fouling of ultrafiltration (UF) membranes by colloids. Feed salinity, pH, and nanoparticle concentration were the variables studied to unravel how different UF membranes are fouled by model silica colloids (with average diameter of 25nm). These variables were varied across levels that have practical importance. Results obtained show that ultrafiltration gave high separation efficiency to the nanoparticles with rejection in most cases. Electrostatic interactions in the system impacted by changes in feed pH and salinity were found to affect the ultrafiltration of the model water samples. It was also observed that increase in silica colloid concentration increases rate of permeate flux decline for all the membranes used. When experimental data were fitted with the blocking laws, it was observed that no single law adequately described all the experimental results. However, cake filtration model sufficiently described most of the results.
Book Synopsis Fouling Study in Ultrafiltration by : Heru Susanto
Download or read book Fouling Study in Ultrafiltration written by Heru Susanto and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 201 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Membrane Fouling During Ultrafiltration for Drinking Water Production by : Doris Jermann
Download or read book Membrane Fouling During Ultrafiltration for Drinking Water Production written by Doris Jermann and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 211 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Optimization of Air Sparging and In-line Coagulation for Ultrafiltration Fouling Control by : Appana Zhaoheng Lok
Download or read book Optimization of Air Sparging and In-line Coagulation for Ultrafiltration Fouling Control written by Appana Zhaoheng Lok and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This research examined various strategies for ultrafiltration (UF) membranes fouling control. Continuous sparging (sparging during permeation and backwash) increased fouling rates when compared to sparging only during backwash. This was attributed to the removal of a the protective layer on the membrane when sparging continuously. Coagulating for only the first half of the permeation cycle (phased coagulation), which would lead to reduced coagulant and sludge disposal costs, did not negatively impact membrane performance in terms of fouling and organics removal when compared to continuous coagulation. The difference in concentration factor (CF) between bench and full-scale UF systems may limit the applicability of bench-scale trials. Membrane resistance and permeate quality were compared between bench-scale trials conducted with CF=1 water and elevated CFs. The results indicate that the use of the same feed water as used at full-scale (CF=1) is appropriate to evaluate bench-scale fouling in UF systems operated in deposition mode.
Book Synopsis Microfiltration and Ultrafiltration by : Zeman
Download or read book Microfiltration and Ultrafiltration written by Zeman and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-11-22 with total page 654 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Integrates knowledge on microfiltration and ultrification, membrane chemistry, and characterization methods with the engineering and economic aspects of device performance, device and module design, processes, and applications. The text provides a discussion of membrane fundamentals and an analytical framework for designing and developing new filtrations systems for a broad range of technologically important functions. It offers information on membrane liquid precursors, fractal and stochastic pore space analysis, novel and advanced module designs, and original process design calculations.
Download or read book Membrane Technology written by Z F Cui and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2010-09-23 with total page 306 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Membrane technology is a rapidly developing area, with key growth accross the process sector, including biotech separation and biomedical applications (e.g. haemodialysis, artificial lungs), through to large scale industrial applications in the water and waste-water processing and the food and drink industries. As processes mature, and the cost of membranes continues to dramatically reduce, so their applications and use are set to expand. Process engineers need access to the latest information in this area to assist with their daily work and to help to develop and apply new and ever more efficient liquid processing solutions. This book covers the latest technologies and applications, with contributions from leading figures in the field. Throughout, the emphasis is on delivering solutions to practitioners. Real world case studies and data from leading organizations -- including Cargill, Lilly, Microbach, ITT -- mean this book delivers the latest solutions as well as a critical working reference to filtration and separation professionals. Covers the latest technologies and applications in this fast moving bioprocessing sector Presents a wide range of case studies that ensure readers benefit from the hard-won experience of others, saving time, money and effort World class author team headed up by the Chair of Chemical Engineering at Oxford University, UK and the VP of Plant Operations and Process Technology at Cargill Corp, the food services company and largest privately owned company in the US
Download or read book Ultrafiltration written by Jae Il Lim and published by . This book was released on 1981 with total page 226 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Fouling Characteristics of Ceramic Microfiltration and Ultrafiltration Membranes During Surface Water Treatment by : SeungJin Lee
Download or read book Fouling Characteristics of Ceramic Microfiltration and Ultrafiltration Membranes During Surface Water Treatment written by SeungJin Lee and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ceramic membrane processes are a rapidly emerging technology for water treatment, yet virtually no information on the performance and fouling mechanisms is available to the industry. Ceramic microfiltration of model feed solutions and a synthetic river water was examined, and a systematic comparison with polymeric counterpart was performed. The results suggested that the models which have been applied to polymeric membranes agreed well with the ceramic membrane filtration data. The fouling was characterized by the initial pore blocking mechanism and transition to the cake filtration mechanism at a later phase. Cake resistance was dominant and readily removable by physical cleaning. The effects of solution chemistry including ionic strength, divalent ion concentration and pH on the flux behavior were comparatively evaluated for ceramic and polymeric ultrafiltration of synthetic water containing model natural organic matter. Experimental evaluations further included resistance-in-series model analysis, organic matter fouling visualization using quantum dots, batch adsorption test, and contact angle measurement, and provided a quantitative a quantitative comparison of fouling characteristics between ceramic and polymeric membranes. The results collectively suggested that the effects of solution chemistry on the fouling behavior with ceramic membranes were mostly similar with polymeric membranes in terms of trends, while the extents varied depending on water quality parameters. Less fouling tendency and better cleaning efficiency were observed with the ceramic membranes, which was a promising finding for ceramic membrane application to surface water treatment. The study further examined a coagulation-ceramic membrane process as a robust option for surface water treatment. The performance of the hybrid system was evaluated using selected surface waters by varying coagulation conditions and types of coagulants. Results suggested that ceramic membranes experienced relatively less fouling and had better cleaning efficiency than polymeric counterpart. The results of this study provide critical information to guide the industry practitioners, consultants, and regulatory agents considering early adoption of this new technology as well as fundamental knowledge upon which further in-depth studies can be built.
Book Synopsis Ultrafiltration Handbook by : Munir Cheryan
Download or read book Ultrafiltration Handbook written by Munir Cheryan and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 1986 with total page 400 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Ultrafiltration and Microfiltration Handbook by : Munir Cheryan
Download or read book Ultrafiltration and Microfiltration Handbook written by Munir Cheryan and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 1998-01-26 with total page 549 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Soon after its publication in 1987, the first edition of Ultrafiltration Handbook became recognized as the leading handbook on ultrafiltration technology. Reviews in professional journals praised it as an authoritative and substantive information resource on this technology. Now a completely, updated and expanded edition is available under the titl
Book Synopsis Membrane Bioreactors for Wastewater Treatment by : Thomas Stephenson
Download or read book Membrane Bioreactors for Wastewater Treatment written by Thomas Stephenson and published by IWA Publishing. This book was released on 2000-05-31 with total page 194 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book covers the subject of membrane bioreactors (MBR) for wastewater treatment, dealing with municipal as well as industrial wastewaters. The book details the 3 types of MBR available and discusses the science behind the technology, their design features, operation, applications, advantages, limitations, performance, current research activities and cost. As the demand for wastewater treatment, recycling and re-use technologies increases, it is envisaged that the membrane separation bioreactor will corner the market. Contents Membrane Fundamentals Biological Fundamentals Biomass Separation Membrane Bioreactors Membrane Aeration and Extractive Bioreactors Commercial Membrane Bioreactor Systems Membrane Bioreactor Applications Case Studies
Book Synopsis A Study of Fouling on Ceramic Ultrafiltration Membranes by Model Solutions and Natural Waters by : Leila Munla
Download or read book A Study of Fouling on Ceramic Ultrafiltration Membranes by Model Solutions and Natural Waters written by Leila Munla and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over the last decade polymeric membranes have emerged as an economically viable treatment option to produce drinking water. Due to higher capital costs, the use of ceramic membranes has generally been limited to industrial applications that deal with challenging water quality. Ceramic membranes are superior to polymeric membranes in their physical and chemical resistance, which allows for higher fluxes and backwash pressures as well as rigorous chemical cleaning. As a result, these membranes can potentially operate for longer periods of time, which can decrease the lifetime cost of the membrane. Furthermore, decreased production costs coupled with an increased desire for economical sustainability may open the door for the use of ceramic membranes in drinking water treatment, particularly for highly polluted waters. The loss of membrane permeability as a result of fouling remains one of the biggest challenges for sustainable membrane operation. Therefore, a thorough understanding of fouling behavior and the identification of key foulants is essential for optimizing membrane performance. However, fouling has not been researched in detail for ceramic membranes in drinking water treatment, particularly ultrafiltration, since most research has focused on ceramic microfiltration membranes combined with coagulation. The thesis is divided into four main stages. The first stage involved developing a factorial design to establish a procedure to determine sustainable flux that can adequately compare the fouling between a ceramic and polymeric membrane without compromising the functional potential or operating parameters of either membrane. In this stage, the significance of three different variables (interval length, increment increase, and a hydraulic backwash) in determining sustainable flux were statistically analyzed following a factorial design and consequently included or removed from the sustainable flux determination approach. The increment increase was not significant while the backwash was the most significant variable. The method established was used in later experiments to allow for a comparison of fouling behavior and performance between a polymeric and ceramic membrane. The second stage investigated the fouling behavior of flat-sheet ceramic membranes with model solutions at constant pressure to identify foulants of concern and likely fouling mechanisms for ceramic membranes as well as perform surface characterization techniques not possible with tubular membranes. In this stage the contributions of different model foulants (bovine serum albumin i.e. a protein, alginate i.e. a carbohydrate, humic acid, and colloidal silica) to reversible and irreversible fouling on a flat-sheet ceramic membrane at constant pressure were quantitatively evaluated. Both single foulant solutions and all possible combinations of mixtures of model foulants were investigated. The bovine serum albumin and humic acid were main contributors to hydraulically irreversible fouling and their removal mechanism is postulated to be largely through adsorption. Colloidal silica was the most influential factor governing fouling behavior and diminished the irreversible fouling effect of these organics, thus increasing hydraulic reversibility. Additionally, synergistic fouling effects were also observed. The third stage investigated the same model solutions with tubular ceramic membranes at constant flux to determine the fouling behavior under different conditions and quantitatively assess the effectiveness of different fouling mitigation techniques. The rate of fouling was very high for bovine serum albumin but extremely low for humic acid; however, they both showed high irreversible fouling. The results obtained were consistent with the previous stage using flat-sheet ceramic membranes; particularly regarding the significant role colloidal silica plays in fouling. The ability to compare these two very different configurations and operating parameters is largely due to the use of a hydraulic backwash in both configurations. Therefore, this highlights the importance of investigating fouling reversibility, especially in simplified experiments. The last stage investigated tubular ceramic fouling behavior and organic matter rejection with surface water at constant flux. Tubular ceramic membrane fouling behavior was investigated for river water. A very high initial organic carbon removal was observed at the initial stages of filtration and after each backwash cycle indicating a high affinity of organics to the membrane surface as well as partially reversible adsorption. Humic acid rejection decreased throughout the filtration cycle. On the contrary, biopolymer rejection remained constant indicating size exclusion as a primary removal mechanism. After several modifications to the design and setup, the sustainable flux method established in Stage 1 could not be applied to the ceramic membrane or to the polymeric membrane using highly turbid water; a few hypotheses were made as to why this occurred. It is likely that one or more variables that were not included in the sustainable flux method were influencing the fouling rate over time. Overall, the robustness of ceramic membranes opens the door for some creative fouling mitigation techniques to be used such as backwash pulses and chemical maintenance cleaning.
Book Synopsis Ultrasonic Control of Ultrafiltration Membrane Fouling by Surface Water by : Gao Yuan
Download or read book Ultrasonic Control of Ultrafiltration Membrane Fouling by Surface Water written by Gao Yuan and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 73 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract: Ultrasound at a frequency of 20 kHz and a power of 16 W was applied to a cross-flow ultrafiltration system to investigate the ultrasonic control of surface-water fouled ceramic membranes. Also, the impact of solution chemistry on fouling in the absence and presence of ultrasound was studied. Ultrasound was effective in improving the normalized permeate flux from 0.21 in the absence of ultrasound to 0.70 with the aid of ultrasound. Moreover, a stable permeate flux was obtained throughout the 2 hour filtration process, which is important for maintaining satisfactory production. Parameters of solution chemistry we investigated had little impact on membrane fouling in the absence of ultrasound (in terms of both fouling rate and fouling extent); however, Ca and pH played more important roles in ultrasonic fouling control: lower calcium concentration and moderate pH values were more amenable to ultrasonic control. This difference in fouling behavior between ultrasound and no ultrasound conditions was attributed to the different factors controlling membrane fouling in the presence and absence of ultrasound. Further investigation of NOM fractions suggests that the hydrophilic fraction dominated fouling behavior in the absence of ultrasound, and the ultrasonic control was mainly affected by foulant-foulant and foulant-membrane interactions, which were presumably controlled by the adsorption or binding effects in the hydrophobic fraction. NOM fractionation experiments revealed that fouling in the absence of ultrasound by the hydrophilic fraction was less dependent on calcium concentration and pH. On the other hand, for ultrasonic control, lower calcium concentration, and moderate pH increased the cleaning efficiency probably due to weaker foulant-foulant and foulant-membrane adhesion caused by less humic adsorption and binding effects.
Book Synopsis Fouling of Heat Exchangers by : T.R. Bott
Download or read book Fouling of Heat Exchangers written by T.R. Bott and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 1995-04-13 with total page 547 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This unique and comprehensive text considers all aspects of heat exchanger fouling from the basic science of how surfaces become fouled to very practical ways of mitigating the problem and from mathematical modelling of different fouling mechanisms to practical methods of heat exchanger cleaning. The problems that restrict the efficient operation of equipment are described and the costs, some of them hidden costs, that are associated with the fouling of heat exchangers are discussed. Some simple concepts and models of the fouling processes are presented as part of the introduction to the subject. Advice on the selection, design, installation and commissioning of heat exchangers to minimise fouling is given. A large part of the text is devoted to the use of chemical and other additives to reduce or eliminate the problem of fouling. Another large section is designed to give information on both on-line and off-line cleaning of heat exchangers. One of the difficulties faced by designers and operators of heat exchangers is anticipating the likely extent of fouling problems to be encountered with different flow streams. Another large section addresses the question and describes methods that have been used in attempting to define fouling potential. The book concludes with a chapter on how fouling information can be obtained using plant data, field tests and laboratory studies.
Book Synopsis Surface Design: Applications in Bioscience and Nanotechnology by : Renate Förch
Download or read book Surface Design: Applications in Bioscience and Nanotechnology written by Renate Förch and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2009-07-13 with total page 537 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This carefully selected balance of tutorial-like review chapters and advanced research covers hot topics in the field of biointerfaces, biosensing, nanoparticles at interfaces, and functionalized quantum dots. It also includes chapters arising from non-published work with topics such as surface design and their applications, as well as new developments in analytical tools for materials science and life science. Based on the very close and complementary collaboration of three distinguished leading research groups, this book highlights recent advances in the field ranging from synthesis and fabrication of organic and polymeric materials, surface and interface science to advanced analytical methods. It thus addresses new concepts in micro- and nanofabrication, bio-nanotechnology, biosensors and the necessary compositional and structural analysis. Particular attention is paid throughout to complex hierarchical interface architectures and possible applications of the chemical and physical methodologies discussed, covering bio-diagnostics, novel biosensors and adhesion science. With its unique combination of expertise from chemistry, physics, biology, surface science and engineering, this is a valuable companion for students, practitioners and established experts.
