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Discrimination Of Human And Non Human Fecal Sources With Rapid Methods In Coastal Waters And Sediments
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Book Synopsis Discrimination of Human and Non-human Fecal Sources with Rapid Methods in Coastal Waters and Sediments by : Amity Gayle Zimmer-Faust
Download or read book Discrimination of Human and Non-human Fecal Sources with Rapid Methods in Coastal Waters and Sediments written by Amity Gayle Zimmer-Faust and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 177 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Microbial contamination in coastal waters is an important public health and economic problem worldwide. It is common for the sources as well as the environmental fate and transport of fecal contamination in recreational waters to be unknown making it difficult to mitigate the input and to understand the relative health risk associated with a given water body. A comprehensive understanding of sources and bacterial dynamics is needed for effective mitigation and management of microbial contaminants. The main objectives of this study were to identify sources of fecal contamination to a chronically impaired Southern California watershed, to demonstrate applicability of microbial source tracking (MST) tools, including source-specific markers for discrimination of human and non-human sources, to evaluate the fate of fecal contaminates in coastal sediments, and to develop and optimize immunomagnetic separation/adenosine triphosphate (IMS/ATP) assays for rapid enumeration of viable fecal contamination. A three-year MST study was conducted to help explain elevated levels of surfzone fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) at Topanga State Beach, a critically impaired Southern California Beach. This study investigated sources of FIB to the Topanga watershed and the applicability of using MST technology longer time scales. MST markers effectively elucidated temporal and seasonal trends in fecal bacterial levels, and dog and gull marker appeared to be a significant sources to Topanga lagoon and Topanga State Beach. However, a lack of correlation between FIB and marker measurements was noted, and dog marker and FIB levels did not covary when compared at different Southern California beaches. Sediments were found to play an important and variable role in environmental fate of MST markers and FIB. Variable decay was observed for different indicators and in different sediments, with differences noted even within one watershed. The human HF183 marker was useful for providing evidence of recent inputs of human fecal contamination and behaved similarly to the molecular marker for Campylobacter (qCAMP) and FIB in brackish sediments. The general Bacteroides (GB3) and enterococci (ENT1A) markers were more conservative and under certain circumstances had comparable decay to culturable FIB. Application of a suite of markers may be necessary for effective evaluation of sediment fecal bacterial levels. Moreover, differences were observed between relative decay amongst the different sediments tested, illustrating the need for more routine sediment monitoring. IMS/ATP assays provided useful information regarding fecal contamination levels and measurements made had a consistent relationship with measurements made by standard methods. IMS/ATP utilizes paramagnetic beds and target-specific antibodies to isolate target organisms. Following isolation, adenosine tri-phosphate (ATP) is extracted from the target population and quantified. The Cov-IMS/ATP method rapidly measured viable enterococci in complex surface waters, providing a useful eld tool for assessment of coastal water quality and for identi cation of hot spots of fecal contamination. An inversely-coupled (Inv-IMS/ATP) assay for detection of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron was developed and applied for rapid detection of human-associated fecal contamination. The Inv-IMS/ATP assay yielded measurements of viable B. thetaiotaomicron that were comparable to the HF183 human marker in complex source waters impacted with both wastewater and runoff, and the Inv-IMS/ATP assay was able to effectively differentiate between surface waters impacted with adequately and inadequately treated wastewater. IMS/ATP assays show promise for rapid evaluation of recreational water quality in areas where access to more expensive methods is limited and in areas where water quality is unpredictable. This research highlights the difficulties and complexities associated with effective tracking and management of microbial contaminates in the coastal environment. Additional research evaluating relative aging of molecular markers and relative contributions from different sources is needed to fully interpret field-based source marker data. Sediments were shown to have an important and variable role in fate of fecal contaminants in the environment. Additional studies are needed evaluating how watershed models can most effectively be adapted to include a sediment compartment and how different sources of fecal contamination and source markers decay in sediments with variable characteristics. IMS/ATP assays showed promise and can be successfully applied in complex waters for rapid enumeration of viable fecal contamination; additional verification of assay performance is needed at complex sites impacted with multiple sources.
Book Synopsis Evaluation and Performance of Rapid Methods for Identifying and Tracking Sources of Fecal Pollution in Coastal Watersheds by : Vanessa Thulsiraj
Download or read book Evaluation and Performance of Rapid Methods for Identifying and Tracking Sources of Fecal Pollution in Coastal Watersheds written by Vanessa Thulsiraj and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 186 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fecal contamination of coastal waters is known to degrade the environment and poses a health risk to recreational beach users. Fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) are used around the world to assess water quality and characterize fecal contamination. Elevated levels of FIB have been linked to health risks in epidemiological studies. However, some limitations exist with this indicator. FIB cannot be used to identify the specific sources as they originate from both human and animal sources. FIB may also persist and regrow in the environment. In order to effectively remediate the cause of pollution and characterize the hazards at chronically impaired beaches it is necessary to measure indicators that can provide information about the sources of the general fecal pollution. Tracking pollution sources at impaired beaches is critical to ensuring the health of coastal watersheds and reducing the incidence of swimming related illness. Molecular methods have gained popularity to identify and detect sources of fecal contamination using host-associated markers. The work presented here addresses areas warranting further research in the state of the science of water quality monitoring. In Chapter 2, we demonstrate that host-associated markers exhibit similar limits of detection in different water types and are robust in environmental field applications. Additionally, we provide a cost-benefit analysis and provide water quality managers with information supporting the inclusion of molecular methods in current monitoring practices. This body of work also presents novel methods for rapid and viability-based detection of recent fecal contamination with propidium monoazide (PMA-qPCR) and a field portable method covalently-linked IMS/ATP technique (Cov-IMS/ATP). In Chapters 3 and 4, we present results on optimization and specificity of the Cov-IMS/ATP. We evaluated the performance of Cov-IMS/ATP at three different watersheds for rapid quantification of enterococci, and show this method to be a robust tool in assessing water quality at complex sites. This work also addresses drawbacks of traditional qPCR to quantify viable fecal contamination. We validate the PMA-qPCR method and demonstrate its performance in detecting recent fecal contamination in environmental waters. Use of these methods demonstrates a new framework that can enhance current microbial source tracking studies and water quality monitoring.
Author :Jorge W. Santo Domingo Publisher :Emerging Issues in Food Safety ISBN 13 :9781555813741 Total Pages :285 pages Book Rating :4.8/5 (137 download)
Book Synopsis Microbial Source Tracking by : Jorge W. Santo Domingo
Download or read book Microbial Source Tracking written by Jorge W. Santo Domingo and published by Emerging Issues in Food Safety. This book was released on 2007 with total page 285 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Presents a state-of-the-art review of the current technology and applications being utilized to identify sources of fecal contamination in waterways. - Serves as a useful reference for researchers in the food industry, especially scientists investigating etiological agents responsible for food contamination. - Provides background information on MST methods and the assumptions and limitations associated with their use. - Covers a broad range of topics related to MST, including environmental monitoring, public health and national security, population biology, and microbial ecology. - Offers valuable insights into future research directions and technology developments.
Book Synopsis Fecal Contamination Source Identification Methods in Surface Water by : Debby Sargeant
Download or read book Fecal Contamination Source Identification Methods in Surface Water written by Debby Sargeant and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 22 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Use of Spatial Sampling and Microbial Source-tracking Tools for Understanding Fecal Contamination at Two Lake Erie Beaches by :
Download or read book Use of Spatial Sampling and Microbial Source-tracking Tools for Understanding Fecal Contamination at Two Lake Erie Beaches written by and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 40 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Protecting Drinking Water written by and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 7 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The rapid, potentially-automatable extraction of filter retentates has allowed quantitative detection of the unique biomarker for human fecal contamination, coprostanol, and the signature lipid biomarkers for total cellular biomass, viable cellular biomass, lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin). This method may be integrated with DNA based gene probe analysis for specific strains and enzyme activities. Not only does the analysis provide for detection of injured and non-culturable microbes but it also provides biomarkers characteristic of microbes exposed to biocides and disinfectants that can be utilized to monitor effectiveness of water mitigation/treatment. The analysis schemes involve filtration of the water or direct extraction of biofilms in sidestream chambers, supercritical fluid and/or liquid extraction, derivatization, and analysis of ''signature'' patterns by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Signature lipid biomarkers of interest are diglycerides, steroids including coprostanol and its isomers, poly-[beta]- hydroxyalcanoates (PHA), phospholipid ester-linked fatty acids (PLFA), and the lipopolysaccharide lipid A hydroxy fatty acids. PLFA found in polar lipid fractions estimate total viable cellular biomass, whereas the total cellular biomass can be calculated from diglyceride/phospholipid ester-linked fatty acids ratios. Furthermore, direct evidence of mitigation/treatment effectiveness can be ascertained by detection of diglycerides, respiratory quinones, PHA, and PLFA markers indicative of metabolic stress and toxicity such as trans monoenoic PLFA as well as oxirane and dicarboxylic fatty acids derived from the PLFA.
Book Synopsis Environmental Health Perspectives by :
Download or read book Environmental Health Perspectives written by and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 1566 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Technique for Detecting Sources of Human Pollution in Water Using an Enterococcus Biomarker by : Tracie Michelle Jenkins
Download or read book Technique for Detecting Sources of Human Pollution in Water Using an Enterococcus Biomarker written by Tracie Michelle Jenkins and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 184 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Indicators for Waterborne Pathogens by : National Research Council
Download or read book Indicators for Waterborne Pathogens written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2004-05-19 with total page 328 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recent and forecasted advances in microbiology, molecular biology, and analytical chemistry have made it timely to reassess the current paradigm of relying predominantly or exclusively on traditional bacterial indicators for all types of waterborne pathogens. Nonetheless, indicator approaches will still be required for the foreseeable future because it is not practical or feasible to monitor for the complete spectrum of microorganisms that may occur in water, and many known pathogens are difficult to detect directly and reliably in water samples. This comprehensive report recommends the development and use of a "tool box" approach by the U.S Environmental Protection Agency and others for assessing microbial water quality in which available indicator organisms (and/or pathogens in some cases) and detection method(s) are matched to the requirements of a particular application. The report further recommends the use of a phased, three-level monitoring framework to support the selection of indicators and indicator approaches.Â
Book Synopsis Fecal Pollution in Coastal Waters by : Joon Ha Kim
Download or read book Fecal Pollution in Coastal Waters written by Joon Ha Kim and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 306 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Methods for Measuring the Toxicity and Bioaccumulation of Sediment-associated Contaminants with Freshwater Invertebrates by :
Download or read book Methods for Measuring the Toxicity and Bioaccumulation of Sediment-associated Contaminants with Freshwater Invertebrates written by and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 220 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Indicators for Determining the Sources and Extent of Fecal Contamination in Coastal Waters by : Donald Sinclair McCorquodale
Download or read book Indicators for Determining the Sources and Extent of Fecal Contamination in Coastal Waters written by Donald Sinclair McCorquodale and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 56 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Distribution, Decay, and Quantification of Fecal Source-tracking Markers by : Hyatt C. Green
Download or read book Distribution, Decay, and Quantification of Fecal Source-tracking Markers written by Hyatt C. Green and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 140 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Waterborne fecal contamination poses serious risks to human health and can disrupt aquatic ecosystems. Molecular marker methods are widely used to identify and, in some cases, quantify the sources of contamination and guide management decisions regarding water resource protection. However, methods to detect some likely sources of fecal contamination such as birds are not available. Furthermore, the effects of environmental variables, such as water type and light exposure, on marker decay could change quantitative interpretations of source tracking results. Additionally, sample interference can be a significant source of variability and error during sample analysis could prevent accurate quantification of fecal sources. Methods that are robust to sample-to-sample variability and consider variable marker decay are needed to accurately quantify molecular markers in environmental samples. We characterized the geographic and species distribution of three novel molecular markers based on rRNA gene sequences from bird fecal bacteria for the detection of bird feces in the environment. The distribution of the markers differed across geographic location and host species. Two markers were found mainly in gulls, but one occurred in many bird species. The wide geographic distribution of the markers suggested that they will be useful in many areas where birds are suspected contributors to aquatic fecal contamination. We developed two quantitative PCR (qPCR) assays using two of the markers and determined their limits of detection of in natural water matrices. Both qPCR assays detected down to 100 ng feces/100 ml. Although one assay was designed to detect gull contamination, the marker occurred in sheep feces at low levels (2.9x101 ± 9.6 x101 copies/ng DNA), but high concentrations of sheep feces (>0.2 g/100 ml) would be required for detection. The high specificity and sensitivity of the assays make them excellent tools for the quantification of aquatic avian fecal contamination. We compared the decay of human-targeted Bacteroides markers in marine and fresh water under light and dark conditions using microcosms. Markers persisted about 2-3 days longer in marine water than in fresh water, suggesting that differential persistence of molecular markers might justify different standards between marine and fresh water bodies. Sunlight limited the persistence of DNA and RNA markers. Significant correlation between the decay of Bacteroides DNA and RNA markers suggested that most of the markers detected were bound within cells. This finding is important because the persistence of extracellular DNA could complicate estimation of fecal contaminants with molecular methods. The decay rates of Bacteroides markers differed despite their close phylogenetic relationship. Differences in physiological responses between Bacteroides clades to stresses may translate into different decay rates or persistence times in the environment. We developed a novel method based on the spike and recovery of a genetically modified Escherichia coli strain to describe and limit the variability in marker quantification caused by sample interference. The spike-and-recovery approach accurately reflected low recovery of Bacteroides genomic DNA in low salt extractions and Bacteroides qPCR assay inhibition by a common carry-over reagent, ethanol. We used multivariate Z-scores to identify amplification deviants and showed that this new statistical method was more sensitive to ethanol and humic acid inhibition of qPCR than other widely used analysis methods using Ct values. These methods are useful for detection of sample interference, not only in fecal source identification, but also in most environmental applications of qPCR.
Book Synopsis Identification of Human Fecal Pollution in Two Coastal Urban Streams Using Human Sorbitol-fermenting Bifidobacteria by : Christopher A. Sommers
Download or read book Identification of Human Fecal Pollution in Two Coastal Urban Streams Using Human Sorbitol-fermenting Bifidobacteria written by Christopher A. Sommers and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 72 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis A Method for the Source Identification of Bacterial Contamination in Coastal Waters by : Gordon C. Duff
Download or read book A Method for the Source Identification of Bacterial Contamination in Coastal Waters written by Gordon C. Duff and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 58 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Waterborne Zoonoses by : World Health Organization
Download or read book Waterborne Zoonoses written by World Health Organization and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2004 with total page 18 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Zoonoses are infectious diseases that can be transmitted from animals (both wild and domestic) to humans. A significant number of emerging and re-emerging waterborne zoonotic pathogens have been recognised over recent decades, such as SARS, E. coli, campylobacter and cryptosporidium. This publication assesses current knowledge about waterborne zoonoses and identifies strategies and research needs for anticipating and controlling future emerging water-related diseases, in order to better protect the health of both humans and animals. It is based on the discussions of a workshop held in the United States in September 2003, which included 29 experts from 14 countries and diverse disciplines including microbiology, water epidemiology, medicine, sanitary engineering, food safety and regulatory policy.
Book Synopsis Sources, Fate, and Transport of Fecal Indicator and Antibiotic Resistance Bacteria in Coastal Environments by : Marisol Cira
Download or read book Sources, Fate, and Transport of Fecal Indicator and Antibiotic Resistance Bacteria in Coastal Environments written by Marisol Cira and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Microbial contamination of coastal waters is a global environmental and public health concern. However, monitoring and tracking of microbial contaminants may require technical expertise and may be costly and labor-intensive. Thus, to address this environmental issue in both developed and developing countries, current methods need to be cross-validated, and more accessible methods need to be proposed. Therefore, this dissertation investigates the sources, fate, and transport of fecal indicator and antibiotic resistant bacteria in coastal watersheds. This dissertation utilizes culture-, molecular-, and satellite-based techniques to provide cross comparison. Additionally, this dissertation implements these techniques into course-based research experiences (CREs) for graduate students to assess whether CREs influence graduate students' confidence and interest in research. In chapter 1, a team of collaborators from University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), the University of Pennsylvania, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, and Health the Bay investigate oceanic responses to the 2018 Woolsey Fire using in-situ data of fecal indicator bacteria and satellite-derived data of turbidity. Chapter 2 examines commercially available garden products as sources of antibiotic resistance genes. In Chapter 3, researchers from UCLA and the Autonomous University of Baja California evaluate the effects of reclaimed water irrigation on antibiotic resistance gene levels in a coastal agricultural region in Mexico. Further, chapter 4 and 5 implement traditional and novel culture- and molecular-based methods to quantify antibiotic resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes to examine the microbial burden hospital sewage discharges to the sewershed and to assess impacts of urbanization by comparing an urbanized watershed to an adjacent natural watershed. Lastly, chapter 6 incorporates these methods into a CRE for graduate students. Ultimately, this dissertation showcases the utility of equitable research methodologies in the field and the classroom.
