Read Books Online and Download eBooks, EPub, PDF, Mobi, Kindle, Text Full Free.
Doctrina Christiana The Timeless Catechism Of St Robert Bellarmine
Download Doctrina Christiana The Timeless Catechism Of St Robert Bellarmine full books in PDF, epub, and Kindle. Read online Doctrina Christiana The Timeless Catechism Of St Robert Bellarmine ebook anywhere anytime directly on your device. Fast Download speed and no annoying ads. We cannot guarantee that every ebooks is available!
Book Synopsis Doctrina Christiana: The Timeless Catechism of St. Robert Bellarmine by : St. Robert Bellarmine, S.J.
Download or read book Doctrina Christiana: The Timeless Catechism of St. Robert Bellarmine written by St. Robert Bellarmine, S.J. and published by Lulu.com. This book was released on 2016-09-28 with total page 258 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This catechism can be considered as a valid and effective catechetical tool for the work of the evangelization, a work which has to be realized with a new missionary zeal towards those who don't know the Catholic faith and as well towards those who know it defectively and insufficiently. May those who will read this catechism and those who will use it in the noble and meritorious work of teaching Christian doctrine, may be equipped with the sure and sacred doctrine of the Catholic faith, in order to stand, having their loins girt about with truth. -Bishop Athanasius Schneider This is the first English translation of St. Robert Bellarmine's Long Catechism, which follows a traditional question and answer model but gives deep meditations on the truths of faith. It was written for students with some education as well as for those who would teach Catechism. It was explicitly approved by Pope Clement VIII and praised by Pope Benedict XIV and Pius XI. St. Robert Bellarmine is a doctor of the Church.
Book Synopsis Doctrina Christiana by : Robert Bellarmine
Download or read book Doctrina Christiana written by Robert Bellarmine and published by . This book was released on 2016-07-30 with total page 270 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This catechism can be considered as a valid and effective catechetical tool for the work of the evangelization, a work which has to be realized with a new missionary zeal towards those who don't know the Catholic faith and as well towards those who know it defectively and insufficiently. May those who will read this catechism and those who will use it in the noble and meritorious work of teaching Christian doctrine, may be equipped with the sure and sacred doctrine of the Catholic faith, in order to stand, having their loins girt about with truth, and having on the breastplate of righteousness; and their feet shod with the preparation of the gospel of peace; above all, they shall take the shield of faith, wherewith they shall be able to quench all the fiery darts of the wicked (cf. Eph 6: 14-16). In this way they will be ready always to give an answer to every man that asks them the reason of their hope, with meekness and fear (cf. 1 Peter 3: 15-16). -Bishop Athanasius Schneider, from the Foreword For the first time, St. Robert Bellarmine's long Catechism, written in the form of a dialogue, has been made available in the English Language. This Catechism was composed by St. Robert Bellarmine in 1598 and received Papal approbation from several Popes, most notably Pope Clement VIII and one of the greatest theologians to ever sit on the throne of St. Peter, Pope Benedict XIV. It was translated into Latin for use throughout the Church and has run through a number of editions throughout the centuries. Being written as a dialogue, it goes beyond the rote memorization of other catechisms (including that of Baltimore) by giving a deep explanation of the teachings of the faith with comparisons and parables. What is wholesome about this Catechism is not only the soundness of its doctrine, but the warmth that a great theologian that was accustomed to dealing with complicated matters of theology descends to lovingly explain the basic truths of faith in a manner that average laity can easily understand. It is not for nothing that St. Robert was made the Patron of all Catechists!
Book Synopsis Doctrina Christiana by : St Robert Bellarmine
Download or read book Doctrina Christiana written by St Robert Bellarmine and published by . This book was released on 2016-07-30 with total page 270 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This catechism can be considered as a valid and effective catechetical tool for the work of the evangelization, a work which has to be realized with a new missionary zeal towards those who don't know the Catholic faith and as well towards those who know it defectively and insufficiently.May those who will read this catechism and those who will use it in the noble and meritorious work of teaching Christian doctrine, may be equipped with the sure and sacred doctrine of the Catholic faith, in order to stand, having their loins girt about with truth, and having on the breastplate of righteousness; and their feet shod with the preparation of the gospel of peace; above all, they shall take the shield of faith, wherewith they shall be able to quench all the fiery darts of the wicked (cf. Eph 6: 14-16). In this way they will be ready always to give an answer to every man that asks them the reason of their hope, with meekness and fear (cf. 1 Peter 3: 15-16). -Bishop Athanasius Schneider, from the Foreword For the first time, St. Robert Bellarmine's long Catechism, written in the form of a dialogue, has been made available in the English Language. This Catechism was composed by St. Robert Bellarmine in 1598 and received Papal approbation from several Popes, most notably Pope Clement VIII and one of the greatest theologians to ever sit on the throne of St. Peter, Pope Benedict XIV. It was translated into Latin for use throughout the Church and has run through a number of editions throughout the centuries. Being written as a dialogue, it goes beyond the rote memorization of other catechisms (including that of Baltimore) by giving a deep explanation of the teachings of the faith with comparisons and parables. What is wholesome about this Catechism is not only the soundness of its doctrine, but the warmth that a great theologian that was accustomed to dealing with complicated matters of theology descends to lovingly explain the basic truths of faith in a manner that average laity can easily understand. It is not for nothing that St. Robert was made the Patron of all Catechists!
Book Synopsis The Marian Writings of St. Robert Bellarmine by : Robert Bellarmine
Download or read book The Marian Writings of St. Robert Bellarmine written by Robert Bellarmine and published by Createspace Independent Pub. This book was released on 2012-02-16 with total page 152 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "For Those Who Want To Learn From A Saint How To Defend The Blessed Mother" If YOU have ever been at a loss for words in defending Mary, rejoice, now you will be able to fight back. For centuries now, Mary's privileges have been under attack, and sadly, many Catholics don't how to defend them. As a result, many souls are lost to the Church, either by not being brought into it or by leaving it because they believed a twisted interpretation of the Bible. God, however, raises up Saints who are equal to the challenge. One of those was St. Robert Bellarmine, who was also St. Aloysius Gonzaga's spiritual director. Why is this book set apart from other books on Marian apologetics? Because you get to learn from a man who was as pious as he was learned. And this is very important. Think about it. Even the devil knows Marian doctrine, and can defend it better than you or anyone else. Needless to say, he can't live the Marian doctrine which he knows so well. The previously untranslated biographical material about St. Robert in this book shows how he lived the Marian doctrine which he taught so well. And that's the advantage this book gives you. An advantage which turns the devil green with envy, because, unlike you, he can't profit from what he knows. Knowledge without application is useless. Because this book combines the head and the heart, you will know how to walk the walk, instead of simply being able to talk the talk. This will make your words more convincing, because, by now, you know well that people are moved more by example than by words. St. Robert was unsurpassed when it came to learning. When he taught in Rome, everyone flocked to his classes. Everyone recognized how smart he was. When Pope Clement VIII made St. Robert a cardinal, he said: "The Church of God has not his equal in learning." Even Protestants recognized his genius. They said that he presented their teaching better than they themselves did. So you get the benefit of understanding the real sticking points. Because of this, you get a masterful lesson in Marian apologetics. He even names his contemporary opponents and where they went wrong. You won't find this anywhere else. You will be as good as gold with this book... 1. because YOU will be able to defend Mary with great confidence. 2. because YOU will learn the only defense of the Salve Regina (Hail Holy Queen), which you probably did not know was attacked, as other Marian apologetics books neglect to cover this. 3. because YOU will see how Mary's Immaculate Conception was brilliantly defended centuries before it was solemnly defined by the Church. 4. because YOU get to learn at the feet of a man who was not only a Saint, but who also was considered the most learned man in the Church. 5. because YOU won't be spinning your wheels or feel like you're swimming upstream when it comes to defending Mary. 6. because YOU get to save time. Since he wrote in Latin, his style is clear and concise, without cutting corners. No wasted words. And that's not all. Because he was trained in Latin and Greek, he made use of works which still have not been translated. You will find these passages in this book. What's more, you will also discover his sermons in praise of Our Lady. This is a natural consequence of understanding Mary's privileges, which he knew so well. Finally, this book contains more than what was mentioned above. There are other little-known or unknown Marian writings of St. Robert Bellarmine contained at the end. Best of all, your investment in this book will not cost you a king's ransom. In fact, it amounts to only a few cents a day over a year's time. Scroll up and get your copy today.
Book Synopsis To the Heart of the Mystery of Redemption by : Hans Urs von Balthasar
Download or read book To the Heart of the Mystery of Redemption written by Hans Urs von Balthasar and published by Ignatius Press. This book was released on 2010-01-01 with total page 136 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the 1960's, Fr. Hans Urs von Balthasar gave two conferences in Paris on the subject of redemption. One considered the perspective of Christ the Redeemer. The other gave a view of the redemption from the perspective of Mary and the Church, consenting to the sacrifice of Jesus. These two conferences are what Fr. Jacques Servais, S.J., in his foreword calls "a lantern of the Word," shedding light amidst the advancing turmoil of the postconciliar period. These conferences were later collected by the eminent theologian Henri Cardinal de Lubac, S.J., in a single volume along with an anthology of meditations on the Passion by the mystic Adrienne von Speyr, and selected by von Balthasar. In this new edition, prepared for the centenary of the birth of Hans Urs von Balthasar, Fr. Servais, the director of Casa Balthasar in Rome, provides an extensive postscript illuminating the text along with the original preface by de Lubac.
Book Synopsis Forsaking the Fall by : Daniel H. Spencer
Download or read book Forsaking the Fall written by Daniel H. Spencer and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2023-03-31 with total page 228 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Forsaking the Fall argues along exegetical, theological, and philosophical lines that the doctrines of the Fall and Original Sin need not be understood as integral components of orthodox Christianity. By engaging biblical studies, systematic theology, and analytic philosophy, the book provides a comprehensive understanding of the most important issues at play in the Original Sin debate, as well as offers a set of tools for helping readers to think critically about the essence of the Christian faith and its relation to Original Sin. Crucially, it lays the theoretical groundwork for an orthodox nonlapsarianism and advances a novel theory vis-à-vis the Fall and Original Sin in Christian theology. This innovative and provocative book will be of interest to scholars of theology and philosophy, specifically analytic theologians and philosophers of religion.
Book Synopsis The Ethics of Courage by : Jacques M. Chevalier
Download or read book The Ethics of Courage written by Jacques M. Chevalier and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-11-20 with total page 380 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This two-volume work examines far-reaching debates on the concept of courage from Greek antiquity to the Christian and mediaeval periods, as well as the modern era. Volume 1 begins with Homeric poetry and the politics of fearless demi-gods thriving on war. The tales of lion-hearted Heracles, Achilles, and Ulysses, and their tragic fall at the hands of fate, eventually give way to classical views of courage based on competing theories of rational wisdom and truth. Fears of the enemy and anxieties about suffering and death are addressed through the lenses and teachings of medicine, geography, military history, moral philosophy, and metaphysics. For early Christian thinkers, the ethics of fear, fate, and fealty to the Almighty supplant the voice of reason and the wisdom of virtue. Much of Christian doctrine's history is a long journey towards bridging the gap between Greek philosophy and devotion to God and spirits in heaven. Some Church Fathers attempt to dispel the fear of suffering through a joyful craving for martyrdom and the eternal blessings that follow. Others show openness to one or more of the following principles: the abstractions of moral philosophy, the metaphysics of Gnostic enlightenment, the gift of free will and intentionality, the growth of church authority and hegemony, and the intrinsic worth of life on Earth. Augustine, Ambrose, Cassian, and Chrysostom play a central role in revisiting the foundations of Christian fortitude along some or all of these lines. They lay the groundwork for the scholastic adaptations of faith-based rationalism proposed by Peter Lombard, Philip the Chancellor, Albert the Great, and Thomas of Aquinas. The mediaeval period ends with church dissidents and Protestant Reform leaders condemning Rome’s corruption and calling for a return to early Christian faith and the courage of godly fear, submission, suffering, and fate.
Book Synopsis Essentials of the Faith by : Alfred McBride
Download or read book Essentials of the Faith written by Alfred McBride and published by Our Sunday Visitor. This book was released on 2002 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A guided tour for anyone who wants to understand the Catechism better--and for anyone who wants to live a more truly Christian life. This new edition brings Father McBride's beloved classic up-to-date.
Book Synopsis T&T Clark Handbook of Ecclesiology by : Kimlyn J. Bender
Download or read book T&T Clark Handbook of Ecclesiology written by Kimlyn J. Bender and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2020-10-15 with total page 434 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Divided into 3 parts, this handbook provides a wide-ranging survey and analysis of the Christian Church. The first section addresses the scriptural foundations of ecclesiology; the second section outlines the historical and confessional aspects of the topic; and the final part discusses a variety of contemporary and topical themes in ecclesiology. Compiled and written by leading scholars in the field, the T&T Clark Handbook of Ecclesiology covers a range of key topics in the context of their development and importance in each stream of historic Christianity and the confessional traditions. The contributors cover traditional matters such as creedal notes, but also tackle questions of ordination, orders of ministry, and sacraments. This handbook is extensive enough to provide a true overview of the field, but the essays are also concise enough to be read as reference selections.
Book Synopsis On the Roman Pontiff by : St Robert Bellarmine S J
Download or read book On the Roman Pontiff written by St Robert Bellarmine S J and published by . This book was released on 2016-04-30 with total page 662 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Mr. Grant is able to retain the scholastic edge along with the accuracy of the translation while preserving a sense of the author's style." -Fr. Chad Ripperger, PhD For the first time in history, St. Robert Bellarmine's work, De Romano Pontifice, On the Roman Pontiff, has been translated and made available in English! In this Theological treatise St. Robert Bellarmine takes on Protestant as well as Greek Orthodox objections to the Papacy in five books. In the first, he argues that Christ established the Primacy of Peter by means of an Ecclesiastical Monarchy, which takes up subjects as diverse as: What is the best form of government? Why it is fitting that the Church's government should be a monarchy; Exegetical Commentary on the Lord's words in Matthew 16 and John 21, along with copious Patristic testimony. In Book 2 is whether Peter has successors in the Ecclesiastical Monarchy, wherein Bellarmine defends the Church's position on the true history of Peter; that Peter truly went to Rome; that Peter was truly a Bishop there; that upon his death he was succeeded by men in the Ecclesiastical monarchy, as well as its proof from the Fathers, then through all the refutations, Bellarmine asks what would happen if the Pope were a heretic. In book 3, Bellarmine shows the many contradictions and faulty reasoning used by the first Protestants in arguing that the Pope is Antichrist while also giving exposition to the authentic understanding of the passages of Scripture that speak of Antichrist. After presenting the testimony of Scripture and the Fathers on the signs that must precede Antichrist, Bellarmine shows how none of this agrees with the Roman Pontiff. He also refutes the fable of "Pope Joan." In book 4, Bellarmine argues why the Pope is infallible when he defines a doctrine on faith and morals and proceeds to defend Popes whom Protestants and others argued had erred while defining faith. He continues to a discussion of law, and why it is not contrary to the Gospel for the Pope (or a Bishop over his diocese), to make laws that bind the faithful, refuting the teaching of John Calvin. In book 5, Bellarmine takes up the question of the Popes' power in civil affairs. Protestants had argued that the Pope tyrannously usurped the rights of sovereigns and that they meant to rule the world directly in civil affairs, while some canonists overly attached to a more medieval view were of a similar persuasion on the positive side. He then proceeds to demonstrate that the Pope's temporal power is indirect and that he can intervene for the sake of the faith when excommunicating sovereigns, but not for political reasons. The protestants argued that a Bishop could not be a temporal prince and Bishop at the same time, which Bellarmine soundly refutes from Scripture and Tradition. This first ever English translation also has many historical notes on terms, persons, Greek and Latin syntax and other things to aid the reader. The value of the work is not merely apologetic-Bellarmine's treatise also laid down insights into Catholic teaching that were foundational not only for later Theologians but even for Vatican I.
Book Synopsis Converso Non-Conformism in Early Modern Spain by : Kevin Ingram
Download or read book Converso Non-Conformism in Early Modern Spain written by Kevin Ingram and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-12-06 with total page 370 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book examines the effects of Jewish conversions to Christianity in late medieval Spanish society. Ingram focuses on these converts and their descendants (known as conversos) not as Judaizers, but as Christian humanists, mystics and evangelists, who attempt to create a new society based on quietist religious practice, merit, and toleration. His narrative takes the reader on a journey from the late fourteenth-century conversions and the first blood purity laws (designed to marginalize conversos), through the early sixteenth-century Erasmian and radical mystical movements, to a Counter-Reformation environment in which conversos become the advocates for pacifism and concordance. His account ends at the court of Philip IV, where growing intolerance towards Madrid’s converso courtiers is subtly attacked by Spain’s greatest painter, Diego Velázquez, in his work, Los Borrachos. Finally, Ingram examines the historiography of early modern Spain, in which he argues the converso reform phenomenon continues to be underexplored.
Book Synopsis Christ, God's Companionship with Man by : Luigi Giussani
Download or read book Christ, God's Companionship with Man written by Luigi Giussani and published by McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. This book was released on 2015-07-01 with total page 128 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume is a selection of the most significant writings by Monsignor Luigi Giussani, founder of the Italian Catholic lay movement Communion and Liberation, which is practised in eighty countries around the world. Presented by Julián Carrón, Giussani's successor as head of Communion and Liberation, Christ, God's Companionship with Man is the most succinct introduction to the breadth of Giussani’s thought, including memorable passages from works such as The Journey to Truth Is an Experience, At the Origin of the Christian Claim, Why the Church?, Generating Traces in the History of the World, and Is It Possible to Live This Way? Many speak of Giussani as a friendly presence, a man who believed that it was possible to live in faith every day and in any circumstance. As a writer and religious scholar who was deeply devoted to his work, Giussani’s teachings and reflections have come to generate worldwide recognition and support. Revealing that spirituality and community can be found in ordinary ways, Christ, God’s Companionship with Man will inspire all who read it.
Book Synopsis On the Most Holy Sacrifice of the Mass by : Robert Bellarmine
Download or read book On the Most Holy Sacrifice of the Mass written by Robert Bellarmine and published by . This book was released on 2020-01-21 with total page 306 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: St. Robert Bellarmine was one of the best known of the Counter-Reformation theologians by both friend and foe. His apologetic writings were the most widely read treatises on theological subjects during the 17th century, and they also brought numerous conversions to the Catholic faith. Now for the first time, St. Robert's amazing treatises are available to you in English! In this treatise on the Sacrifice of the Mass, St. Robert divides his work into two topics: That the Mass is a Sacrifice, and secondly, the nature of that Sacrifice, namely that the Mass is propitiatory, beneficial to others, and that the ceremonies of the Mass are ancient and pleasing to God. St. Robert takes the fight to the Protestants on their own ground, defending the Mass from Scripture and how the Church Fathers understood it. Then he argues from the consensus of Greek and Latin Fathers and the whole history of the Church to defend the Mass as a sacrifice instituted by Christ Himself. "St. Robert Bellarmine is a masterful defender of the Catholic faith, a prince of apologists. The controversy over whether the Holy Mass is a true and proper sacrifice was-and is-among the most hotly debated questions dividing Catholics and Protestants. Bellarmine's almost unbelievable erudition is on full display as he thoroughly proves the Catholic doctrine by marshaling arguments from Scripture, the Fathers of the Church, and human reason. But the real thrill for lovers and scholars of liturgy comes in his defense of the various prayers and ceremonies of the Roman Rite of Mass. Here is a commentary on the Tridentine Mass by one of the greatest theologians of the Tridentine era." -Dr. John Joy, President of the St. Albert the Great Center for Scholastic Studies "St. Robert Bellarmine, in this section of the De Controversiis, provides the reader with an unparalleled defense of the Catholic theology of the Holy Sacrifice of the Mass. Many of the objections raised and refuted by St. Robert are still applicable today amidst the various theological speculations of our times. Steeped in the tradition of the Church, this text addresses many aspects of the theology of the Mass in a depth not seen in writings of modern authors. The timeliness of the book is evident in our current historical context as many priests and faithful are taking a fresh look at the ancient rite of Mass." -Fr. Chad Ripperger, SMD "For five years in Chablais, I preached with no books other than the Bible, and the Great Bellarmine."-St. Francis de Sales
Download or read book A Shorter Summa written by Peter Kreeft and published by Ignatius Press. This book was released on 2010-06-16 with total page 172 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A shortened version of Kreeft's much larger Summa of the Summa, which in turn was a shortened version of the Summa Theologica. The reason for the double shortening is pretty obvious: the original runs some 4000 pages! (The Summa of the Summa was just over 500.) The Summa is certainly the greatest, most ambitious, most rational book of theology ever written. In it, there is also much philosophy, which is selected, excerpted, arranged, introduced, and explained in footnotes here by Kreeft, a popular Thomist teacher and writer. St. Thomas Aquinas is universally recognized as one of the greatest philosophers who ever lived. His writings combine the two fundamental ideals of philosophical writing: clarity and profundity. He is a master of metaphysics and technical terminology, yet so full of both theoretical and practical wisdom. He is the master of common sense. The Summa Theologica is timeless, but particularly important today because of his synthesis of faith and reason, revelation and philosophy, and the Biblical and the classical Greco-Roman heritages. This little book is designed for beginners, either for classroom use or individually. It contains the most famous and influential passages of St. Thomas' philosophy with copious aids to understanding them.
Book Synopsis The Autobiography of St. Charles of Sezze by : St Charles Of Sezze
Download or read book The Autobiography of St. Charles of Sezze written by St Charles Of Sezze and published by . This book was released on 2017-07-18 with total page 324 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: St. Charles of Sezze was a Franciscan mystic and stigmatist of the 17th century. Although he was quite unlettered, still, through the ever increasing influence of the Holy Spirit he wrote books that number in size, and content make him one of the greatest mystical writers of the Church, ranking with St. John of the Cross and St. Teresa of Avila. In his own times this mystical doctrine, illustrated in this Autobiography, served as a powerful counterweight to fatal Quietism and Jansenism. The canonization of St. Charles after his having remained unknown for several centuries should serve to indicate that his life and writings carry a message for modem man. His complete obedience rebukes the present-day lust for self-determination; his humility, its pride and boastfulness; his poverty, its precipitate rush after material pleasures. What he suffered at the hands of the demons also carries a lesson for modem times. It is that the devil is very much in existence, and deliberately to close our mind against the thought of him will only serve to give him greater power. St. Charles teaches us the way to oppose the devil and all the fallen angels in their incessant warfare against our souls. Very few will ever be asked to suffer bodily harm from the devil, but all must suffer, and overcome, his temptations to pride, lust and ambition.
Book Synopsis Disputationes De Controversiis Christianae Fidei by : Roberto Bellarmino
Download or read book Disputationes De Controversiis Christianae Fidei written by Roberto Bellarmino and published by Legare Street Press. This book was released on 2022-10-27 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work is in the "public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Book Synopsis Was there a Lutheran Metaphysics? by : Joar Haga
Download or read book Was there a Lutheran Metaphysics? written by Joar Haga and published by Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. This book was released on 2012-05-23 with total page 299 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Joar Haga traces the Lutheran doctrine of communicatio idiomatum, the exchange of properties between the natures of Christ, as it developed in some important controversies of the 16th and the early 17th Century. Regarding it as the nerve of his soteriology, Luther stressed the intimacy of the two natures in Christ to such a degree that it threatened to end the peaceful relationship between theology and philosophy. At the same time as the Wittenberg reformers broke with certain strains of their philosophical heritage, they would insist that the continuation of Christ's bodily presence was a reality in sacrament and nature (!), irreducible to a sign or to a memory. On the other hand, they did not want to be ignorant of the claims of reason. By rejecting the classic framework for a peaceful coexistence of philosophy and theology on the one hand, and insisting on Christ's bodily reality on the other, the quest for a new concept of how philosophy and theology related was implicitly stated.Earlier research identified two traditions of Lutheran Christology: One train of thought follows Luther in emphasising the difference between philosophy and theology. This can be seen in the Tübingen solutions where Johannes Brenz and Theodor Thumm are the most interesting thinkers. Another train of thought can be found in the conservative pupils of Melanchthon, where Martin Chemnitz and Balthasar Mentzer are the most prominent theologians. This research does not merely group the thinkers within the confines of a tradition, but underlines their individual contributions to an open-ended history.
