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Dynamic Theory Of Congestion Tolls
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Book Synopsis Dynamic Theory of Congestion Tolls by : Stanford University. Center for Interdisciplinary Research
Download or read book Dynamic Theory of Congestion Tolls written by Stanford University. Center for Interdisciplinary Research and published by . This book was released on 1974 with total page 88 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Dynamic Congestion Pricing by : Ender Faruk Morgul
Download or read book Dynamic Congestion Pricing written by Ender Faruk Morgul and published by LAP Lambert Academic Publishing. This book was released on 2012 with total page 156 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The theory behind road pricing suggests that, in order to reach social optimum conditions, a toll needs to be charged which is equal to the difference between social marginal costs (which include external costs that users impose on each other on a congested road) and private average costs of users (travel delays, fuel, maintenance etc.)In recent years, with the help of technological developments such as electronic toll collection system, pricing can be done dynamically, that is, tolls can be set in a real-time fashion according to the on-line measured traffic conditions. Dynamic pricing is only being used in High Occupancy Toll (HOT) lanes. However time-dependent pricing idea can be used in a network setting where drivers have to make route choices that are relatively more complex than the choices they make in the case of HOT lanes. This book aims to explore the idea of dynamic pricing application for the crossings through simulation based analysis.
Download or read book Road Pricing written by Georgina Santos and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2004-07-31 with total page 323 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Traffic congestion affects towns and cities everywhere and in some places it is regarded as one of the most urgent and important problems in need of a solution. Road pricing is undoubtedly recognised as an effective traffic demand management tool. The recent London congestion charging scheme seems to be showing that public and political opposition is not insurmountable. Thus, the ghost that prevented the introduction of a policy supported by transport economists for over 80 years seems to have disappeared or at least, weakened.The book contains twelve papers useful to different types of audience, such as researchers and postgraduate students, civil servants, policy makers and consultants. The first part is mainly theoretical and concentrates on second-best congestion pricing including pricing in urban contexts, the impact on the performance of the road network, optimal locations and charge levels, dynamic aspects such as time variation of tolls, potential impacts of road pricing on costs and service quality of public transport buses, and efficiency costs and transport sector effects of different types of pricing when they guarantee a balanced budget per mode.The second part contains chapters that describe the schemes in place around the world such as Singapore, Norway, London, and the US. The volume is an update of the state of the art on the subject and the first one to have been written and appear after the London scheme was implemented and to contain an assessment of its preliminary impacts.
Book Synopsis Behavioral Responses to Congestion Pricing by : Austin Garret Gross
Download or read book Behavioral Responses to Congestion Pricing written by Austin Garret Gross and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 108 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Traffic congestion is costly both in terms of time lost as well as resources squandered. Road infrastructure is also expensive to create and maintain, with current funding mechanisms falling short. While there is strong theoretical support for road pricing solutions they have been sparsely deployed in the United States. We begin with a consideration of the current theory and politics underpinning road pricing. We then turn to empirical examples of two different road pricing mechanisms: one that adapts to traffic conditions in a High Occupancy Toll (HOT) lane and another that imposes a toll varying only by time of day on a bridge. In both cases we will estimate the behavioral response of drivers to toll pricing. In the dynamic pricing context the challenge in estimation lies in the simultaneity of price and demand: the structure of dynamic tolling ensures that prices increase as more drivers enter the HOT lane. Prior research has found that higher prices in HOT lanes increase usage. We find that after controlling for simultaneity HOT drivers instead respond to tolls in a manner consistent with economic theory and that their responses to value of time and value of reliability are very large. The results highlight the importance of both controlling for simultaneity when estimating demand for dynamically priced toll roads and treating HOT lanes with dynamic prices as a differentiated product with bundled attributes. In the time-of-day pricing context we estimate commuters' responses by measuring the shift from the tolled bridge to a parallel free bridge and also how commuters adjust the timing of trips to less expensive periods. We estimate own and cross-price elasticities for the two bridges finding results in line with previous research. We also estimate the time adjustment that commuters make in response to changing toll rates. These estimates allow us to compute the benefits to toll paying commuters from decreased congestion resulting from the imposition of the tolls.
Book Synopsis Feedback Control Theory for Dynamic Traffic Assignment by : Pushkin Kachroo
Download or read book Feedback Control Theory for Dynamic Traffic Assignment written by Pushkin Kachroo and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-05-16 with total page 291 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book develops a methodology for designing feedback control laws for dynamic traffic assignment (DTA) exploiting the introduction of new sensing and information-dissemination technologies to facilitate the introduction of real-time traffic management in intelligent transportation systems. Three methods of modeling the traffic system are discussed: partial differential equations representing a distributed-parameter setting; continuous-time ordinary differential equations (ODEs) representing a continuous-time lumped-parameter setting; and discreet-time ODEs representing a discrete-time lumped-parameter setting. Feedback control formulations for reaching road-user-equilibrium are presented for each setting and advantages and disadvantage of using each are addressed. The closed-loop methods described are proposed expressly to avoid the counter-productive shifting of bottlenecks from one route to another because of driver over-reaction to routing information. The second edition of Feedback Control Theory for Dynamic Traffic Assignment has been thoroughly updated with completely new chapters: a review of the DTA problem and emphasizing real-time-feedback-based problems; an up-to-date presentation of pertinent traffic-flow theory; and a treatment of the mathematical solution to the traffic dynamics. Techinques accounting for the importance of entropy are further new inclusions at various points in the text. Researchers working in traffic control will find the theoretical material presented a sound basis for further research; the continual reference to applications will help professionals working in highway administration and engineering with the increasingly important task of maintaining and smoothing traffic flow; the extensive use of end-of-chapter exercises will help the graduate student and those new to the field to extend their knowledge.
Book Synopsis Simulation Based Evaluation of Dynamic Congestion Pricing Algorithms and Strategies by : Ender Faruk Morgul
Download or read book Simulation Based Evaluation of Dynamic Congestion Pricing Algorithms and Strategies written by Ender Faruk Morgul and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 141 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Congestion pricing is defined as charging motorists during peak hours to encourage them to either switch their travel times or to use alternative routes. The theory behind road pricing suggests that, in order to reach social optimum conditions, a toll needs to be charged which is equal to the difference between social marginal costs and private average costs of users. In recent years, with the help of technological developments such as electronic toll collection system, pricing can be done dynamically, that is, tolls can be set in a real-time fashion according to the on-line measured traffic conditions. Dynamic pricing is only being used in High Occupancy Toll (HOT) lanes. However time-dependent pricing idea can be used in a network setting where drivers have to make route choices that are relatively more complex than the choices they make in the case of HOT lanes. This thesis proposes a simulation-based evaluation of dynamic congestion pricing on the crossings of New York City where many of the limited number of crossings to the island of Manhattan are tolled and function as parallel alternatives. One of the key aspects of this study is the estimation of realistic values of time (VOT) for different classes of users, namely, commuters and commercial vehicles. New York region-specific VOT for commercial vehicles is estimated using a logit model of stated preference data. Two different simulation studies are conducted. First simulation study is performed using the software TransModeler by considering the Manhattan network with a simple step-wise dynamic tolling algorithm and modeling the driver behavior by taking VOT into consideration. In the second simulation study, a tolling algorithm which is applicable to two tolled alternative crossings is developed. The algorithm includes real time toll rate calculation depending on travel times on crossings and models the driver behavior in response to toll rates and real-time measured travel time information on alternative routes. The algorithm is tested in traffic simulation software Paramics on a network including the two tunnels between New Jersey and New York City with a microscopic simulation of the traffic entering Manhattan.
Book Synopsis On Road Congestion Theory by : Robert G. McGillivray
Download or read book On Road Congestion Theory written by Robert G. McGillivray and published by Urban Institute Press. This book was released on 1974 with total page 32 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Mathematical and Economic Theory of Road Pricing by : Hailiang Yang
Download or read book Mathematical and Economic Theory of Road Pricing written by Hailiang Yang and published by Elsevier Science Limited. This book was released on 2005-01-01 with total page 488 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Provides the methodological advances in applying advanced modeling techniques to road pricing. This book discusses topics such as: fundamentals of traffic equilibrium problems; principle of marginal-cost road pricing; models and algorithms for the general second-best road pricing problems; social and spatial equities; Pareto pricing; and more.
Book Synopsis Introduction to Modern Traffic Flow Theory and Control by : Boris S. Kerner
Download or read book Introduction to Modern Traffic Flow Theory and Control written by Boris S. Kerner and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2009-09-16 with total page 271 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The understanding of empirical traf?c congestion occurring on unsignalized mul- lane highways and freeways is a key for effective traf?c management, control, or- nization, and other applications of transportation engineering. However, the traf?c ?ow theories and models that dominate up to now in transportation research journals and teaching programs of most universities cannot explain either traf?c breakdown or most features of the resulting congested patterns. These theories are also the - sis of most dynamic traf?c assignment models and freeway traf?c control methods, which therefore are not consistent with features of real traf?c. For this reason, the author introduced an alternative traf?c ?ow theory called three-phase traf?c theory, which can predict and explain the empirical spatiot- poral features of traf?c breakdown and the resulting traf?c congestion. A previous book “The Physics of Traf?c” (Springer, Berlin, 2004) presented a discussion of the empirical spatiotemporal features of congested traf?c patterns and of three-phase traf?c theory as well as their engineering applications. Rather than a comprehensive analysis of empirical and theoretical results in the ?eld, the present book includes no more empirical and theoretical results than are necessary for the understanding of vehicular traf?c on unsignalized multi-lane roads. The main objectives of the book are to present an “elementary” traf?c ?ow theory and control methods as well as to show links between three-phase traf?c t- ory and earlier traf?c ?ow theories. The need for such a book follows from many commentsofcolleaguesmadeafterpublicationofthebook“ThePhysicsofTraf?c”.
Book Synopsis Development and Test of Dynamic Congestion Pricing Model by : Shunan Xu (S. M.)
Download or read book Development and Test of Dynamic Congestion Pricing Model written by Shunan Xu (S. M.) and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 137 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Dynamic congestion pricing is an approach to control the traffic flow on the network by setting variable tolls that are adjusted with time based on the traffic condition. Different models have been developed and tested in the past. However, most of these models are based on deterministic network equilibrium rather than stochastic choices of travelers, and case studies on complex networks are rare. These disadvantages limit the use of existing models. In this research, a new dynamic congestion pricing model is developed based on a discrete choice framework to capture users' personal choices. Several solution algorithms are examined and tested in a synthetic network for solving this model. Among these algorithms, SPSA is found to be the best, and is applied successfully to a real case study in Lower Westchester County in New York State. The usefulness and effectiveness of dynamic congestion pricing is also examined and discussed. The results show that dynamic congestion pricing has the potential to improve network performance.
Book Synopsis The Dynamic Control of Congestion-prone Systems Through Pricing by : Carson E. Agnew
Download or read book The Dynamic Control of Congestion-prone Systems Through Pricing written by Carson E. Agnew and published by . This book was released on 1973 with total page 112 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis A Dual Approximation Framework for Dynamic Network Analysis by : Dung-Ying Lin
Download or read book A Dual Approximation Framework for Dynamic Network Analysis written by Dung-Ying Lin and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 340 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Dynamic Traffic Assignment (DTA) is gaining wider acceptance among agencies and practitioners because it serves as a more realistic representation of real-world traffic phenomena than static traffic assignment. Many metropolitan planning organizations and transportation departments are beginning to utilize DTA to predict traffic flows within their networks when conducting traffic analysis or evaluating management measures. To analyze DTA-based optimization applications, it is critical to obtain the dual (or gradient) information as dual information can typically be employed as a search direction in algorithmic design. However, very limited number of approaches can be used to estimate network-wide dual information while maintaining the potential to scale. This dissertation investigates the theoretical/practical aspects of DTA-based dual approximation techniques and explores DTA applications in the context of various transportation models, such as transportation network design, off-line DTA capacity calibration and dynamic congestion pricing. Each of the later entities is formulated as bi-level programs. Transportation Network Design Problem (NDP) aims to determine the optimal network expansion policy under a given budget constraint. NDP is bi-level by nature and can be considered a static case of a Stackelberg game, in which transportation planners (leaders) attempt to optimize the overall transportation system while road users (followers) attempt to achieve their own maximal benefit. The first part of this dissertation attempts to study NDP by combining a decomposition-based algorithmic structure with dual variable approximation techniques derived from linear programming theory. One of the critical elements in considering any real-time traffic management strategy requires assessing network traffic dynamics. Traffic is inherently dynamic, since it features congestion patterns that evolve over time and queues that form and dissipate over a planning horizon. It is therefore imperative to calibrate the DTA model such that it can accurately reproduce field observations and avoid erroneous flow predictions when evaluating traffic management strategies. Satisfactory calibration of the DTA model is an onerous task due to the large number of variables that can be modified and the intensive computational resources required. In this dissertation, the off-line DTA capacity calibration problem is studied in an attempt to devise a systematic approach for effective model calibration. Congestion pricing has increasingly been seen as a powerful tool for both managing congestion and generating revenue for infrastructure maintenance and sustainable development. By carefully levying tolls on roadways, a more efficient and optimal network flow pattern can be generated. Furthermore, congestion pricing acts as an effective travel demand management strategy that reduces peak period vehicle trips by encouraging people to shift to more efficient modes such as transit. Recently, with the increase in the number of highway Build-Operate-Transfer (B-O-T) projects, tolling has been interpreted as an effective way to generate revenue to offset the construction and maintenance costs of infrastructure. To maximize the benefits of congestion pricing, a careful analysis based on dynamic traffic conditions has to be conducted before determining tolls, since sub-optimal tolls can significantly worsen the system performance. Combining a network-wide time-varying toll analysis together with an efficient solution-building approach will be one of the main contributions of this dissertation. The problems mentioned above are typically framed as bi-level programs, which pose considerable challenges in theory and as well as in application. Due to the non-convex solution space and inherent NP-complete complexity, a majority of recent research efforts have focused on tackling bi-level programs using meta-heuristics. These approaches allow for the efficient exploration of complex solution spaces and the identification of potential global optima. Accordingly, this dissertation also attempts to present and compare several meta-heuristics through extensive numerical.
Book Synopsis Dynamic Urban Transportation Network Models by : Bin Ran
Download or read book Dynamic Urban Transportation Network Models written by Bin Ran and published by Springer. This book was released on 1994 with total page 412 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Intelligent Vehicle-Highway Systems are providing a welcome stimulus to research on dynamic urban transportation network models. This book presents a new generation of models for solving dynamic travel choice problems including traveler's destination choice, mode choice, departure/arrival time choice and route choice. These models are expected to function as off-line travel forecasting and evaluation tools, and eventually as on-line prediction and control models in advanced traveler information and traffic management systems. In addition to a rich set of new formulations and solution algorithms, the book provides a summary of the necessary mathematical background and concludes with a discussion of the requirements for model implementation.
Book Synopsis Applications of Heuristic Algorithms to Optimal Road Congestion Pricing by : Don Graham
Download or read book Applications of Heuristic Algorithms to Optimal Road Congestion Pricing written by Don Graham and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2023-10-04 with total page 152 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Road congestion imposes major financial, social, and environmental costs. One solution is the operation of high-occupancy toll (HOT) lanes. This book outlines a method for dynamic pricing for HOT lanes based on non-linear programming (NLP) techniques, finite difference stochastic approximation, genetic algorithms, and simulated annealing stochastic algorithms, working within a cell transmission framework. The result is a solution for optimal flow and optimal toll to minimize total travel time and reduce congestion. ANOVA results are presented which show differences in the performance of the NLP algorithms in solving this problem and reducing travel time, and econometric forecasting methods utilizing vector autoregressive techniques are shown to successfully forecast demand. The book compares different optimization approaches It presents case studies from around the world, such as the I-95 Express HOT Lane in Miami, USA Applications of Heuristic Algorithms to Optimal Road Congestion Pricing is ideal for transportation practitioners and researchers.
Book Synopsis The Economics of Urban Transportation by : Kenneth A. Small
Download or read book The Economics of Urban Transportation written by Kenneth A. Small and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2024-06-10 with total page 433 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This new edition of the seminal textbook The Economics of Urban Transportation incorporates the latest research affecting the design, implementation, pricing, and control of transport systems in towns and cities. The book offers an economic framework for understanding the societal impacts and policy implications of many factors including congestion, traffic safety, climate change, air quality, COVID-19, and newly important developments such as ride-hailing services, electric vehicles, and autonomous vehicles. Rigorous in approach and making use of real-world data and econometric techniques, the third edition features a new chapter on the special challenges of managing the energy that powers transportation systems. It provides fully updated coverage of well-known topics and a rigorous treatment of new ones. All of the basic topics needed to apply economics to urban transportation are included: Forecasting demand for transportation services under various conditions Measuring costs, including those incurred by users and incorporating two new tools to describe congestion in dense urban areas Setting prices under practical constraints Evaluating infrastructure investments Understanding how private and public sectors interact to provide services Written by three of the field’s leading researchers, The Economics of Urban Transportation is essential reading for students, researchers, and practicing professionals in transportation economics, planning, engineering, or related disciplines. With a focus on workable models that can be adapted to future needs, it provides tools for a rapidly changing world.
Book Synopsis The Economics of Traffic Congestion by : E. T. Verhoef
Download or read book The Economics of Traffic Congestion written by E. T. Verhoef and published by Edward Elgar Publishing. This book was released on 2010 with total page 716 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This essential two-volume collection contains the most influential articles written over the past eight decades that contribute to an understanding of the economics of traffic congestion. The first volume explores the classic contributions on congestion and road pricing and includes papers in dynamic models and second-best congestion pricing. The second volume analyses ownership arrangements such as private roads, investment and financing, urban land use, social acceptability and distributional aspects of road pricing. Erik Verhoef has written an insightful introduction which provides a clear overview of a problem which is of major importance in both developed and developing countries.
Download or read book Congestion Pricing written by and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 28 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
