Economies Of Scale

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Economics of Scale

Author : IntroBooks
Publisher : Can Akdeniz
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 40 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Economics of Scale by : IntroBooks

Download or read book Economics of Scale written by IntroBooks and published by Can Akdeniz. This book was released on 2019-01-12 with total page 40 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The beginning of this economic concept, economies of the scale, can be dated back to Adam Smith, who was a Scottish pioneer of political economy and an important key figure during the Scottish Enlightenment Era. Smith first mentioned this concept in his book Wealth of Nations in 1776, which was based on the idea of obtaining greater production return profits through the use of division of labor. The economies of the scale rely on the fixed cost that are uniform and do not vary with any of the alterations in output processes or variable costs, which may undergo changes due to change in the amount of output. Other sources of the economies of scale are production, managerial, technological, financial, and marketing. The economies of scale tend to have a significant effect on the production costs of the material. The economies of scale reduce the per unit fixed cost of the product and with increased production the fixed cost of the product expands over the entire output at a greater rate than before. The economies of scale are also responsible for bringing down the per unit cost value of the product. This occurs due to the expansion of production scale, which as a result improves the efficiency of the production processes. The economies of scale are cost-advantageous and the working of business takes place through exploitation of expanding scale of production. There are broadly two main types of economies of scale: internal and external economies of scale, which are further subdivided into various types. In simple terms, diseconomies of scale can be understood as the opposite condition of economies of scale. It is a condition that arises when economies of scale fail to function within the firm and when there is an increase in the value of costs per unit. The basic fundamental concept of economies of scale is the less the quantity of produce, the greater the per unit fixed cost of the product. The diseconomy of scale generates in the condition of the exact opposite case. One of the primary reasons for the diseconomy to occur is the inability of the firm to manage a larger number of workforce.

Economies of Scale, Transport Costs and Location

Author : George Norman
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9780898380170
Total Pages : 234 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (81 download)

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Book Synopsis Economies of Scale, Transport Costs and Location by : George Norman

Download or read book Economies of Scale, Transport Costs and Location written by George Norman and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 1979-10-31 with total page 234 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The presence of nonconvexities does severe damage to conventional theories of the firm and of the individual. The essential contribution of location theory, however, is in a world in which there are such nonconvexities. If resources are distributed evenly and the usual convexity assumptions made, then economic activity would be distributed evenly; there would be no concentration of pro duction. Thus the statement that is usually made, that the standard results carry over to a world in which there is spatial choice, is too weak and fails to capture the essence oflocation theory. Nevertheless, we must also concede that, while the introduction of the spatial dimension is interesting and fruitful when (perhaps only when) there are non convexities, space should not be thought of as a panacea whereby problems those associated with economies of scale, for example -can be made to disap pear. There is no guarantee, for example, that production units will be operated in convex regions of their total cost curves, even if they are constrained to oper ate in a 'space economy'. These considerations led to the conclusion that the role of spatial choice and the determinants of such choice would be best analysed by case study. This book is one such study. It is based on my doctoral dissertation at the University of Cambridge, fmanced by a grant from the Social Science Research Council.

Unscaled

Author : Hemant Taneja
Publisher : PublicAffairs
ISBN 13 : 1610398130
Total Pages : 240 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (13 download)

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Book Synopsis Unscaled by : Hemant Taneja

Download or read book Unscaled written by Hemant Taneja and published by PublicAffairs. This book was released on 2018-03-27 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Unscaled identifies the forces that are reshaping the global economy and turning one of the fundamental laws of business and society--the economies of scale--on its head. An innovative trend combining technology with economics is unraveling behemoth industries--including corporations, banks, farms, media conglomerates, energy systems, governments, and schools-that have long dominated business and society. Size and scale have become a liability. A new generation of upstarts is using artificial intelligence to automate tasks that once required expensive investment, and "renting" technology platforms to build businesses for hyper-focused markets, enabling them to grow big without the bloat of giant organizations. In Unscaled, venture capitalist Hemant Taneja explains how the unscaled phenomenon allowed Warby Parker to cheaply and easily start a small company, build a better product, and become a global competitor in no time, upending entrenched eyewear giant Luxottica. It similarly enabled Stripe to take on established payment processors throughout the world, and Livongo to help diabetics control their disease while simultaneously cutting the cost of treatment. The unscaled economy is remaking massive, deeply rooted industries and opening up fantastic possibilities for entrepreneurs, imaginative companies, and resourceful individuals. It can be the model for solving some of the world's greatest problems, including climate change and soaring health-care costs, but will also unleash new challenges that today's leaders must address.

Profitability, Mechanization and Economies of Scale

Author : Dudley Jackson
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 0429821328
Total Pages : 334 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (298 download)

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Book Synopsis Profitability, Mechanization and Economies of Scale by : Dudley Jackson

Download or read book Profitability, Mechanization and Economies of Scale written by Dudley Jackson and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2018-10-03 with total page 334 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: First published in 1998, this book introduces a new concept of profitability, called the 'efficiency rate of profit', which is defined as the ratio between the unit net margin and the unit capital requirement and shows how the efficiency rate of profit may be used in the assessment of mechanization and economies of scale. The book also shows how the efficiency rate of profit relates to the financial opportunity cost of investment, thus resolving the long-standing controversy over 'interest as a cost'. Using real-world plant-level data, the book explains fully the process of mechanization, how increasing returns to scale works at the plant level through power rule relating plant or equipment cost to capacity and how and why it is more cost effective to combine mechanization with expanding the scale of production in one combined 'package' of efficiency improvement.

Economies of scale in manufacturing location

Author : G.A. Carlino
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1461340691
Total Pages : 127 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (613 download)

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Book Synopsis Economies of scale in manufacturing location by : G.A. Carlino

Download or read book Economies of scale in manufacturing location written by G.A. Carlino and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 127 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The research reported in this book began as part of a Ph.D. dissertation submitted to the University of Pittsburgh in 1976. Revisions were accomp lished at Florida International University in Miami. There have been many people who were instrumental in the formation and completion of this research. The contributions made by Jack Ochs are far too numerous to mention. Jack's insights and suggestions will always be appreciated. I am also grateful to Melvin Greenhut, David Houston, Tatsuhiko Kawashima, Asatoshi Maeshiro, William Miernyk, Josephine Olson, Peter Nijkamp and Harry Richardson who read and critically re viewed earlier manuscripts. I am doubly indebted to Harry Richardson who initially suggested this investigation. Special thanks are in order for Gene Gruver, Peter Montiel, Randy Miller and James Wheller for always finding the time to hear out many of my arguments. In addition, I appreci ate the valuable suggestions they made as well. I am grateful, moreover, to Janice Carlino who most generously gave of herself to assist in this in any way she could. Janice not only helped with data preparation and with typing-entire drafts of earlier manuscripts, but, more importantly, showed an unusual degree oftolerance toward one for whom the research effort is not the most tranquil of experiences.

Production Economics

Author : Svend Rasmussen
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3642302009
Total Pages : 296 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (423 download)

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Book Synopsis Production Economics by : Svend Rasmussen

Download or read book Production Economics written by Svend Rasmussen and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-08-04 with total page 296 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book covers the basic theory of how, what and when firms should produce to maximise profits. Based on the neoclassical theory of the firm presented in most general microeconomic textbooks, it extends the general treatment and focuses on the application of the theory to specific problems that the firm faces when making production decisions to maximise profits. Increasing level of government regulation and the use of specialised and often very expensive equipment in modern production motivates the following focus areas: 1) How to optimise production under restrictions., 2) Treatment of fixed inputs and the process of input fixation, 3) Optimisation of production over time, 4) Linear and Mixed Integer Programming as tools for optimisation in practice. This updated second edition includes a more comprehensive introduction to the theory of decision making under risk and uncertainty as well as a new chapter on how to use linear programming to generate the supply function of the firm.

Estimation of Economies of Scale in Nineteenth Century United States Manufacturing

Author : Jeremy Atack
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 135134210X
Total Pages : 258 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (513 download)

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Book Synopsis Estimation of Economies of Scale in Nineteenth Century United States Manufacturing by : Jeremy Atack

Download or read book Estimation of Economies of Scale in Nineteenth Century United States Manufacturing written by Jeremy Atack and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2018-01-12 with total page 258 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: On economies of scale during the nineteenth century, much is assumed, but little is known. This study, first published in 1985, seeks to close this gap in our knowledge by providing comprehensive empirical evidence on the status of economies of scale in mid-nineteenth century manufacturing industry. This evidence is in the form of production function estimates made using data from the manuscripts of the federal censuses of manufacturing for 1850, 1860 and 1870.

International Trade and Economic Dynamics

Author : Takashi Kamihigashi
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3540786767
Total Pages : 532 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (47 download)

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Book Synopsis International Trade and Economic Dynamics by : Takashi Kamihigashi

Download or read book International Trade and Economic Dynamics written by Takashi Kamihigashi and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-10-16 with total page 532 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Renowned trade theorist Koji Shimomura passed away in February 2007 at the age of 54. He published nearly 100 articles in international academic journals. The loss of this extremely productive economist has been an enormous shock to the economic profession. This volume has emerged from the great desire on the part of the profession to honor his contributions to economic research. Contributors include authoritative figures in trade theory such as Murray Kemp, Ronald Jones, Henry Wan, and Wilfred Ethier, world-renowned macroeconomists such as Stephen Turnovski and Costas Azariadis, and leading Japanese economists such as Kazuo Nishimura, Makoto Yano, Ryuzo Sato, and Koichi Hamada. This broad range of contributors reflects Koji Shimomura’s many connections as well as the respect he earned in the economic profession. This volume offers the reader a rare opportunity to learn the views of so many renowned economists from different schools of thought.

Architecting Enterprise

Author : . Rajagopal
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 1137366788
Total Pages : 196 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (373 download)

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Book Synopsis Architecting Enterprise by : . Rajagopal

Download or read book Architecting Enterprise written by . Rajagopal and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-03-25 with total page 196 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The discussion in this book provides an introduction to the concept of entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial business management. The author covers many elements of the entrepreneurial management discipline including choosing a business, organizing, financing, marketing, developing an offering that the market will value, and growing a business.

World Development Report 2009

Author : World Bank
Publisher : World Bank Publications
ISBN 13 : 9780821376089
Total Pages : 300 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (76 download)

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Book Synopsis World Development Report 2009 by : World Bank

Download or read book World Development Report 2009 written by World Bank and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2008-11-04 with total page 300 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Rising densities of human settlements, migration and transport to reduce distances to market, and specialization and trade facilitated by fewer international divisions are central to economic development. The transformations along these three dimensions density, distance, and division are most noticeable in North America, Western Europe, and Japan, but countries in Asia and Eastern Europe are changing in ways similar in scope and speed. 'World Development Report 2009: Reshaping Economic Geography' concludes that these spatial transformations are essential, and should be encouraged. The conclusion is not without controversy. Slum-dwellers now number a billion, but the rush to cities continues. Globalization is believed to benefit many, but not the billion people living in lagging areas of developing nations. High poverty and mortality persist among the world's 'bottom billion', while others grow wealthier and live longer lives. Concern for these three billion often comes with the prescription that growth must be made spatially balanced. The WDR has a different message: economic growth is seldom balanced, and efforts to spread it out prematurely will jeopardize progress. The Report: documents how production becomes more concentrated spatially as economies grow. proposes economic integration as the principle for promoting successful spatial transformations. revisits the debates on urbanization, territorial development, and regional integration and shows how today's developers can reshape economic geography.

Scale

Author : Geoffrey West
Publisher : Penguin
ISBN 13 : 014311090X
Total Pages : 498 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (431 download)

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Book Synopsis Scale by : Geoffrey West

Download or read book Scale written by Geoffrey West and published by Penguin. This book was released on 2018-05-15 with total page 498 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This is science writing as wonder and as inspiration." —The Wall Street Journal Wall Street Journal From one of the most influential scientists of our time, a dazzling exploration of the hidden laws that govern the life cycle of everything from plants and animals to the cities we live in. Visionary physicist Geoffrey West is a pioneer in the field of complexity science, the science of emergent systems and networks. The term “complexity” can be misleading, however, because what makes West’s discoveries so beautiful is that he has found an underlying simplicity that unites the seemingly complex and diverse phenomena of living systems, including our bodies, our cities and our businesses. Fascinated by aging and mortality, West applied the rigor of a physicist to the biological question of why we live as long as we do and no longer. The result was astonishing, and changed science: West found that despite the riotous diversity in mammals, they are all, to a large degree, scaled versions of each other. If you know the size of a mammal, you can use scaling laws to learn everything from how much food it eats per day, what its heart-rate is, how long it will take to mature, its lifespan, and so on. Furthermore, the efficiency of the mammal’s circulatory systems scales up precisely based on weight: if you compare a mouse, a human and an elephant on a logarithmic graph, you find with every doubling of average weight, a species gets 25% more efficient—and lives 25% longer. Fundamentally, he has proven, the issue has to do with the fractal geometry of the networks that supply energy and remove waste from the organism’s body. West’s work has been game-changing for biologists, but then he made the even bolder move of exploring his work’s applicability. Cities, too, are constellations of networks and laws of scalability relate with eerie precision to them. Recently, West has applied his revolutionary work to the business world. This investigation has led to powerful insights into why some companies thrive while others fail. The implications of these discoveries are far-reaching, and are just beginning to be explored. Scale is a thrilling scientific adventure story about the elemental natural laws that bind us together in simple but profound ways. Through the brilliant mind of Geoffrey West, we can envision how cities, companies and biological life alike are dancing to the same simple, powerful tune.

Getting to Scale

Author : Laurence Chandy
Publisher : Brookings Institution Press
ISBN 13 : 0815724209
Total Pages : 394 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (157 download)

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Book Synopsis Getting to Scale by : Laurence Chandy

Download or read book Getting to Scale written by Laurence Chandy and published by Brookings Institution Press. This book was released on 2013-04-10 with total page 394 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The global development community is teeming with different ideas and interventions to improve the lives of the world's poorest people. Whether these succeed in having a transformative impact depends not just on their individual brilliance but on whether they can be brought to a scale where they reach millions of poor people. Getting to Scale explores what it takes to expand the reach of development solutions beyond an individual village or pilot program so they serve poor people everywhere. Each chapter documents one or more contemporary case studies, which together provide a body of evidence on how scale can be pursued. The book suggests that the challenge of scaling up can be divided into two solutions: financing interventions at scale, and managing delivery to large numbers of beneficiaries. Neither governments, donors, charities, nor corporations are usually capable of overcoming these twin challenges alone, indicating that partnerships are key to success. Scaling up is mission critical if extreme poverty is to be vanquished in our lifetime. Getting to Scale provides an invaluable resource for development practitioners, analysts, and students on a topic that remains largely unexplored and poorly understood. Contributors: Tessa Bold (Goethe University, Frankfurt), Wolfgang Fengler (World Bank, Nairobi), David Gartner (Arizona State University), Shunichiro Honda (JICA Research Institute), Michael Joseph (Vodafone), Hiroshi Kato (JICA), Mwangi Kimenyi (Brookings), Michael Kubzansky (Monitor Inclusive Markets), Germano Mwabu (University of Nairobi), Jane Nelson (Harvard Kennedy School), Alice Ng'ang'a (Strathmore University, Nairobi), Justin Sandefur (Center for Global Development), Pauline Vaughan (consultant), Chris West (Shell Foundation)

Scale and Scope

Author : Alfred Dupont CHANDLER
Publisher : Harvard University Press
ISBN 13 : 0674029380
Total Pages : 782 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (74 download)

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Book Synopsis Scale and Scope by : Alfred Dupont CHANDLER

Download or read book Scale and Scope written by Alfred Dupont CHANDLER and published by Harvard University Press. This book was released on 2009-06-30 with total page 782 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Scale and Scope is Alfred Chandler's first major work since his Pulitzer Prize-winning The Visible Hand. Representing ten years of research into the history of the managerial business system, this book concentrates on patterns of growth and competitiveness in the United States, Germany, and Great Britain, tracing the evolution of large firms into multinational giants and orienting the late twentieth century's most important developments. This edition includes the entire hardcover edition with the exception of the Appendix Tables.

Business Models For Dummies

Author : Jim Muehlhausen
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118612752
Total Pages : 390 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (186 download)

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Book Synopsis Business Models For Dummies by : Jim Muehlhausen

Download or read book Business Models For Dummies written by Jim Muehlhausen and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2013-05-20 with total page 390 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Write a business model? Easy. Business Models For Dummies helps you write a solid business model to further define your company's goals and increase attractiveness to customers. Inside, you'll discover how to: make a value proposition; define a market segment; locate your company's position in the value chain; create a revenue generation statement; identify competitors, complementors, and other network effects; develop a competitive strategy; and much more. Shows you how to define the purpose of a business and its profitability to customers Serves as a thorough guide to business modeling techniques Helps to ensure that your business has the very best business model possible If you need to update a business model due to changes in the market or maturation of your company,Business Models For Dummies has you covered.

Surfing the Global Tide

Author : M. Wynn-Williams
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 0230233597
Total Pages : 271 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (32 download)

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Book Synopsis Surfing the Global Tide by : M. Wynn-Williams

Download or read book Surfing the Global Tide written by M. Wynn-Williams and published by Springer. This book was released on 2009-04-22 with total page 271 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Car manufacturing epitomizes modern industry, yet the overall perspective has been lost in speculation and self-promotion. Based on six years of research, this book is the first in years to reassess the industry. The result is a paradigm that quantifies the fundamental economies of scale and firm organizational structure.

Perspectives on Operations Research

Author : Martin Morlock
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 383509064X
Total Pages : 442 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (35 download)

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Book Synopsis Perspectives on Operations Research by : Martin Morlock

Download or read book Perspectives on Operations Research written by Martin Morlock and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-10-31 with total page 442 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume presents state-of-the-art models, algorithms, and applications of quantitative methods in management and economics. The papers are clustered into four parts, focusing on optimization issues, applications of Operations Research in production and service management, applications of Operations Research in logistics, and interdisciplinary approaches.

Economies of Design

Author : Guy Julier
Publisher : SAGE
ISBN 13 : 1526421305
Total Pages : 337 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (264 download)

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Book Synopsis Economies of Design by : Guy Julier

Download or read book Economies of Design written by Guy Julier and published by SAGE. This book was released on 2017-02-13 with total page 337 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How are the rise of design and neoliberalism connected? How does design change the way we operate as economic beings? What is the economic significance of design? Historically, design has been promoted for its for its capacity to add value to products and services. In contemporary capitalism, however, it assumes a more central and more complex role. Design today is both influenced by, and actively shapes, our economic systems. This ground-breaking book shines a spotlight on how design has become embedded in political economies. It reveals the multiple ways in which design has emerged as a vital feature of neoliberal economic systems, from urban strategies to commercial processes to government policy-making. Drawing on a range of global examples, Guy Julier: explains the economic processes of design explores the relationship between design and intellectual property discusses the role of design in the public sector highlights the impact of design in informal and alternative economies brings theory to life with case studies on home improvements, fast fashion, shopping centres and more. Economies of Design provides a thought-provoking new way of understanding and talking about the meanings of design in contemporary capitalism. It is an essential companion for students of design and the creative industries across the arts, humanities and social sciences.