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Development Of A Thermodynamic Model For Ch4 Co2 Ch4 Co2 Gas Hydrate Systems
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Book Synopsis Development of a Thermodynamic Model for CH4, CO2, CH4-CO2 Gas Hydrate Systems by : Abhijeet S. Kulkarni
Download or read book Development of a Thermodynamic Model for CH4, CO2, CH4-CO2 Gas Hydrate Systems written by Abhijeet S. Kulkarni and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 152 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "An equation of state (EOS) software module was developed for CH4, CO2, and CH4-CO2 gas hydrates using the van der Waals-Platteeuw model. The model is based on classical thermodynamics and is used to predict the thermodynamic behavior of gas hydrates including the pressure and temperature at which gas hydrates form. A numerical scheme was developed for solving I-H-V, Lw-H-V, and Lw-H-Lhc equilibrium conditions for bulk hydrate formation from pure water and hydrocarbon. The model was further extended to determine hydrate equilibrium conditions in the presence of porous media of different radii. The numerical scheme was modified to account for the effect of salt on hydrate phase equilibrium. The results obtained from the model were in close agreement with the experimental data reported in literature. The main contribution of this work is that the proposed model can predict hydrate dissociation pressures at temperatures above 285 K more accurately than any of the available models"--Leaf iii.
Book Synopsis Assessing the Thermodynamic Feasibility of the Conversion of Methane Hydrate Into Carbon Dioxide Hydrate in Porous Media by :
Download or read book Assessing the Thermodynamic Feasibility of the Conversion of Methane Hydrate Into Carbon Dioxide Hydrate in Porous Media written by and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Concerns about the potential effects of rising carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere have stimulated interest in a number of carbon dioxide sequestration studies. One suggestion is the sequestration of carbon dioxide as clathrate hydrates by injection of carbon dioxide into methane hydrate. Energy-supply research estimates indicate that natural gas hydrates in arctic and sub-seafloor formations contain more energy than all other fossil fuel deposits combined. The simultaneous sequestration of carbon dioxide and the production of methane by injection of carbon dioxide into deposits of natural gas hydrates, if possible, represents a potentially efficient and cost effective option for the sequestration of carbon dioxide. Data in the literature show that the conversion of bulk methane hydrate into carbon dioxide hydrate is thermodynamically favored. These results are not directly applicable to naturally occurring hydrates, because the hydrates in these locations are embedded in sediments. The thermodynamics of any potential conversion of CH4 hydrate to CO2 hydrate will therefore be affected by the size of the pores in which the conversion of CH4 hydrate to CO2 hydrate would take place. We have developed a model that is able to explain and predict equilibria in porous media for any pore size distribution. This model can be used to calculate the heats of dissociation for these hydrates in porous media as a function of pore size and temperature. These results allow for an assessment of the thermodynamic feasibility of converting CH4 hydrate to CO2 hydrate in porous media involving various size pores. We have used this model to derive a simple, explicit relation for the hydrate formation conditions in porous media, as well as the enthalpy of dissociation for these hydrates.
Download or read book Gas Hydrates written by Carlo Giavarini and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-09-06 with total page 183 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Gas hydrates are both a huge energy resource and an environmental challenge. They have a significant impact on society because of their applications to the future of energy, protection of the environment and fuel transportation. Gas Hydrates opens up this fascinating, multidisciplinary field to non-specialists. It provides a scientific study of gas hydrates that considers their potential as an energy source while assessing the possible risk to the environment. The authors also examine the feasibility of using these natural compounds for storing and transporting gases such as methane and carbon dioxide. Diagrams and photos are used throughout Gas Hydrates to help readers understand the scientific and technical content. Each section has been designed so it can be read independently by academics and professionals in the oil and gas industry, as well as by all those with an interest in how hydrates combine to be an energy resource, an industrial challange and a geological hazard.
Book Synopsis Insights Into the Structure of Mixed CO2/CH4 in Gas Hydrates by :
Download or read book Insights Into the Structure of Mixed CO2/CH4 in Gas Hydrates written by and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The exchange of CO2 for CH4 in natural gas hydrates is an attractive approach to methane for energy production while simultaneously sequestering CO2. In addition to the energy and environmental implications, the solid solution of clathrate hydrate (CH4)1-x(CO2)x 5.75H2O provides a model system to study how the distinct bonding and shapes of CH4 and CO2 influence the structure and properties of the compound. High-resolution neutron diffraction was used to examine mixed CO2/CH4 gas hydrates. CO2-rich hydrates had smaller lattice parameters, which were attributed to the higher affinity of the CO2 molecule interacting with H2O molecules that form the surrounding cages, and resulted in a reduction in the unit cell volume. Experimental nuclear scattering densities illustrate how the cage occupants and energy landscape change with composition. These results provide important insights on the impact and mechanisms for exchanging CH4 and CO2.
Book Synopsis Chemical Additives for Gas Hydrates by : Bhajan Lal
Download or read book Chemical Additives for Gas Hydrates written by Bhajan Lal and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2019-10-01 with total page 85 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book offers a straightforward, informative guide to the chemicals used for gas hydrate formation and inhibition, providing the reader with the latest information on the definition, structure, formation conditions, problems, and applications of gas hydrates. The authors review not only the inhibitors used to prevent or mitigate hydrate formation, but also the conditions under which it is necessary to form hydrates quickly, which require the use of promoters. Various promoters are discussed, including their specifications, functions, advantages and disadvantages. The possibility of using natural reservoirs of gas hydrate as an energy source is also considered. Lastly, due to the difficulty of conducting experiments that reflect all conditions and concentrations, the book presents a number of models that can predict the basic parameters in the presence of the chemicals. Given its scope, the book will be of interest to professionals working in this field in an industrial context, as well as to researchers, undergraduate and graduate students of chemical engineering.
Download or read book Gas Hydrates 1 written by Daniel Broseta and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2017-08-07 with total page 309 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Gas hydrates, or clathrate hydrates, are crystalline solids resembling ice, in which small (guest) molecules, typically gases, are trapped inside cavities formed by hydrogen-bonded water (host) molecules. They form and remain stable under low temperatures – often well below ambient conditions – and high pressures ranging from a few bar to hundreds of bar, depending on the guest molecule. Their presence is ubiquitous on Earth, in deep-marine sediments and in permafrost regions, as well as in outer space, on planets or comets. In addition to water, they can be synthesized with organic species as host molecules, resulting in milder stability conditions: these are referred to as semi-clathrate hydrates. Clathrate and semi-clathrate hydrates are being considered for applications as diverse as gas storage and separation, cold storage and transport and water treatment. This book is the first of two edited volumes, with chapters on the experimental and modeling tools used for characterizing and predicting the unique molecular, thermodynamic and kinetic properties of gas hydrates (Volume 1) and on gas hydrates in their natural environment and for potential industrial applications (Volume 2).
Book Synopsis 3-in-1 Technique Applied to Mixed CH4:CO2 Gas Hydrates by : Nathalia Ortiz Torres
Download or read book 3-in-1 Technique Applied to Mixed CH4:CO2 Gas Hydrates written by Nathalia Ortiz Torres and published by . This book was released on 2019* with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The 3-in-1 method was used to study hydrate morphology, kinetics and phase equilibria of hydrates formed in gas-dominated systems containing pure CH4, pure CO2, and two CH4:CO2 mixtures (80:20 and 30:70 on a molar basis). This technique offered high resolution imaging and a tight control of pressure and temperature. The same experimental temperatures were used for all gas compositions. Different pressures allowed to match subcoolings across mixtures, in the range of {delta}Tsub = 0.5 K to {delta}Tsub = 4.5. In addition, multiple driving forces were studied in a single experiment using temperature gradients across a single sample. Crystal morphology was found to be highly dependent on the CH4:CO2 molar ratio, and a higher dependence on the {delta}Tsub was observed for methane-rich hydrate morphology. The measured hydrate film growth rate increased with increasing CO2 content and increasing {delta}Tsub. Hydrate growth beyond the original droplet boundary ('halo') was observed for pure CO2 and the two mixtures, and it was found to be dependent on the CH4:CO2 molar ratio and {delta}Tsub. A stepwise dissociation was used to measured the H-L-V equilibrium temperature (THLV). The dissociation was carried out by setting a gradient along the slide, which allowed a close control of the H-L-V interface position.
Book Synopsis Methane Gas Hydrate by : Ayhan Demirbas
Download or read book Methane Gas Hydrate written by Ayhan Demirbas and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-02-28 with total page 192 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Gas hydrates represent one of the world’s largest untapped reservoirs of energy and, according to some estimates, have the potential to meet global energy needs for the next thousand years. "Methane Gas Hydrate" examines this potential by focusing on methane gas hydrate, which is increasingly considered a significant source of energy. "Methane Gas Hydrate" gives a general overview of natural gas, before delving into the subject of gas hydrates in more detail and methane gas hydrate in particular. As well as discussing methods of gas production, it also discusses the safety and environmental concerns associated with the presence of natural gas hydrates, ranging from their possible impact on the safety of conventional drilling operations to their influence on Earth’s climate. "Methane Gas Hydrate" is a useful reference on an increasingly popular energy source. It contains valuable information for chemical engineers and researchers, as well as for postgraduate students.
Book Synopsis Natural Gas Hydrates by : John Carroll
Download or read book Natural Gas Hydrates written by John Carroll and published by Gulf Professional Publishing. This book was released on 2020-05-12 with total page 394 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Natural Gas Hydrates, Fourth Edition, provides a critical reference for engineers who are new to the field. Covering the fundamental properties, thermodynamics and behavior of hydrates in multiphase systems, this reference explains the basics before advancing to more practical applications, the latest developments and models. Updated sections include a new hydrate toolbox, updated correlations and computer methods. Rounding out with new case study examples, this new edition gives engineers an important tool to continue to control and mitigate hydrates in a safe and effective manner. Presents an updated reference with structured comparisons on hydrate calculation methods that are supported by practical case studies and a current list of inhibitor patents Provides a comprehensive understanding of new hydrate management strategies, particularly for multiphase pipeline operations Covers future challenges, such as carbon sequestration with simultaneous production of methane from hydrates
Book Synopsis Investigating Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Hydrate Phase Change Phenomena Using Experimental and Machine Learning Tools by : Palash Vadiraj Acharya
Download or read book Investigating Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Hydrate Phase Change Phenomena Using Experimental and Machine Learning Tools written by Palash Vadiraj Acharya and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 370 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Hydrates are ice-like crystalline solids which form under high pressure and low-temperature conditions from water (forming a cage of host molecules) and another liquid or gas (guest molecule). Hydrates can enable numerous industrial applications in the fields of carbon capture and sequestration (CCS), flow assurance, natural gas transportation/storage and desalination. A significant technological barrier to many hydrates-related applications is the slow rate of formation of hydrates, which is a result of thermodynamic and kinetics-related limitations. This dissertation investigates the role of electric field and surface chemistry in accelerating the nucleation kinetics of clathrate hydrates (CO2, tetrahydrofuran). It also investigates the role of amino acids in inhibiting the nucleation kinetics and thermodynamics of CO2 hydrate formation. It also evaluates the utility of machine learning models in predicting the thermodynamic formation conditions for gas hydrates. In addition to the focus on fundamental investigations, this dissertation also evaluates the utility of hydrates as a carbon capture tool when coupled with a steam reforming system to generate blue hydrogen from landfill gas. The content of the dissertation work is motivated by three objectives, as described ahead. Objective 1 investigates the influence of electric fields and surface chemistry on nucleation kinetics of hydrate formation for two kinds of hydrate forming systems (considered as two separate subtasks): miscible liquid-liquid systems (Tetrahydrofuran-water) and gas-liquid (CO2-water) systems. As background, it is noted that the role of electric field has been widely studied for accelerating freezing of water. Subtask 1-1 investigates the role of electric field when used in conjunction with open-cell aluminum metal foam-based electrodes in accelerating the formation of THF hydrates. It is demonstrated that aluminum foam electrodes trigger near-instantaneous nucleation (in only tens of seconds) of THF hydrates at very low voltages (~20V). The promotion effect can be ascribed to two distinct interfacial mechanisms at play: namely, electrolytic bubble generation and the formation of metal ion complex-based coordination compounds. While THF hydrates form under atmospheric pressure, CO2 gas hydrates form at much higher pressures and are therefore studied using a custom-built high-pressure cell. Subtask 1-2 highlights the role of aluminum in accelerating nucleation kinetics of CO2 gas hydrates. Statistically meaningful measurements of induction times for CO2 hydrate nucleation are undertaken using water droplets as individual microsystems for hydrate formation. The influence of various metal surfaces, droplet size, CO2 dissolution time, and the presence of salts in water on nucleation kinetics have been characterized. It is observed that Al metal significantly accelerates the nucleation kinetics of CO2 hydrates (the effect of which cannot be replicated by salts of Al) with nucleation initiating from the Al-water interface. Prediction of thermodynamic conditions of hydrate formation is critical to their synthesis and Objective 2 is centered around developing modeling and experimental tools for effective prediction of thermodynamic phase equilibria for hydrates. Subtask 2-1 demonstrates the utility of machine learning models to predict hydrate dissociation temperature (HDT) as a function of constituent hydrate precursors and salt inhibitors. Importantly, and in contrast to most previous studies, thermodynamic variables such as the activity-based contribution due to electrolytes, partial pressure of individual gases, and specific gravity of the overall mixture have been used as input features in the prediction algorithms. Using such features results in more physics-aware ML algorithms, which can capture the individual contributions of gases and electrolytes in a more fundamental manner. Three ML algorithms: Random Forest (RF), Extra Trees (ET), and Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) are trained and their performance is evaluated on an extensive experimental dataset comprising of more than 1800 experimental data points. The overall coefficient of determination (R2) is greater than 97% for all the three ML models with XGBoost exhibiting the best prediction performance with an R2 metric of 99.56%. Subtask 2-2 investigates the role of amino acids on the kinetics and thermodynamics of CO2 hydrate formation using droplet-based microsystems. Amino acids are environmentally friendly and inexpensive hydrate formation inhibitors. Nucleation kinetics as well as the depression in thermodynamic hydrate formation temperature for CO2 hydrates in the presence of five amino acids containing non-polar side chains have been evaluated. All the amino acids inhibit nucleation with tryptophan exhibiting the slowest nucleation rate. Isoleucine exhibits the highest thermodynamic inhibition effect with the highest depression in freezing point temperature corresponding to 0.2 K for the concentrations studied in the present analysis. Landfills produce significant amounts of methane, which is a potent greenhouse gas. Steam reforming of the landfill gas generates CO2 + H2 as byproducts. The generated hydrogen can be used in refineries, to produce fertilizers or to produce electricity in a fuel cell. Objective 3 investigates the techno-economic factors associated with a facility coupling a sorption-enhanced steam methane reforming system with a hydrates-based capture system for landfills across Texas. The electrical energy requirements, water use, operating and capital costs required to set up and keep such a facility running have been evaluated in detail. The cost of producing hydrogen for all counties is about $0.5/kg of H2 (excluding the cost for natural gas). The total carbon capture cost lies in the range of $96-$145/metric ton of CO2 with the lowest/highest cost corresponding to Harris/Brazoria county producing the highest/lowest amount of CO2. A minimum cost of $0.9(2.4)/kg of H2 would be required for Harris (Brazoria) county for a positive 30-year net present value; a 5-year payback period would require a minimum cost of $1.35(4.95)/kg of H2. In summary, this dissertation significantly advances the current understanding of hydrate formation by introducing novel techniques (consuming ultra-low energy as well as passive tools) for enhancing hydrate formation kinetics. It also develops novel ML and experimental tools for predicting thermodynamic formation conditions of hydrates in the presence of various inhibitors. Finally, this work assesses the technical and economic viability of a hydrates-centered future for the natural gas industry
Book Synopsis Hydrates of Natural Gas by : I︠U︡riĭ Fedorovich Makogon
Download or read book Hydrates of Natural Gas written by I︠U︡riĭ Fedorovich Makogon and published by . This book was released on 1981 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Clathrate Hydrates of Natural Gases by : E. Dendy Sloan Jr.
Download or read book Clathrate Hydrates of Natural Gases written by E. Dendy Sloan Jr. and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2007-09-07 with total page 752 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Hydrate research has expanded substantially over the past decade, resulting in more than 4,000 hydrate-related publications. Collating this vast amount of information into one source, Clathrate Hydrates of Natural Gases, Third Edition presents a thoroughly updated, authoritative, and comprehensive description of all major aspects of natural gas cla
Book Synopsis Advances in Natural Gas: Formation, Processing, and Applications. Volume 8: Natural Gas Process Modelling and Simulation by : Mohammad Reza Rahimpour
Download or read book Advances in Natural Gas: Formation, Processing, and Applications. Volume 8: Natural Gas Process Modelling and Simulation written by Mohammad Reza Rahimpour and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2024-05-11 with total page 776 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Advances in Natural Gas: Formation, Processing, and Applications is a comprehensive eight-volume set of books that discusses in detail the theoretical basics and practical methods of various aspects of natural gas from exploration and extraction, to synthesizing, processing and purifying, producing valuable chemicals and energy. The volumes introduce transportation and storage challenges as well as hydrates formation, extraction, and prevention Volume 8 titled Process Modelling and Simulation discusses various aspects of natural gas related processes from modelling and simulation point of view. This includes modelling of natural gas sweetening, dehydration and other impurities removal processes and apparatus as well as simulation of processes and apparatus dealt with producing chemicals and energy from natural gas.The book introduces modelling and simulation of natural gas hydrate related processes and covers modelling basics, numerical approaches and optimization techniques, which provides a deeper understanding of the subject. Introduces modelling and simulation methods for natural gas sweetening and purification Describes modelling and simulation procedures of producing chemicals and energy from natural gas Discusses theoretical basics and models of natural gas hydrates
Download or read book Gas Hydrates 2 written by Livio Ruffine and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2018-04-16 with total page 387 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Gas hydrates in their natural environment and for potential industrial applications (Volume 2).
Book Synopsis Hydrates of Hydrocarbons by : I͡Uriĭ Fedorovich Makogon
Download or read book Hydrates of Hydrocarbons written by I͡Uriĭ Fedorovich Makogon and published by Pennwell Books. This book was released on 1997 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Hydrates of Hydrocarbons is the first book to address methods of hydrate removal and, most importantly, prevention of hydrate build-up. The book provides solutions formulated for drilling, pipeline, and chemical engineers in both the onshore and offshore environments, as well as educators in advanced petroleum and chemical engineering courses. It also offers timely information on the use of hydrate properties in new technologies and the production of gas from natural gas hydrate deposits.
Book Synopsis Understanding Geologic Carbon Sequestration and Gas Hydrate from Molecular Simulation by : Yongchen Song
Download or read book Understanding Geologic Carbon Sequestration and Gas Hydrate from Molecular Simulation written by Yongchen Song and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2024-03-09 with total page 544 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The development, storage and comprehensive utilization of energy is an important subject concerned by scientists all over the world. Carbon capture and storage technology is one of the most effective mitigation technologies for global climate change, accurate understanding of the migration of multiphase fluids in reservoirs is crucial for reservoir stock evaluation and safety evaluation. Understanding Carbon Geologic Sequestration and Gas Hydrate from Molecular Simulation systematically introduces CO2 geological sequestration and gas hydrate at the molecular-scale, with research including interfacial properties of multiphase, multicomponent systems, hydrogen bonding properties, adsorption characteristics of CO2 / CH4 in the pore, kinetic properties of decomposition/nucleation/growth of gas hydrate, the influence of additives on gas hydrate growth dynamics, and hydrate prevention and control technology. This book focuses on research-based achievements and provides a comprehensive look at global progress in the field. Because there are limited resources available on carbon geologic sequestration technology and gas hydrate technology at the molecular level, the authors wrote this book to fill a gap in scientific literature and prompt further research. - Distills learnings for fundamental and advanced knowledge of molecular simulation in carbon dioxide and gas hydrate storage - Synthesizes knowledge about the development status of CGS technology and hydrate technology in the molecular field – tackling these technologies from a microscopic perspective - Analyzes scientific problems related to CGS technology and hydrate technology based on molecular simulation methods - Explores challenges relative to carbon dioxide and hydrate storage - Provides hierarchical analysis combined with the authors' own research-based case studies for enhanced comprehension and application
Book Synopsis Solid Deposition in Hydrocarbon Systems by : G. D. Holder
Download or read book Solid Deposition in Hydrocarbon Systems written by G. D. Holder and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 13 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Few experimental data are available for gas hydrate equilibrium conditions in the presence of mixed electrolytes and/or methanol. In the first three years of this four-year project, experimental hydrate equilibrium data on propane and two mixtures of methane and carbon dioxide in several solutions containing electrolytes and methanol were obtained in our laboratory. In addition, a discrepancy in the literature on the experimental data for propane hydrates in 10 mass percent NaCl solution was resolved by (i) obtaining fresh data in our laboratory using two different experimental methods and by (ii) comparing the experimental data with predictions using a thermodynamically rigorous method. The existing methods for predicting hydrate equilibrium conditions are not suitable for systems containing mixed electrolytes and mixed solvents. Ten thermodynamic models to compute component activities in such solutions were surveyed. The activities are needed for hydrate equilibrium computations. Of these, two models were integrated with a hydrate equilibrium prediction method. One model was found to be satisfactory for engineering calculations. Besides thermodynamics, a good understanding of the kinetics of hydrate formation and decomposition is also essential. Experimental kinetic data on hydrate nucleation were successfully modelled. A unified approach for describing the kinetics of hydrate nucleation, growth and decomposition was presented.
