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Download or read book Development of Control Technology for Emissions of Mercury in Flue Gases written by and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Evan J. Granite
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 3527329498
Total Pages : 479 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (273 download)
Download or read book Mercury Control written by Evan J. Granite and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2015-01-20 with total page 479 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This essential handbook and ready reference offers a detailed overview of the existing and currently researched technologies available for the control of mercury in coal-derived gas streams and that are viable for meeting the strict standards set by environmental protection agencies. Written by an internationally acclaimed author team from government agencies, academia and industry, it details US, EU, Asia-Pacific and other international perspectives, regulations and guidelines.
Author : Bruce G. Miller
Publisher : Butterworth-Heinemann
ISBN 13 : 012801749X
Total Pages : 515 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (28 download)
Download or read book Fossil Fuel Emissions Control Technologies written by Bruce G. Miller and published by Butterworth-Heinemann. This book was released on 2015-05-15 with total page 515 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An expert guide to emission control technologies and applications, Fossil Fuels Emissions Control Technologies provides engineers with a guide to link emission control strategies to available technologies, allowing them to choose the technology that best suits their individual need. This includes reduction technologies for Nitrogen Oxides, Sulfur Oxides, Mercury and Acid Gases. In this reference, the author explains the most critical control technologies and their application to real-world regulatory compliance issues. Numerous diagrams and examples emphasizing pollution formation mechanisms, key points in pollutant control, and design techniques are also included. Provides numerous diagrams and examples to emphasize pollution formation mechanisms Coverage of critical control technologies and their application to real-world solutions Explains Sulfur Oxides, Acid Gases, Nitrogen Oxides Formation and Organic HAPs, Control and Reduction Technologies Covers Particulate Matter and Mercury Emissions Formation and Reduction Technologies
Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 118 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (291 download)
Download or read book Ejército; revista ilustrada de las armas y servicios written by and published by . This book was released on 1961 with total page 118 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Jiang Wu
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3662463474
Total Pages : 163 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (624 download)
Download or read book Coal Fired Flue Gas Mercury Emission Controls written by Jiang Wu and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-03-17 with total page 163 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mercury (Hg) is one of the most toxic heavy metals, harmful to both the environment and human health. Hg is released into the atmosphere from natural and anthropogenic sources and its emission control has caused much concern. This book introduces readers to Hg pollution from natural and anthropogenic sources and systematically describes coal-fired flue gas mercury emission control in industry, especially from coal-fired power stations. Mercury emission control theory and experimental research are demonstrated, including how elemental mercury is oxidized into oxidized mercury and the effect of flue gas contents on the mercury speciation transformation process. Mercury emission control methods, such as existing APCDs (air pollution control devices) at power stations, sorbent injection, additives in coal combustion and photo-catalytic methods are introduced in detail. Lab-scale, pilot-scale and full-scale experimental studies of sorbent injection conducted by the authors are presented systematically, helping researchers and engineers to understand how this approach reduces the mercury emissions in flue gas and to apply the methods in mercury emission control at coal-fired power stations. Readers will arrive at a comprehensive understanding of various mercury emission control methods that are suitable for industrial applications. The book is intended for scientists, researchers, engineers and graduate students in the fields of energy science and technology, environmental science and technology and chemical engineering.
Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 12 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (683 download)
Download or read book Development of Mercury Control Technology for Coal-fired Systems written by and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 12 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The emission of hazardous air pollutants (air toxics) from various industrial processes has emerged as a major environmental issue that was singled out for particular attention in the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990. In particular, mercury emissions are the subject of several current EPA studies because of concerns over possible serious effects on human health. Some of those emissions originate in the combustion of coal, which contains trace amounts of mercury, and are likely to be the subject of control requirements in the relatively near future. Data collected by the Department of Energy (DOE) and the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) at operating electric-power plants have shown that conventional flue-gas cleanup (FGC) technologies are not very effective in controlling emissions of mercury in general, and are particularly poor at controlling emissions of elemental mercury. This paper gives an overview of research being conducted at Argonne National Laboratory on improving the capture of mercury in flue gas through the use of dry sorbents and/or wet scrubbers. The results and conclusions to date from the Argonne research on dry sorbents can be summarized as follows: lime hydrates, either regular or high-surface-area, are not effective in removing elemental mercury; mercury removals are enhanced by the addition of activated carbon; mercury removals with activated carbon decrease with increasing temperature, larger particle size, and decreasing mercury concentration in the gas; chemical pretreatment (e.g., with sulfur or CaCl2) can greatly increase the removal capacity of activated carbon; chemically treated mineral substrates have the potential to be developed into effective and economical mercury sorbents; sorbents treated with different chemicals respond in significantly different ways to changes in flue-gas temperature.
Author : John B. Stephenson (au)
Publisher : DIANE Publishing
ISBN 13 : 9781422302422
Total Pages : 66 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (24 download)
Download or read book Clean Air Act written by John B. Stephenson (au) and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on 2005-12 with total page 66 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In March 2005, the EPA issued a rule that will limit mercury emissions (ME) -- a toxic element that causes neurological problems -- from coal-fired power plants, the nation's largest ind'l. source of ME. Under the rule, ME are to be reduced from a baseline of 48 tons/yr. to 38 tons in 2010 & to 15 tons in 2018. The ME target for 2010 is based on the level of ME achievable with technol. for controlling other pollutants -- which also capture some mercury -- because it believed emerging mercury controls had not been adequately demonstrated. This report: describes the use, availability, & effectiveness of technol. to reduce ME at power plants; & identifies the factors that influence the cost of these technol. & reports on available cost estimates. Tables.
Author : United States. Government Accountability Office
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 80 pages
Book Rating : 4.E/5 ( download)
Download or read book Clean Air Act written by United States. Government Accountability Office and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 80 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 16 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (684 download)
Download or read book Advanced Emissions Control Development Program written by and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 16 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: McDermott Technology, Inc. (a subsidiary of Babcock & Wilcox) is conducting the Advanced Emissions Control Development Project (AECDP) which is aimed at the development of practical, cost-effective strategies for reducing the emissions of hazardous air pollutants (HAPS) from coal-fired electric utility plants. The need for such controls may arise as the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) proceeds with implementation of requirements set forth in the Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA's) of 1990. Promulgation of air toxics emissions regulations for electric utility plants could dramatically impact utilities burning coal, their industrial and residential customers, and the coal industry. AECDP project work will supply the information needed by utilities to respond to potential HAPs regulations in a timely, cost-effective, enviromnentally-sound manner which supports the continued use of the Nation's abundant reserves of coal, such as those in the State of Ohio. The development work is being carried out using the 10 MW Clean Environment Development Facility wherein air toxics emissions control strategies can be developed under controlled conditions. The specific objectives of the project are to (1) measure and understand production and partitioning of air toxics species for a variety of coals, (2) optimize the air toxics removal performance of conventional flue gas cleanup systems, (3) develop advanced air toxics emissions control concepts, (4) develop and validate air toxics emissions measurement and monitoring techniques, and (5) establish a comprehensive, self-consistent air toxics data library. This project is supported by the Department of Energy, the Ohio Coal Development Office within the Ohio Department of Development and Babcock & Wilcox. A comprehensive assessment of HAP emissions from coal-fired electric utility boilers sponsored by the Department of Energy and the Electric Power Research Institute concluded that with the exception of selenium and mercury, the majority of trace elements are well controlled due to their association with the particulate phase of flue gas. Reflecting the current focus of the US EPA and state environmental agencies on mercury as a potential candidate for regulation, the project specifically targets the measurement and control of mercury species. This paper discusses the results of testing on the quantity and species distribution of mercury while firing Ohio high-sulfur coal to assess the mercury emissions control potential of conventional SO2 and particulate control systems. Results from recent AECDP tests are presented and two alternative mercury speciation methods are compared. The AECDP results clearly show that higher total mercury control efficiency can be achieved with a wet FGD scrubber than recently reported in the interim final US EPA report on HAP emissions from fossil-fired electric utility steam generating units.
Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 9 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (727 download)
Download or read book Control of Mercury Emissions from Coal-fired Boilers written by and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 9 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Development of Advanced Environmental Control Technology project at Argonne is designed to investigate new concepts leading to advanced control technologies for fossil-energy systems. Within that project, specific research tasks are focused on the development of combined NO(subscript x)/SO2control technologies, evaluation of waste/byproduct materials from advanced flue-gas-cleanup (FGC) systems, and development of new or improved control measures for the abatement of emissions of hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) from fossil-fuel combustion. The last task, which is the subject of this paper, also includes the evaluation of any possible effects of captured HAP species on waste disposal, as well as the evaluation of HAP measuring techniques and instruments. The HAPs currently under investigation in this task include mercury and arsenic compounds. Only experimental activities concerning mercury control are reported in this paper.
Download or read book Development of Mercury Control Enhancements for Flue-gas Cleanup Systems written by and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Combustion sources, including those using coal for fuel, contribute a significant fraction of total anthropogenic mercury emissions. Unfortunately, recent field studies have shown that current flue-gas cleanup (FGC) systems are relatively ineffective in controlling elemental mercury, which is a major component of the mercury emissions for many systems. Research at Argonne National Laboratory has been focused on techniques to enhance the capture of elemental mercury in existing FGC systems. For dry processes, these studies have included evaluation of the factors that control mercury capture by commercial activated carbons (both with and without chemical pretreatment), testing of novel proprietary sorbents under development by several firms, and investigation of sorbents based upon chemical pretreatment of low-cost mineral substrates. To enhance the ability of wet scrubbers to capture mercury, the studies have looked at the effects of improved mass transfer through both mechanical and chemical means, as well as the conversion of elemental mercury into more soluble species that can be easily absorbed.
Author : Bihter Padak
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (743 download)
Download or read book Mercury Reaction Chemistry in Combustion Flue Gases from Experiments and Theory written by Bihter Padak and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Emissions from coal combustion processes constitute a significant amount of the elemental mercury released into the atmosphere today. Coal-fired power plants in the United States, with the capacity of just over 300GW, are the greatest anthropogenic source of mercury emissions. Mercury exists in coal combustion flue gas in a variety of forms depending on the coal type and combustion conditions; i.e., elemental, oxidized and particulate. Particulate mercury in the flue gas can be removed using air pollution control devices such as electrostatic precipitators and fabric filters. Oxidized mercury is easily captured by wet flue gas desulfurization scrubbers, while gaseous elemental mercury passes through the scrubbers readily. Activated carbon, when injected into the gas stream of coal-fired boilers, is effective in capturing both elemental and oxidized mercury through adsorption processes. However, the mechanism by which mercury adsorbs on activated carbon is not exactly known and its understanding is crucial to the design and fabrication of effective capture technologies for mercury. The objective of the current study is to apply theoretical-based cluster modeling to examine the possible binding mechanism of mercury on activated carbon. The effects of activated carbon's different surface functional groups and halogens on elemental mercury adsorption have been examined. Also, a thermodynamic approach is followed to examine the binding mechanism of mercury and its oxidized species such as HgCl and HgCl2 on a simulated carbon surface with and without Cl. Energies of different possible surface complexes and possible products are compared and dominant pathways are determined relatively. Since different methods are employed to capture varying forms of mercury, understanding mercury speciation during combustion and how the transformations occur between different forms is essential to developing an effective control mechanism for removing mercury from flue gas. In this study, homogeneous oxidation of mercury via chlorine is examined experimentally in a simulated flue gas environment. Mercury and chlorine are introduced into a laminar premixed methane-air flame. Cooled flue gas is sampled and sent to a custom-built electron ionization quadrupole mass spectrometer specially designed for mercury measurement on the order of parts per billion (ppb) in flue gas. The use of a mass spectrometer allows for distinguishing between the different forms of oxidized mercury (Hg+, Hg+2). By directly measuring mercury species accurately, one can determine the actual extent of mercury oxidation in the flue gas, which will aid in further developing mercury control technologies.
Author :
Publisher : DIANE Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1428900284
Total Pages : 346 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (289 download)
Download or read book Control of mercury emissions from coalfired electric utility boilers interim report including errata dated 32102 written by and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on with total page 346 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Balaji Krishnakumar
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 798 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (262 download)
Download or read book Fundamentals of Mercury Transformations in Coal Combustion Flue Gas written by Balaji Krishnakumar and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 798 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 97 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (685 download)
Download or read book PILOT-AND FULL-SCALE DEMONSTRATION OF ADVANCED MERCURY CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES FOR LIGNITE-FIRED POWER PLANTS. written by and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 97 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The overall objective of the project was to develop advanced innovative mercury control technologies to reduce mercury emissions by 50%-90% in flue gases typically found in North Dakota lignite-fired power plants at costs from one-half to three-quarters of current estimated costs. Power plants firing North Dakota lignite produce flue gases that contain>85% elemental mercury, which is difficult to collect. The specific objectives were focused on determining the feasibility of the following technologies: Hg oxidation for increased Hg capture in dry scrubbers, incorporation of additives and technologies that enhance Hg sorbent effectiveness in electrostatic precipitators (ESPs) and baghouses, the use of amended silicates in lignite-derived flue gases for Hg capture, and the use of Hg adsorbents within a baghouse. The approach to developing Hg control technologies for North Dakota lignites involved examining the feasibility of the following technologies: Hg capture upstream of an ESP using sorbent enhancement, Hg oxidation and control using dry scrubbers, enhanced oxidation at a full-scale power plant using tire-derived fuel and oxidizing catalysts, and testing of Hg control technologies in the Advanced Hybrid{trademark} filter.
Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 5 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (684 download)
Download or read book FIELD TEST PROGRAM TO DEVELOP COMPREHENSIVE DESIGN, OPERATING AND COST DATA FOR MERCURY CONTROL SYSTEMS ON NON-SCRUBBED COAL-FIRED BOILERS. written by and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 5 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With the Nation's coal-burning utilities facing the possibility of tighter controls on mercury pollutants, the U.S. Department of Energy is funding projects that could offer power plant operators better ways to reduce these emissions at much lower costs. Mercury is known to have toxic effects on the nervous system of humans and wildlife. Although it exists only in trace amounts in coal, mercury is released when coal burns and can accumulate on land and in water. In water, bacteria transform the metal into methylmercury, the most hazardous form of the metal. Methylmercury can collect in fish and marine mammals in concentrations hundreds of thousands times higher than the levels in surrounding waters. One of the goals of DOE is to develop technologies by 2005 that will be capable of cutting mercury emissions 50 to 70 percent at well under one-half of today's costs. ADA Environmental Solutions (ADA-ES) is managing a project to test mercury control technologies at full scale at four different power plants from 2000--2003. The ADA-ES project is focused on those power plants that are not equipped with wet flue gas desulfurization systems. ADA-ES will develop a portable system that will be moved to four different utility power plants for field testing. Each of the plants is equipped with either electrostatic precipitators or fabric filters to remove solid particles from the plant's flue gas. ADA-ES's technology will inject a dry sorbent, such as fly ash or activated carbon, that removes the mercury and makes it more susceptible to capture by the particulate control devices. A fine water mist may be sprayed into the flue gas to cool its temperature to the range where the dry sorbent is most effective. PG and E National Energy Group is providing two test sites that fire bituminous coals and are both equipped with electrostatic precipitators and carbon/ash separation systems. Wisconsin Electric Power Company is providing a third test site that burns Powder River Basin coal and has an electrostatic precipitator for particulate control. Alabama Power Company will host a fourth test at its Plant Gaston, which is equipped with a hot-side electrostatic precipitator and a downstream fabric filter.
Download or read book Mercury Emission Control Technologies for PPL Montana-Colstrip Testing written by and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Energy & Environmental Research Center (EERC) was asked by PPL Montana LLC (PPL) to provide assistance and develop an approach to identify cost-effective options for mercury control at its coal-fired power plants. The work conducted focused on baseline mercury level and speciation measurement, short-term parametric testing, and week long testing of mercury control technology at Colstrip Unit 3. Three techniques and various combinations of these techniques were identified as viable options for mercury control. The options included oxidizing agents or sorbent enhancement additives (SEAs) such as chlorine-based SEA1 and an EERC proprietary SEA2 with and without activated carbon injection. Baseline mercury emissions from Colstrip Unit 3 are comparatively low relative to other Powder River Basin (PRB) coal-fired systems and were found to range from 5 to 6.5 g/Nm3 (2.9 to 3.8 lb/TBtu), with a rough value of approximately 80% being elemental upstream of the scrubber and higher than 95% being elemental at the outlet. Levels in the stack were also greater than 95% elemental. Baseline mercury removal across the scrubber is fairly variable but generally tends to be about 5% to 10%. Parametric results of carbon injection alone yielded minimal reduction in Hg emissions. SEA1 injection resulted in 20% additional reduction over baseline with the maximum rate of 400 ppm (3 gal/min). Week long testing was conducted with the combination of SEA2 and carbon, with injection rates of 75 ppm (10.3 lb/hr) and 1.5 lb/MMacf (40 lb/hr), respectively. Reduction was found to be an additional 30% and, overall during the testing period, was measured to be 38% across the scrubber. The novel additive injection method, known as novel SEA2, is several orders of magnitude safer and less expensive than current SEA2 injection methods. However, used in conjunction with this plant configuration, the technology did not demonstrate a significant level of mercury reduction. Near-future use of this technique at Colstrip is not seen. All the additives injected resulted in some reduction in mercury emissions. However, the target reduction of 55% was not achieved. The primary reason for the lower removal rates is because of the lower levels of mercury in the flue gas stream and the lower capture level of fine particles by the scrubbers (relative to that for larger particles). The reaction and interaction of the SEA materials is with the finer fraction of the fly ash, because the SEA materials are vaporized during the combustion or reaction process and condense on the surfaces of entrained particles or form very small particles. Mercury will have a tendency to react and interact with the finer fraction of entrained ash and sorbent as a result of the higher surface areas of the finer particles. The ability to capture the finer fraction of fly ash is the key to controlling mercury. Cost estimates for mercury removal based on the performance of each sorbent during this project are projected to be extremely high. When viewed on a dollar-per-pound-of-mercury removed basis activated carbon was projected to cost nearly $1.2 million per pound of mercury removed. This value is roughly six times the cost of other sorbent-enhancing agents, which were projected to be closer to $200,000 per pound of mercury removed.
